SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT

(KMBN308)
on
“A Study in the Area of Company Accounting in Tally Prime, GST
and Finance” at RKI India Limited

Submitted towards partial fulfilment for the award of degree

Master of Business Administration (MBA)
Batch: 2021-2023
of

Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

(U.P.)

Submitted By
Name: Uday Vrat Johri
Class: MBA- 3rd Semester
Roll No.: 2100140700040

Faculty of Management Science

Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology,

Bareilly, (U.P.) (College Code – 014)
 Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering & Technology,
Bareilly, (U.P.)
Faculty of Management Science
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Uday Vrat Johri, a regular student of MBA III
Semester (Batch 2021-23) has undergone summer training at RKI India Limited,
147/1030, Civil Lines, Bareilly (UP) on the topic “A Study in the Area of
Company Accounting in Tally Prime, GST and Finance” for a period of 1
month commencing from September 1st 2022 to September 30th 2022.

This Summer Training Project Report embodies the facts and figure collected and
interpreted by him/her during the course of Training.

This certificate is issued by the undersigned on the basis of the summer training
certificate of the organization in which the student completed the summer training
during above period.

(Dr. Pankaj Agarwal)

Date: ……………….

(Dr. Anuj Kumar) Date:

HOD – MBA Department Place:
 Declaration

I, Uday Vrat Johri, student of MBA III Semester (Batch 2021-23), Faculty of

Management Science, Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engineering &

Technology, Bareilly, hereby declares that Summer Training Report on “A

Study in the Area of Company Accounting in Tally Prime, GST and

Finance” at RKI India Limited from September 1st 2022 to September 30th

2022 is an original and authentic work done by me. No part of this document

has been submitted elsewhere for any other degree or course.

(Signature of the Student with date)

Name: Uday Vrat Johri
Roll No.: 2100140700040

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With the completion of my Project entitled “A Study in the Area of Company

Accounting in Tally Prime, GST and Finance”, I would like to extend my

sincere Gratitude and a word of thanks to the Head Accountant - Mr. Muneesh

Gangwar who guided me in the working of the company and helped me in showing

how the work process is being carried out there.

I am also thankful to our respected HOD – Dr. Anuj Kumar & Project Guide – Dr.

Pankaj Agarwal whose support was unflinching & very important in the completion

of my report and give it the final shape. I am deeply inspired by their profound

thoughts, which took me to light whenever the path became difficult for me to grasp.

I am thankful to all the Department Staff for rendering their support directly or

indirectly.

I would also like to thank my friends who have helped me make this Project. Last

but not least; I would like to thank my parents for always being my Inspiration.

Uday Vrat Johri

5
 Table of Contents
PAGE
CHAPTER TOPICS NO.

1 Executive Summary 7
2 Statement of the Problem 8
3 Objectives of the study 9
4 Introduction of the organization 10
 Quality Management System 13
 Company Details 14
 Director’s Details 15
 Mission, Vision & Values 17
 Organizational structures and Hierarchies 18
5 Research Methodology 26
 Sample Design 28
 Limitations of the study 29
 Types of Data 30
 Sources of Data 32
 Sampling Design 47
 Characteristics of good sampling design 49
 Sampling Techniques 50
 Sample Size 59
6 Data Interpretation and Analysis 61
7 Findings 73
8 Conclusion 75
9 Bibliography 76

6
 Executive Summary
Every organization needs to maintain its books of accounts for every
accounting year with a view to understand the net result of its activities
made during the year. Traditionally the book keeping has been made
manually by a trained accountant with sound of knowledge of book
keeping and accountancy. In the era of electronic revolution, maintenance
of accounts is made possible electronically by using accounting software.
Tally is the most widely used accounting software. It is simple and easy to
understand for the users even those who have no thorough knowledge of
accounting are able to keep the books of accounts with this software. It is
a complete solution of all the accounting requirements of an organization.
The software is updated often and new versions are released with
additional features to meet their requirements of the customers. In this
paper, an attempt has been made to examine the level of awareness of
customers towards the Tally software.
This project is undertaken to get to know of how well the people know
about the Tally software and what’s the requirement for improving the
software.
The methodology for carrying out this project was taken through primary
medium viz, through questionnaire.

7
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Customers have access to a wide range of accounting software packages in the
market. In order to face the competition of other accounting software
manufacturers, accounting software is available with a bundle of features. These
packages are updated every now and then according to the dynamic needs
organizations., the expectations and limitations of customers have been realized
and the software developers incorporate the features for the benefit of the
customers. When a new version of accounting software is released, it is obvious
that additional features are provided. Tally is one of such packages to fulfil the
needs of the customers. However, it is a question whether the customers are aware
of the features available in the accounting software. In this context, the researcher
has probed the following questions in this study:

 To understand the awareness of the customers of Tally software.

 To assess the level of awareness of customers towards the features of Tally
software.

8
 Objectives of the Study
In this study, the researchers have made an attempt to reveal the awareness level
of the customers about Tally software. In this regard, the following objectives
have been framed:

1. To understand the awareness of the customers of Tally software.

2. To assess the level of awareness of customers towards the features of Tally

software.

9
 PART A:
Introduction to Organization

10
 GENESIS OF THE ORGANIZATION
S. R. Chaddha Industries Limited is a growth-oriented business
that prioritises moral principles and excellence. We have
established ourselves as a reputable producer and supplier of
products like Copper Wound Pilot Advance Transformer, Oil
Immersed Circuit Breaker, and Phase Distribution Transformer. We are helped
by a team of professionals in producing top-notch goods at reasonable prices.
Because we are a customer-focused business, we have designed our working
philosophy, policies, and pricing structure taking into account what customers
would expect.

We have put a lot of effort and creative ideas into becoming a reputable
organisation. Furthermore, we have been able to conquer all the obstacles that
have come our way because to our strong resolve and knowledge.

