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oop Programming Concepts

The document provides an overview of fundamental programming concepts, Java environment setup, data operations, control structures, methods, and object-oriented programming principles. It outlines key definitions, phases of program development, Java features, syntax rules, and important keywords. Additionally, it includes examples and a cheat sheet summarizing essential topics for quick reference.

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cyrus3620
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

oop Programming Concepts

The document provides an overview of fundamental programming concepts, Java environment setup, data operations, control structures, methods, and object-oriented programming principles. It outlines key definitions, phases of program development, Java features, syntax rules, and important keywords. Additionally, it includes examples and a cheat sheet summarizing essential topics for quick reference.

Uploaded by

cyrus3620
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Programming Concepts
Definitions:

• Programming: Writing instructions for a computer to perform specific tasks.


• Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure to solve a problem.
• Source Code: Human-readable code written in a programming language.
• Object Code: The output of a compiler that is in machine-readable format.
• Machine Code: Low-level code executed directly by the computer’s CPU.
• Executable: A file that can be run by a computer to perform programmed tasks.
• Compiling: The process of translating source code into machine code or bytecode.
• Debugging: The process of finding and fixing errors or bugs in a program.

Phases of Program Development:

1. Establish Program Requirements: Define what the program needs to accomplish.


2. Design a Program: Plan the structure using algorithms or flowcharts.
3. Coding: Write the program in a programming language.
4. Testing & Debugging: Run the program to find and fix issues.
5. Documentation: Write detailed explanations for future reference.
6. Maintenance: Update the program as needed over time.

2. Java Environment
Java Installation & Setup:

• JDK (Java Development Kit): Tools for developing Java programs, including a
compiler.
• Eclipse IDE: An integrated development environment (IDE) used for writing and
running Java programs.
• Environment Variables: Settings that help the computer locate Java tools during
execution.

Java Features:

• Platform Independence: "Write once, run anywhere" capability via the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM).
• Object-Oriented: Java is built on classes and objects, encouraging modular, reusable
code.

Java Syntax:

• Case Sensitivity: Java is case-sensitive (e.g., variable and Variable are different).
• Class Names: Should start with an uppercase letter (MyClass).
• Method Names: Should start with a lowercase letter (calculateSum).
• Program File Name: Must match the public class name and end with .java.
• Public static void main(String[] args): The entry point for all Java programs.

3. Data Operations
Data Types:

• Primitive Data Types:


o int: Integer values.
o float: Floating-point numbers.
o boolean: True or false values.
o char: Single characters.
• String: A sequence of characters (e.g., "Hello").

Variables:

• Local Variables: Variables declared inside methods.


• Class Variables: Declared with static in the class.
• Instance Variables: Variables unique to each object instance.

Constants:

• Final Variables: Use final to declare constants that cannot be changed (e.g., final
int MAX = 100;).

Statements:

• Expression Statements: Assignments or method calls (e.g., x = 5;).


• Declaration Statements: Declaring variables (e.g., int a;).
• Control-Flow Statements: Direct the flow of execution (e.g., if, for, while).

Java Data Operations:

• Assignment: Assign values to variables (e.g., x = 10;).


• Arithmetic Operations: Perform math operations (+, -, *, /).
• Object Instantiation: Create an object using new (e.g., Person p = new
Person();).

4. Control Structures
Control Statements:

• Decision Making:
o if-else: Executes code based on conditions.
o switch: Chooses one of many code blocks to execute.
• Loops:
o for: Repeats code a fixed number of times.
o while: Repeats code while a condition is true.
o do-while: Executes code at least once before checking the condition.
• Branching:
o break: Exits a loop or switch statement.
o continue: Skips the current iteration of a loop.

Examples:

• if-else:

java
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if (age > 18) {
System.out.println("Adult");
} else {
System.out.println("Minor");
}

• for loop:

java
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for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}

5. Methods
Method Basics:

• Definition: A block of code that performs a specific task.


• Method Structure:

java
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returnType methodName(parameters) {
// code
}

• Void Methods: Methods that do not return a value.


• Return Methods: Methods that return a value (e.g., int, String).
• Method Overloading: Creating multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters.
• Passing Parameters: Methods can take parameters as input.

Examples:

• Method Creation:
java
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public int addNumbers(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

• Method Overloading:

java
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public int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

public float add(float a, float b) {


return a + b;
}

6. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)


OOP Concepts:

• Class: A blueprint for creating objects (e.g., class Car { }).


• Object: An instance of a class.
• Inheritance: A subclass inherits properties and methods from a superclass (e.g.,
class Dog extends Animal { }).
• Encapsulation: Keeping data safe by using private variables and public methods to
access them.
• Abstraction: Hiding complex details and showing only necessary features.
• Polymorphism: One method can have different behaviors based on the object that
calls it.

Examples:

• Class and Object:

java
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class Car {
String model;
void start() {
System.out.println("Car started");
}
}

Car myCar = new Car();


myCar.start();

• Inheritance:

java
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class Animal {
void sound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {


void sound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

Java Keywords to Remember:


• public, private, protected: Access modifiers.
• static: Allows a method or variable to belong to the class, not instances.
• final: Used to declare constants or prevent inheritance.
• abstract: Used to define abstract methods or classes.
• this: Refers to the current object instance.
• new: Used to create new objects.

Cheat Sheet Summary:

• Key Terms: Understand definitions like algorithms, source code, object code,
machine code, compiling, and debugging.
• Data Types & Variables: Remember the different types of variables and how to
declare and assign them.
• Control Structures: Know how to use decision-making (if, switch), loops (for,
while), and branching (break, continue).
• Methods: Understand how to define methods, pass parameters, and use method
overloading.
• OOP Concepts: Grasp the basics of inheritance, encapsulation, abstraction, and
polymorphism.
• Java Syntax: Be aware of case sensitivity, class names, method names, and file
naming conventions.

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