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Comprehensive Java Learning Notes

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5 views

Comprehensive Java Learning Notes

Uploaded by

newemail9033
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Comprehensive Java Learning Notes

1. Basics of Programming

- Syntax: Java programs must follow a specific syntax structure. Each program starts with a class definition

and a main method. The main method is the entry point where execution begins.

Example:

```java

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!"); // Outputs text to the console

```

- Variables: A variable stores data that can be used and modified. Variables have a data type, a name, and a value.

Example:

```java

int age = 25; // 'age' is a variable of type int with value 25

String name = "John"; // 'name' is a variable of type String with value "John"

```

- Data Types: Java has primitive data types (int, float, char, boolean) and reference types like String and arrays.

- Comments: Comments help describe code. Single-line comments use `//`, and multi-line comments use `/* ... */`.

2. Input and Output

- Taking Input: Java uses the Scanner class to accept user input. Scanner is part of the java.util package and needs to

be imported.

Example:

```java
import java.util.Scanner; // Importing Scanner class

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); // Creating Scanner object

System.out.print("Enter your name: ");

String name = scanner.nextLine(); // Reads a line of input

System.out.println("Hello, " + name);

```

- Displaying Output: Use `System.out.println()` to print information to the console.

3. Operators

- Arithmetic Operators: These perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, etc.

Example:

```java

int a = 5, b = 3;

int sum = a + b; // sum is 8

int product = a * b; // product is 15

```

- Relational Operators: Used to compare two values and return true or false.

Example:

```java

int x = 10, y = 20;

boolean result = x < y; // result is true

```

- Logical Operators: Used for combining conditions. `&&` (AND), `||` (OR), `!` (NOT).

Example:

```java

boolean isAdult = true;

boolean hasPermission = false;

boolean canEnter = isAdult && hasPermission; // false because both conditions aren't true
```

- Assignment Operators: Assign values to variables. `=`, `+=`, `-=`, etc.

Example:

```java

int count = 10;

count += 5; // count is now 15

```

4. Conditional Statements

- If Statements: Executes code based on conditions.

Example:

```java

int age = 18;

if (age >= 18) {

System.out.println("You are an adult.");

} else {

System.out.println("You are a minor.");

```

Explanation: The `if` statement checks if `age` is 18 or above. If true, it prints "You are an adult";

otherwise, it prints "You are a minor".

5. Looping Structures

- For Loop: Repeats code a set number of times, usually when the number of iterations is known.

Example:

```java

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {


System.out.println("Hello, World!");

```

Explanation: This loop prints "Hello, World!" five times. The loop variable `i` starts from 0, checks `i < 5`,

and increments `i` by 1 each time.

- While Loop: Repeats code based on a condition, useful when the number of iterations is not known.

Example:

```java

int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

i++;

```

Explanation: This `while` loop works similarly but only continues while `i` is less than 5.

6. Functions and Methods

- Defining Functions: Functions (or methods) allow code reuse. Java functions are defined inside classes.

Example:

```java

public static void greet() {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

```

Explanation: The `greet` method is created using `public static void`, meaning it has no return type (`void`).

- Calling Functions: Call the method by its name.


Example:

```java

greet();

```

- Return Values: Functions can return values of a specified data type.

Example:

```java

public static int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

```

Explanation: `add` takes two integers and returns their sum.

7. Data Structures

- Arrays: Used to store multiple values of the same type.

Example:

```java

int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

System.out.println(numbers[0]); // Accesses the first element

```

Explanation: `numbers` is an array holding integers. `numbers[0]` accesses the first element.

- ArrayList: Part of java.util package; allows dynamic resizing.

Example:

```java

import java.util.ArrayList;

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();


list.add("Hello");

System.out.println(list.get(0)); // Outputs "Hello"

```

Explanation: ArrayLists can dynamically resize, unlike arrays.

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