RKI was founded in the Year 1987, Today the Company takes pride to be known
as one of the leading quality and trusted manufacturer of India. The company
currently manufactures OIL Filled Distribution Transformers. Our range
comprises of Distribution Transformers, Power Distribution Transformers for
indoor and outdoor installation. Transformer with Protection box, Transformer
with circuit breaker Oil. Our transformer is designed and developed with latest
technologies. Our Product assure long working life, high overloaded capacity,

Compactness and energy savings attributes. Hence our products are highly
accepted.

11
We are one of the fastest growing manufacturing firms in INDIA. Our
Success is built upon an environment that leaves a significant space for nurturing
innovative ideas in the field of manufacturing.

Our business is focus on delivery of concise, practical and cutting edge of

solutions to the clients. This results into excellence in delivering highest quality
output to the outmost satisfaction of the clients.

Rki India Limited’s operating revenues range is INRR 100 cr – 500 cr for the
financial year ending on 31st March 2018. It’s EBITDA has increased by 27.95%
over the previous year. At the same time, it’s book net worth has increased by
38.71%.

Rki India Limited’s Annual General Meeting (AGM) was last held on 30th
November 2021 and as per the records from Ministry of Corporate Affairs
(MCA), its balance sheet was last filed on 31st March 2021.

12
Quality Management System

RKI is known for its “Quality Product”, that’s why RKI is A Name, A Brand, A
Trust & A Signature of Transformer unit in all over India. RKI motto is to satisfy
the customer requirement while supplying the quality on time.

A Quality Management System is a collection of policies, procedures, plans,

resources, process, practices and authority of an organization designed to achieve
product and service quality levels, customers satisfaction and company.

Resource
Management

Quality
Management Management Measurement ,
Responsibility Analysis &
System Improvement
(QMS)

Product
Realization

13
 Company Details

CIN U32204UP2009PLC037883
Company Name RKI INDIA LIMITED

Company Active
Status

RoC RoC-Kanpur
Registration 37883
Number

Company Company limited by Shares

Category

Company Sub Non-govt company

Category

Class of Public
Company

Date of 30 July 2009

Incorporation

Age of 13 years, 2 month, 10 days

Company

Activity Manufacture of television and radio

transmitters and apparatus for line telephony
and line telegraphy

14
DIRECTORS - RKI INDIA LIMITED

The company has 5 directors and no reported key management personnel.

The longest serving directors currently on board are Bharti Chadha and Mohit
Chaddha who were appointed on 30 July, 2009. They have been on the board for
more than 13 years. The most recently appointed directors are Sanjeev Kumar
Mehrotra and Vandana Mehndiratta, who were appointed on 30 April, 2021.

Ravi Kant Chadha has the largest number of other directorships with a seat at a
total of 2 companies. In total, the company is connected to 1 other companies
through its directors.

Director Details

DIN Director Name Designation Appointment

Date

09159207 VANDANA MEHNDIRATTA Director 30 April 2021

02692845 MOHIT CHADDHA Wholetime Director 30 July 2009

02643127 BHARTI CHADHA Wholetime Director 30 July 2009

09157027 SANJEEV KUMAR MEHROTRA Director 30 April 2021

15
02638878 RAVI KANT CHADHA Managing Director 30 July 2009

16
 OUR
MISSION, VISION & VALUES
 Mission of RKI

The company’s goal is to provide transformers which are energy efficient to our
customers. To build a brand that is identified with quality and reliability. To be
the best in their field in the eyes of their customer, employees, to care for the
environment and give back to our community in a sustainable manner.

 Vision of RKI

To be a pioneer in the field of manufacturing of transformer in each voltage class

To start exporting our transformers into other countries other than India

Quality and service excellence in all that we do.

Technical expertise.

 Values of RKI

They value innovation and a relentless pursuit of continuous improvement in all

our process.

They value timely decision based on facts and knowledge.

They value a team-oriented approach. They value Implementing Quality

Management Systems for Total Quality Management. They value Formulating
and monitoring "Improvement Plans" with focus on internal system strength and
customer satisfaction.

17
 Organizational Structure and Hierarchies

For an organization, the organizational structure is a hierarchy of people and its

functions. The organizational structure of an organization tells you the character
of an organization and the values it believes in. Depending on the organizational
values and the nature of the business, organizations tend to adopt any
organizational structure for management purposes. Although the organization
follows a particular structure, there can be departments and teams following some
other organizational structure in exceptional cases. Sometimes, some
organizations may follow a combination of different structures.

Chief Managing
Director

Director

Assistant Vice General

Tender Head
President Manager

18
 Office Asst., 1 Office Boy, 4 AGM, 1 Project Manager, 5
D.E.T., 1 Dyp. Manager, 2
G.E.T., 5 Consultant, 1
Computer
Operaator, 1 Autocad Designer, Senior Manager, 2

Store Asst., 9 Assistant Manager,

Store Officer, 2
Engineer, 10 Sr.
Store Manager, 2 Asst. Engineer,
Supervisor, 8 Enginee 10
r, 21

Junior Engineer, 11
AGM Project Manager Dyp. Manager Consultant
Senior Manager Assistant Manager Sr. Engineer Engineer
Asst. Engineer Junior Engineer Supervisor Store Manager
Store Officer Store Asst. Autocad Designer Computer Operaator
G.E.T. D.E.T. Office Asst. Office Boy

AGM 1
Project Manager 5
Dyp. Manager 2
Consultant 1
Senior Manager 2
Assistant Manager 3
Sr. Engineer 10
Engineer 10
Asst. Engineer 21
Junior Engineer 11
Supervisor 8
Store Manager 2
Store Officer 2

Store Asst. 9
Autocad Designer 6
Computer Operator 1
G.E.T. 5
D.E.T. 1
Office Asst. 1
Office Boy 4

19
 ISO Certified Organization
 Efficient Product Range
 Competitive Pricing
 Prompt Delivery of Consignment
 Honest Business Dealing
 BEE Labelled Transformers
 Customer Loyalty & Satisfaction

20
Business Type : Manufacturer and service Provider
Primary Competitive Advantages : Affordable prices
: Efficient Workforce
: Wide area of distribution
: Innovative management techniques
Production Type : Semi-Automatic
Monthly Production Capacity : As per Client requirement 2000/Month
Product Range : Distribution Transformer
Power Distribution Transformer
PCC Pole 10000 Per Month

The Parent Company:

 AAR KAY
 RKPPL

Manufacturers of Pcc Poles

We take pride to be known as one of the leading quality and trusted

manufacturers of PCC Poles in India. We are having rich and wealthy experience
from last 20 years. PCC Poles is considered to be one of the most important and
vital products for any project in other words it’s the back bone as with the use of
this only we will be able to constrict line or do string of cables.

AAR KAY
Our PCC Poles (Bareilly)
Manufacturing
Units RK PPL
(Shahjahanpur)

21
Transformers Division:
Our transformers are designed and developed with latest technologies. Our
products assure long working life, low maintenance, high overload capacity,
compactness and energy saving attributes. The total manufacturing capacity is
1500 nos/ month.

Transformers

Distribution
Power T/F
T/F

Single Phase T/F Three Phase T/F Rating Upto

(10KVA-1000KVA) (10KVA-1000 KVA) (1 MVA-10 MVA)

EPC Division:
With our continuous effort and backed with grace of God, we get two projects in
2014 under Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyut Karan Yojana (RGGVY)- XII Plan.
We will complete the project under the guidance and leadership of our chairman,
and joint team effort to make this project a success. We at RKI have completed
several subs –stations which help in distribution electricity from the main grid.
The latest finished by us is Tilhar (District Shahjahanpur), Bilsi (District
Badaun) and Aligarh. Currently we are working in Chatta Site Mathura and
Bareilly (Madinath & Hafiz Ganj) also.

22
UPCOMING NATIONAL PROJECTS

BAREILLY : IPDS
BAREILLY : DDUGJY
SHAHJAHANPUR : DDUGJY
SHAHJAHANPUR : IPDS
KAGANJ : IPDS
HATHRAS : IPDS
MATHURA : IPDS
NOIDA : TRANSMISSION LINE

 WHAT IS IPDS & DDUGJY?

As we all are aware that in the coming times India is going to become a Developed
Country and Electricity plays a vital role in progress of any Country.
Recently Prime Minister of INDIA, Mr. Narendra Modi has launched 2 Schemes
which are DDUGJY and IPDS.
IPDS stands for Integrated Power Development Scheme and Its motto is to
strengthening of Sub- Transmission and Distribution network in urban areas.

23
DDUGJY stands for Deen Dayal Upadhyah Gramin Jyoti Yogna is a
Government of India Scheme designed to provide continuous power
supply in Rural Areas.

24
Clients:

POWER GRID CORP. OF

INDIA
Madhyanchal Vidyut
Vitran Nigam Limited
Paschimananchal Vidyut
JAKSON Govt. Vitran Nigam Limited

Private Clients Uttar Pradesh Power

L&T Corporation Limited
Bodies TATA POWER
Purvananchal Vidyut
Vitran Nigam Limited.

JYOTI Madhya Pradesh Poorv

Kshetra Vidyuti Karan Yojna
SECURITIES

25
 CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The present study has adopted Descriptive research method. The data
required for the study have been mainly collected from the primary
sources. In this regard, a structured questionnaire has been prepared and
administered among the sample respondents. The duly lled-in
questionnaire has been collected back and the data provided by the
sample respondents have been put through analysis with the help of
statistical tools to observe the findings.

Research methodology may be very broadly defined as systematic

gathering of data and information and its analysis for advancement of
knowledge in any subject. Research attempts to find answer intellectual
and practical questions through application of systematic methods.

Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines research as "studious inquiry

or examination; esp.: investigation or experimentation aimed at the
discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or
laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or
revised theories or laws".

Some people consider research as a movement, a movement from the

known to the unknown. It is actually a voyage of discovery.

We all possess the vital instinct of inquisitiveness for, when the

unknown confronts us, we wonder and our inquisitiveness makes us

26
probe and attain full and fuller understanding of the unknown.

This inquisitiveness is the mother of all knowledge and the method,

which man employs for obtaining the knowledge of whatever the
unknown, can be termed as research.

Research is an academic activity and as such the term should be used

in a technical sense. According to Clifford Woody research comprises
defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested
solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making
deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last, carefully testing the
conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

Research Design

The research design was an analytical survey. Analytical surveys also

referred to as diagnostic studies attempt to describe and explain why

certain situations exist. In this approach two or more variables are usually

examined to test research hypothesis. The results allow researchers to

examine the interrelationships among variables and to draw explanatory

inferences. In this study, the researcher sought to establish the relationship

between prior quality keyword skills; socio-demographic characteristics;

and level of customer engagement effect on online business attainment.

27
 Sample Design:

Sample Unit: Bareilly District

Sample Size: 100 Respondent’s

SAMPLING METHOD

The sample respondents have been selected among the people of Bareilly using
the Convenience Sampling Technique.

TOOLS OF ANALYSIS

The researchers have employed the following statistical tools for the analysis of
data obtained from the sample respondents.

 Percentage Analysis using charts and graphs

28
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The present study is subject to the following limitations:

1. The sample size has been conned to 100 respondents only.

2. The study has been conducted among the customers of Tally in Bareilly
District only.

29
 Types of Data

Data can be classified under two categories depending upon the sources

utilized.

1. Primary Data

Primary Data do not exist in records and publication. The researcher has

to gather primary data a fresh for the specific study under taken by him.

Market researchers are interested in primary data about demographic/socio

economic characteristics, attitude/ opinions/ interests, motivation and

behaviors.

Three basic means of primary data:

1) Observation

2) Survey

3) Experiment

2. Secondary Data

Secondary Data is the data that is collected by others and is to be "re-used"

by the researcher. In other words, The Secondary Data referred to those,

30
 which was gathered for some other purpose and are already

available in the firm initial records and commercial, trade or government

publications are secondary data.

Sources of secondary data:

1) Published of secondary data

2) Government publication

3) Specialized libraries

4) General library research sources

2.3 Data Collection Method

In this study, I decided that

 What data to collect (and what data to ignore)

 Who to collect it from (in research, this is called “sampling design”)

 How to collect it (this is called “data collection methods”)

 How to analyse it (this is called “data analysis methods”)

I used the following options for data collection:

 Surveys (online or physical surveys)

 Observations

31
 Sources of Data

The sources of data can be classified into two types: statistical and

non-statistical. Statistical sources refer to data that is gathered for some

official purposes, incorporate censuses, and officially administered

surveys. Non-statistical sources refer to the collection of data for other

administrative purposes.

What are the different sources of data?

The following are the two sources of data collection:

1. Internal Sources

When data is collected from reports and records of the organization itself,

they are known as the internal sources.

For example, a company publishes its annual report’ on profit and loss,

total sales, loans, wages, etc.

2. External Sources

When data is collected from sources outside the organization, they are

known as the external sources. For example, if a tour and travel company

obtain information on Uttar Pradesh tourism from Uttar Pradesh Transport

Corporation, it would be known as an external source of data.

32
Data Collection

In order to understand and achieve the objective of the project and to have

an in-depth knowledge about the chosen topic of interest, it was important

to gather the relevant data from various sources.

To accomplish the objective of project, data was collected from primary

and secondary sources.

To collect the data, questions were circulated on the Internet. The purpose

was to find the practical application, use and satisfaction derived by the

organization. The various sources from which secondary data was

gathered included numbers of journals, research papers and the internet

search engines, magazines etc.

Questionnaire Method

For getting the results of my research I used method which is questionnaire

method that is under primary data. A questionnaire (also known as self-

administered survey) is a type of statistical survey handed out in paper

form usually to a specific demographic to gather information in order to

provide better service or goods. The questionnaire was invented by Sir

Francis Galton.

33
 Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that

they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal

or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it

simple to compile data. However, such standardized answers may frustrate

users. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents

must be able to read the questions and respond to them. Thus, for some

 Demographic groups conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be

practical.

 A questionnaire consists of many types of questions, like direct question,

indirect question, open-ended question (free answer question), and close

ended question. In this report open and close-ended questions are used.

The method was discussed questioning. Each person was asked a set of

question in given order and answer is limited to a list of alternatives. The

studies are descriptive in nature. It is connected to study the present state

of affair as it exists. The open study tries to explore the system at present

and report on it.

34
 Why was questionnaire method have been adopted

1. It is versatile.

2. Ideas related to the problem and its solution can be find by asking the

people involved in various industries.

3. Knowledge, opinions, and intention of people involved can be easily

founded.

4. It is usually faster and cheaper than other methods.

5. It involves control over the data gathering activities as compare to other

method.

2.4 Questionnaire Design

The design of a questionnaire will depend on whether the researcher

wishes to collect exploratory information (i.e. qualitative information for

the purposes of better understanding or the generation of hypotheses on a

subject) or quantitative information (to test specific hypotheses that have

previously been generated).

1. Exploratory questionnaires: If the data to be collected is qualitative or is

not to be statistically evaluated, it may be that no formal questionnaire is

35
 needed. For example, in interviewing the female head of the

household to find out how decisions are made within the family when

purchasing breakfast foodstuffs, a formal questionnaire may restrict the

discussion and prevent a full exploration of the woman's views and

processes. Instead, one might prepare a brief guide, listing perhaps ten

major open-ended questions, with appropriate probes/prompts listed

under each.

2. Formal standardized questionnaires: If the researcher is looking to test

and quantify hypotheses and the data is to be analyzed statistically, a

formal standardized questionnaire is designed. Such questionnaires are

generally characterized by:

 prescribed wording and order of questions, to ensure that each respondent

receives the same stimuli

 prescribed definitions or explanations for each question, to ensure

interviewers handle questions consistently and can answer respondents'

requests for clarification if they occur

 prescribed response format, to enable rapid completion of the

questionnaire during the interviewing process.

36
 Given the same task and the same hypotheses, six different people

will probably come up with six different questionnaires that differ widely

in their choice of questions, line of questioning, use of open-ended

questions and length. There are no hard-and-fast rules about how to design

a questionnaire, but there are a number of points that can be borne in mind:

(1) A well-designed questionnaire should meet the research objectives. This

may seem obvious, but many research surveys omit important aspects due

to inadequate preparatory work, and do not adequately probe particular

issues due to poor understanding. To a certain degree some of this is

inevitable. Every survey is bound to leave some questions unanswered and

provide a need for further research but the objective of good questionnaire

design is to 'minimise' these problems.

(2) It should obtain the most complete and accurate information possible. The

questionnaire designer needs to ensure that respondents fully understand

the questions and are not likely to refuse to answer, lie to the interviewer

or try to conceal their attitudes. A good questionnaire is organised and

worded to encourage respondents to provide accurate, unbiased and

complete information.

37
(3) A well-designed questionnaire should make it easy for respondents to give

the necessary information and for the interviewer to record the answer, and it

should be arranged so that sound analysis and interpretation are possible.

(4) It would keep the interview brief and to the point and be so arranged that

the respondent(s) remain interested throughout the interview.

Each of these points will be further discussed throughout the following

sections. Below figure shows how questionnaire design fits into the overall

process of research design. It emphasises that writing of the questionnaire

proper should not begin before an exploratory research phase has been

completed.

Even after the exploratory phase, two key steps remain to be completed

before the task of designing the questionnaire should commence. The first

of these is to articulate the questions that research is intended to address.

The second step is to determine the hypotheses around which the

questionnaire is to be designed.

It is possible for the piloting exercise to be used to make necessary

adjustments to administrative aspects of the study. This would include, for

38
 example, an assessment of the length of time an interview actually

takes, in comparison to the planned length of the interview; or, in the same

way, the time needed to complete questionnaires. Moreover, checks can be

made on the appropriateness of the timing of the study in relation to

contemporary events such as avoiding farm visits during busy harvesting

periods.

Preliminary Decisions in questionnaire design

There are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:

1. Decide the information required.

2. Define the target respondents.

3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents.

4. Decide on question content.

5. Develop the question wording.

6. Put questions into a meaningful order and format.

7. Check the length of the questionnaire.

8. Pre-test the questionnaire.

9. Develop the final survey form.

Deciding on the information required

39
It should be noted that one does not start by writing questions. The

first step is to decide 'what are the things one needs to know from the

respondent in order to meet the survey's objectives?' These, as has been

indicated in the opening chapter of this textbook, should appear in the

research brief and the research proposal.

One may already have an idea about the kind of information to becollected,

but additional help can be obtained from secondary data, previous rapid

rural appraisals and exploratory research. In respect of secondary data, the

researcher should be aware of what work has been done on the same or

similar problems in the past, what factors have not yetbeen examined, and

how the present survey questionnaire can build on what has already been

discovered. Further, a small number of preliminary informal interviews

with target respondents will give a glimpse of reality that may help clarify

ideas about what information is required.

Define the target respondents

At the outset, the researcher must define the population about which he/she

wishes to generalise from the sample data to be collected. For example, in

marketing research, researchers often have to decide whether they should

cover only existing users of the generic product type or whether to also

40
 include non-users. Secondly, researchers have to draw up a

sampling frame. Thirdly, in designing the questionnaire we must take into

account factors such as the age, education, etc. of the target respondents.

Choose the method(s) of reaching target respondents

It may seem strange to be suggesting that the method of reaching the

intended respondents should constitute part of the questionnaire design

process. However, a moment's reflection is sufficient to conclude that the

method of contact will influence not only the questions the researcher is

able to ask but the phrasing of those questions. The main methods available

in survey research are:

 personal interviews

 group or focus interviews

 mailed questionnaires

 telephone interviews.

Within this region the first two mentioned are used much more extensively

than the second pair. However, each has its advantages and disadvantages.

A general rule is that the more sensitive or personal the information, the

more personal the form of data collection should be.

41
 Decide on question content

Researchers must always be prepared to ask, "Is this question really

needed?" The temptation to include questions without critically evaluating

their contribution towards the achievement of the research objectives, as

they are specified in the research proposal, is surprisingly strong. No

question should be included unless the data it gives rise to is directly of use

in testing one or more of the hypotheses established during the research design.

There are only two occasions when seemingly "redundant" questions

might be included:

1. Opening questions that are easy to answer and which are not perceived as

being "threatening", and/or are perceived as being interesting, can greatly

assist in gaining the respondent's involvement in the survey and help to

establish a rapport.

This, however, should not be an approach that should be overly used. It is

almost always the case that questions which are of use in testing

hypotheses can also serve the same functions.

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2. "Dummy" questions can disguise the purpose of the survey and/or

the sponsorship of a study. For example, if a manufacturer wanted to find

out whether its distributors were giving the consumers or end-users of its

products a reasonable level of service, the researcher would want to

disguise the fact that the distributors' service level was being investigated.

If he/she did not, then rumours would abound that there was something

wrong with the distributor.

Develop the question wording

Survey questions can be classified into three forms, i.e. closed, open-ended

and open response-option questions. So far only the first of these, i.e.

closed questions has been discussed. This type of questioning has a

number of important advantages;

 It provides the respondent with an easy method of indicating his answer -

he does not have to think about how to articulate his answer.

 It 'prompts' the respondent so that the respondent has to rely less on

memory in answering a question.

 Responses can be easily classified, making analysis very straightforward.

43
 It permits the respondent to specify the answer categories most

suitable for their purposes.

Disadvantages are also present when using such questions

 They do not allow the respondent the opportunity to give a different

response to those suggested.

 They 'suggest' answers that respondents may not have considered before.

With open-ended questions the respondent is asked to give a reply to a

question in his/her own words. No answers are suggested.

Example: "What do you like most about this implement?"

Open-ended questions have a number of advantages when utilised in a

questionnaire:

 They allow the respondent to answer in his own words, with no influence

by any specific alternatives suggested by the interviewer.

 They often reveal the issues which are most important to the respondent,
and this may reveal findings which were not originally anticipated when

the survey was initiated.

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 Respondents can 'qualify' their answers or emphasise the strength
of their opinions. 

However, open-ended questions also have inherent problems which means

they must be treated with considerable caution. For example:

 Respondents may find it difficult to 'articulate' their responses i.e. to

properly and fully explain their attitudes or motivations.

 Respondents may not give a full answer simply because they may forget

to mention important points. Some respondents need prompting or

reminding of the types of answer they could give.

 Data collected is in the form of verbatim comments - it has to be coded and

reduced to manageable categories. This can be time consuming for analysis

and there are numerous opportunities for error in recording and interpreting

the answers given on the part of interviewers.

Piloting the questionnaires

Even after the researcher has proceeded along the lines suggested, the draft

questionnaire is a product evolved by one or two minds only. Until it has

actually been used in interviews and with respondents, it is impossible to

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 say whether it is going to achieve the desired results. For this

reason, it is necessary to pre-test the questionnaire before it is used in a

full-scale survey, to identify any mistakes that need correcting.

The purpose of pretesting the questionnaire is to determine:

 whether the questions as they are worded will achieve the desired results

 whether the questions have been placed in the best order

 whether the questions are understood by all classes of respondent

 whether additional or specifying questions are needed or whether some

questions should be eliminated

 whether the instructions to interviewers are adequate.

Usually, a small number of respondents are selected for the pre-test. The

respondents selected for the pilot survey should be broadly representative

of the type of respondent to be interviewed in the main survey.

If the questionnaire has been subjected to a thorough pilot test, the final

form of the questions and questionnaire will have evolved into its final

form. All that remains to be done is the mechanical process of laying out

and setting up the questionnaire in its final form. This will involve

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 grouping and sequencing questions into an appropriate order,

numbering questions, and inserting interviewer instructions.

Sampling Design

A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given

population. It refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would

adopt in selecting items for the sample. Sample design also leads to a

procedure to tell the number of items to be included in the sample i.e., the

size of the sample. Hence, sample design is determined before the

collection of data. Among various types of sample design technique, the

researcher should choose that samples which are reliable and appropriate

for his research study.

Steps in Sample Design

There are various steps which the researcher should follow. Those are;

3. Type of universe: In the first step the researcher should clarify and should

be expert in the study of universe. The universe may be finite (no of items

are known) or Infinite (numbers of items are not known).

4. Sampling unit: A decision has to be taken concerning a sampling unit

before selecting a sample. Sampling unit may be a geographical one such

47
 as state, district, village etc., or construction unit such as house, flat,

etc., or it may be a social unit such as family, club, school etc., or it may

be an individual.

5. Source list: Source list is known as ‘sampling frame’ from which sample

is to be drawn. It consists the names of all items of a universe. Such a list

would be comprehensive, correct, reliable and appropriate and the source

list should be a representative of the population.

6. Size of sample: Size of sample refers to the number of items to be selected

from the universe to constitute a sample. Selection of sample size is a

headache to the researcher. The size should not be too large or too small

rather it should be optimum. An optimum sample is one which fulfills the

requirements of efficiency, representativeness, reliability and flexibility.

The parameters of interest in a research study must be kept in view, while

deciding the size of the sample. Cost factor i.e., budgetary conditions

should also be taken into consideration.

7. Sampling procedure: In the final step of the sample design, a researcher

must decide the type of the sample s/he will use i.e., s/he must decide about

the techniques to be used in selecting the items for the sample.

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 Characteristics of a Good Sample Design

1. Sample design must result in a truly representative sample,

2. Sample design must be such which results in a small sampling error,

3. Sampling design must be viable in the context of funds available for the

research study,

4. Sample design must be such that systematic bias can be controlled in a

better way, and

5. Sample should be such that the results of the sample study can be applied,

in general, for the universe with a reasonable level of confidence.

Target Population

Before research can begin, the target population must be identified and

agreed upon. The target population is the entire population, or group, that a

researcher is interested in researching and analysing. A sampling frame is

then drawn from this target population.

For example, if the research was to identify approximately how many

parents read a particular article in their child’s school newsletter, the target

population would be all parents of children at that school. The target units

would then be the individual parents, and the school could provide a list of

parent contact details which would serve as a sampling frame.

Examples of a target population are a company’s customer base, the

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 population of particular country, the students at a particular

university or tenants of a housing association.

I have picked the people of the Bareilly region as my respondents from

whom I have collected my data.

Sampling Technique

When you conduct research about a group of people, it’s rarely possible to

collect data from every person in that group. Instead, you select a sample.

The sample is the group of individuals who will actually participate in the

research.

To draw valid conclusions from your results, you have to carefully decide

how you will select a sample that is representative of the group as a whole.

There are two types of sampling techniques:

1. Probability Sampling

Probability Sampling means that every member of the population has a

chance of being selected. It is mainly used in quantitative research. If you

want to produce results that are representative of the whole population,

probability sampling techniques are the most valid choice.

There are four main types of probability sample.

(1) Simple Random Sampling: In a simple random sample, every member of the

50
 population has an equal chance of being selected. Your sampling

frame should include the whole population.

To conduct this type of sampling, you can use tools like random number

generators or other techniques that are based entirely on chance.

Example: You want to select a simple random sample of 100 employees of

Company X. You assign a number to every employee in the company

database from 1 to 1000, and use a random number generator to select 100

numbers.

(2) Systematic Sampling: Systematic sampling is similar to simple random

sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to conduct. Every member of the

population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating

numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals.

If you use this technique, it is important to make sure that there is no hidden

pattern in the list that might skew the sample. For example, if the HR

database groups employees by team, and team members are listed in order

of seniority, there is a risk that your interval might skip over people in junior

roles, resulting in a sample that is skewed towards senior employees.

Example: All employees of the company are listed in alphabetical order.

From the first 10 numbers, you randomly select a starting point: number 6.

51
 From number 6 onwards, every 10th person on the list is selected (6,

16, 26, 36, and so on), and you end up with a sample of 100 people.

(3) Stratified Sampling: Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into

subpopulations that may differ in important ways. It allows you draw more

precise conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is properly represented

in the sample.

To use this sampling method, you divide the population into subgroups

(called strata) based on the relevant characteristic (e.g. gender, age range,

income bracket, job role).

Based on the overall proportions of the population, you calculate how many

people should be sampled from each subgroup. Then you use random or

systematic sampling to select a sample from each subgroup.

Example: The company has 800 female employees and 200 male

employees. You want to ensure that the sample reflects the gender balance

of the company, so you sort the population into two strata based on gender.

Then you use random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20

men, which gives you a representative sample of 100 people.

(4) Cluster Sampling: Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population

52
into subgroups, but each subgroup should have similar

characteristics to the whole sample. Instead of sampling individuals from

each subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups.

If it is practically possible, you might include every individual from each

sampled cluster. If the clusters themselves are large, you can also sample

individuals from within each cluster using one of the techniques above. This is

called multistage cluster sampling.

This method is good for dealing with large and dispersed populations, but

there is more risk of error in the sample, as there could be substantial

differences between clusters. It’s difficult to guarantee that the sampled

clusters are really representative of the whole population.

Example: The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all with

roughly the same number of employees in similar roles). You don’t have

the capacity to travel to every office to collect your data, so you use random

sampling to select 3 offices – these are your clusters.

Uses of Probability Sampling

There are multiple uses of probability sampling:

53
 Reduce Sample Bias: Using the probability sampling method, the

bias in the sample derived from a population is negligible to non-existent.

The selection of the sample mainly depicts the understanding and the

inference of the researcher. Probability sampling leads to higher quality

data collection as the sample appropriately represents the population.

 Diverse Population: When the population is vast and diverse, it is essential

to have adequate representation so that the data is not skewed towards one

demographic. For example, if Square would like to understand the people

that could make their point-of-sale devices, a survey conducted from a

sample of people across the US from different industries and socio-

economic backgrounds helps.

 Create an Accurate Sample: Probability sampling helps the researchers

plan and create an accurate sample. This helps to obtain well-defined data.

2. Non-Probability Sampling

In a non-probability sample, individuals are selected based on non-random

criteria, and not every individual has a chance of being included.

This type of sample is easier and cheaper to access, but it has a higher risk

of sampling bias. That means the inferences you can make about the

population are weaker than with probability samples, and your conclusions

54
 may be more limited. If you use a non-probability sample, you

should still aim to make it as representative of the population as possible.

Non-probability sampling techniques are often used in exploratory and

qualitative research. In these types of research, the aim is not to test a

hypothesis about a broad population, but to develop an initial understanding

of a small or under-researched population.

There are four main types of non-probability sample:

(1) Convenience Sampling: A convenience sample simply includes the

individuals who happen to be most accessible to the researcher.

This is an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no

way to tell if the sample is representative of the population, so it can’t

produce generalizable results.

Example: You are researching opinions about student support services in

your university, so after each of your classes, you ask your fellow students

to complete a survey on the topic. This is a convenient way to gather data,

but as you only surveyed students taking the same classes as you at the same

level, the sample is not representative of all the students at your university.

(2) Voluntary Response Sampling: Similar to a convenience sample, a

55
 voluntary response sample is mainly based on ease of access. Instead

of the researcher choosing participants and directly contacting them, people

volunteer themselves (e.g. by responding to a public online survey).

Voluntary response samples are always at least somewhat biased, as some

people will inherently be more likely to volunteer than others.

Example: You send out the survey to all the students at your university and

a lot of students decide to complete it. This can certainly give you some

insight into the topic, but the people who responded are more likely to be

those who have strong opinions about the student support services, so you

can’t be sure that their opinions are representative of all students.

(3) Purposive Sampling: This type of sampling, also known as judgement

sampling, involves the researcher using their expertise to select a sample

that is most useful to the purposes of the research.

It is often used in qualitative research, where the researcher wants to gain

detailed knowledge about a specific phenomenon rather than make

statistical inferences, or where the population is very small and specific. An

effective purposive sample must have clear criteria and rationale for

inclusion. Always make sure to describe your inclusion and exclusion

criteria.

56
 Example: You want to know more about the opinions and

experiences of disabled students at your university, so you purposefully

select a number of students with different support needs in order to gather

a varied range of data on their experiences with student services.

(4) Snowball Sampling: If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can

be used to recruit participants via other participants. The number of people

you have access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with more people.

Example: You are researching experiences of homelessness in your city.

Since there is no list of all homeless people in the city, probability sampling

isn’t possible. You meet one person who agrees to participate in the

research, and he/she puts you in contact with other homeless people that

he/she knows in the area.

Uses of Non- Probability Sampling

Non-probability sampling is used for the following:

 Create a hypothesis: Researchers use the non-probability sampling method

to create an assumption when limited to no prior information is

57
 available. This method helps with the immediate return of data and

builds a base for further research.

 Exploratory research: Researchers use this sampling technique widely

when conducting qualitative research, pilot studies, or exploratory research.

 Budget and time constraints: The non-probability method when there are

budget and time constraints, and some preliminary data must be collected.

Since the survey design is not rigid, it is easier to pick respondents at

random and have them take the survey or questionnaire.

How to decide which type of sampling to use?

For any research, it is essential to choose a sampling method accurately to

meet the goals of your study. The effectiveness of your sampling relies on

various factors. Here are some steps expert researchers follow to decide the

best sampling method.

 Jot down the research goals. Generally, it must be a combination of cost,

precision, or accuracy.

 Identify the effective sampling techniques that might potentially achieve

the research goals.

 Test each of these methods and examine whether they help in

achieving your goal.

58
 Select the method that works best for the research.

For my survey I have used Convenience Sampling technique.

Sample Size

Sample size is a research term used for defining the number of individuals

included in a research study to represent a population. The sample size

references the total number of respondents included in a study, and the

number is often broken down into sub-groups by demographics such as age,

gender, and location so that the total sample achieves represents the entire

population. Determining the appropriate sample size is one of the most

important factors in statistical analysis. If the sample size is too small, it

will not yield valid results or adequately represent the realities of the

population being studied. On the other hand, while larger sample sizes yield

smaller margins of error and are more representative, a sample size that is

too large may significantly increase the cost and time taken to conduct the

research.

59
For example, if we want to predict how the population in a specific

age group will react to a new product, we can first test it on a sample size

that is representative of the targeted population. The sample size, in this

case, will be given by the number of people in that age group that will be

surveyed.

The number of individuals you should include in your sample depends on

various factors, including the size and variability of the population and your

research design.

I have taken a sample of 100 people, in order to conduct this research.

60
 Chapter 3
Data Interpretation and Analysis

Data interpretation refers to the process of using diverse analytical

methods to review data and arrive at relevant conclusions. The
interpretation of data helps researchers to categorize, manipulate, and
summarize the information in order to answer critical questions.

The importance of data interpretation is evident and this is why it needs

to be done properly. Data is very likely to arrive from multiple sources
and has a tendency to enter the analysis process with haphazard
ordering. Data analysis tends to be extremely subjective. That is to say,
the nature and goal of interpretation will vary from business to
business, likely correlating to the type of data being analyzed. While
there are several different types of processes that are implemented
based on individual data nature, the two broadest and most common
categories are “quantitative analysis” and “qualitative analysis”.

61
Q.2 Age

Interpretation: From above pie chart Out of 100% (n=100) respondents-

61% respondents ages between 20-3- years, 21% respondents ages between

30-40 years, 11% ages below 20 years and 7% ages between 40-50%.

62
Q.3 Gender

Interpretation: From above pie chart Out of 100% (n=100) respondents-

58% respondents are male and 41% are female and 1% are prefer not to say.

63
 Q.4 Educational Qualification

Interpretation: From above pie chart Out of 100% (n=100) respondents-

46% respondent have Master’s Degree and 40% respondent have Bachelor’s

Degree, 7% have Trade/Technical/Vocational Training and 7% have done

their Doctorate.

64
Q.5 Employment

Interpretation: From above pie chart Out of 100% (n=100) respondents-

48% respondents are students, 22% respondents are Self-employed, 19%

respondents are Private employees, 10% respondents are Government

employees and 1% are other.

65
Q.6 Have you heard about these software’s? Please select the ones you

know.

Interpretation: From above column chart Out of 100% (n=100)

respondent- 97% respondents have heard about Tally, 18% respondents have

heard about Busy, 15% respondents have heard about Vyapar, 11% have

heard about Zoho Books and 4% have heard about Real Books.

66
Q.7 How much do you know about Tally software?

Interpretation: From above pie chart Out of 100% (n=100) respondents-

49% respondents very well know about Tally Software, 41% respondents

somewhat know about Tally Software and 10% respondents doesn’t know

about Tally Software.

67
Q.8 Do any of your known uses this software?

Interpretation: From above pie chart out of 100% (n=100) respondents-

64% respondents says their known uses this software, 18% says no one in

their known uses this software and 18% says maybe their known uses this

software.

68
Q.9 For what purpose you used/uses this software?

Interpretation: From above pie chart out of 100% (n=100) respondents-

39% says they uses this software for academic purposes, 33% says for
commercial purposes and 28% says for other purposes.

69
Q.10 Were you satisfied with the features of the software?

Interpretation: From above pie chart out of 100% (n=100) respondents-

66% were satisfied with the features of Tally software, 25% says they were

may or may not satisfied, 9% says they were not satisfied with the features.

70
Q.11 Do you think Tally software is better than the other software’s in the
market?

Interpretation: From above pie chart out of 100% (n=100) respondents-

62% thinks that Tally Software is better than other software’s in the market,

26% thinks that the Tally software may or may not be better than the other

software’s and 12% thinks Tally Software is not better than the other

software’s in the market.

71
Q.12 Would you recommend Tally Software to others?

Interpretation: From above pie chart out of 100% (n=100) respondents-

71% would recommend this software to others, 19% may or may not

recommend this software and 10% would not recommend this software.

72
 Findings of the Study

F.1 Out of 100% (n=100) respondents- 61% respondents ages between 20-3-

years, 21% respondents ages between 30-40 years, 11% ages below 20 years

and 7% ages between 40-50%.

F.2 Out of 100% (n=100) respondents- 58% respondents are male and 41% are

female and 1% are prefer not to say.

F.3 Out of 100% (n=100) respondents- 46% respondent have Master’s Degree

and 40% respondent have Bachelor’s Degree, 7% have

Trade/Technical/Vocational Training and 7% have done their Doctorate.

F.4 Out of 100% (n=100) respondents- 48% respondents are students, 22%

respondents are Self-employed, 19% respondents are Private employees,

10% respondents are Government employees and 1% are other.

F.5 Out of 100% (n=100) respondent- 97% respondents have heard about Tally,

18% respondents have heard about Busy, 15% respondents have heard about

Vyapar, 11% have heard about Zoho Books and 4% have heard about Real

Books.

F.6 Out of 100% (n=100) respondents- 49% respondents very well know about

Tally Software, 41% respondents somewhat know about Tally Software and 10%

respondents doesn’t know about Tally Software.

73
 F.7 Out of 100% (n=100) respondents- 64% respondents says their known uses

this software, 18% says no one in their known uses this software and 18%

says maybe their known uses this software.

F.8 Out of 100% (n=100) respondents- 39% says they uses this software for

academic purposes, 33% says for commercial purposes and 28% says for
other purposes.

F.9 Out of 100% (n=100) respondents- 66% were satisfied with the features of

Tally software, 25% says they were may or may not satisfied, 9% says they

were not satisfied with the features.

F.10 Out of 100% (n=100) respondents- 62% thinks that Tally Software is better

than other software’s in the market, 26% thinks that the Tally software may

or may not be better than the other software’s and 12% thinks Tally Software

is not better than the other software’s in the market.

F.11 Out of 100% (n=100) respondents- 71% would recommend this software to

others, 19% may or may not recommend this software and 10% would not

recommend this software.

74
 Conclusion

The Tally software has been the most popular accounting software in the country.

Despite the competition from other accounting software packages, Tally software

has occupied the predominant position in the market through its services and

features. The customers are aware of the basic features. However, there’s still a

frequent number of people who does not know about Tally software and also does

not know about the features.

75
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LIMITED/U32204UP2009PLC037883

 https://www.thecompanycheck.com/company/s-r-chaddha-industries-

limited/U32204UP2009PLC037883

 https://www.tofler.in/rki-india-limited/company/U32204UP2009PLC03788

 https://www.statisticshowto.com/sampling-design/

 https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/12-539-x/2009001/sample-plan-eng.htm

 https://www.worldwidejournals.com/global-journal-for-research-analysis-

GJRA/article/a-study-on-the-customers-awareness-towards-tally-erp-9-in-

salem-district/ODYzNw==/?is=1&b1=1&k=1

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