12 Static Tap Changer

Power Electronics I
Lecture 12
1
Single-phase transformer Tap changers
Thyristors can be used as static switches for on-load changing of
transformers.
The static tap changers have the advantage of very fast switching
action.
The changeover can be controlled to cope with load conditions and is
smooth.
Although a transformer may have multiple secondary winding, only two
secondary windings are shown, for the sake of simplicity.
The turns ratio of the input transformer are such that if the primary
instantaneous voltage is
vp  2 V p sin t
The secondary instantaneous

voltage are
v1  2 V1 sin t
v2  2 V2 sin t 2
When only thyristors T3 and T4 are alternately fired with delay angle
α=0 , the load voltage is held at a reduced level of Vo=V1.
If full output voltage is required, only thyristors T1 and T2 are
alternately fired a delay angle of α=0 and the full voltage is vo=V1+V2.
The gating pulses of thyristors can be varied to vary the load voltage
within three possible ranges:
0 < Vo < V1, 0 < Vo < (V1+V2), and V1 < Vo < (V1+V2).
3
Control range 1 : 0 ≤ Vo ≤ V1 .
To vary the load voltage within this range, thyristor T1 and T2 are
turned off. Thyristors T3 and T4 can operate as a single phase voltage
controller. The rms load voltage which can be determined from
And the range of delay angle is 0 ≤ α ≤ π.
Control range 2 : 0 ≤ Vo ≤ (V1 + V2).

Thyristor T3 and T4 are turned off. Thyristors T1 and T2 operate as a
single phase voltage controller. The rms load voltage which can be
determined from
And the range of delay angle is 0 ≤ α ≤ π.

4
Control range 3 : V1 ≤ Vo ≤ (V1 + V2).
 Thyristor T3 is turned-on at ωt=0 and the secondary voltage V1

appears across the load.
Thyristor T1 is turned on at ωt=α  thyristor T3 is reverse biased due to
secondary voltage V2 , and T3 is turned-off (forced-commutated). The
voltage appearing across the load is (V1 + V2) .
At ωt = π , T1 is self-commutated and T4 is turned-on. The secondary
voltage V1 appears across the load until T2 is fired at ωt=α + π.
When T2 is turned on at ωt=α + π , T4 is turned-off due to reverse
voltage V2 (forced-commutated). The load voltage is (V1 + V2) .
At ωt = 2π , T2 is self-commutated, T3 is turned-on again and the cycle
is repeated.
T4 T2
T3 T1 5
A tap changer with this type of control is also known as
synchronous tap changer. It uses two-step of control.
A part of secondary voltage V2 is superimposed on a sinusoidal

voltage V1. As a result, the harmonic contents are less that which
would be obtained by a normal phase delay as discussed above for
control range 2.
The rms load voltage which can be determined from
= Complement = π-
6
The rms Thyristors currents determined from
1 
IT 1  IT 2  2(V1  V2 ) 2 sin 2 t d (t )
2R 2 
1 
IT 3  IT 4   2V12 sin 2 t d (t )
2R 2 0
 I2  2 IT 1 & I1  I o  IT21  IT2 2  IT23  IT2 4
The input supply power factor:
Po Vo2 / R
PF  
VA V1I1  V2 I 2
7
With RL loads, the gating circuit of synchronous tap changer
requires a careful design.
Let us assume that thyristors T1 and T2 are turned-off, while
thyristors T3 and T4 are turned-on during the alternate half-cycle at
the zero crossing of the load current. The load current would then be:
Where Z = [ R2 + (ωL)2 ]1/2 and θ=tan-1(ωL/R).
8
If T1 is then turned on at ωt=α, where α < θ, the second winding of
transformer would be short circuited because T4 is still conducting
and carrying current due to the inductive load. Therefore, the control
circuit should be designed so that T1 is not turned-on until io ≥ 0.
Similarly, T2 should not be

turned-on until T3 turns-off and io ≤ 0. T1
Therefore α > θ.
T2
T3 T4
T3 T1
T4
T2
9
Automatic Tap changing transformer.
We cannot go-over step, sequential

operation is required.
10
Sheet 3: Q5
In a single-phase controlled synchronous connection changer, the
primary voltage is 240 V (rms), 60 Hz. The secondary voltages are V1
= 120 V and V2=120 V. If the load resistance is R =10 Ω and the rms
load voltage is 180 V, determine:
(a) the delay angle of thyristors T1 and T2,
(b) the rms current of thyristors T1 and T2,
(c) the rms current of thyristors T3 and T4, and
(d) the input power factor (PF).
Solution:
Vo = 180V, Vp = 240V, V1 = 120V, V2 = 120V, R =10 Ω
a) 180
By iterations, α =98º.
1 
2 
b) I T 1  I T 2  2(V  V ) 2
sin 2
t d (t )
2R
1 2
V  V2 1 sin 2 1/ 2
 1 [ (    )]  10.9 A
2R  2
11
1 
2R 2 0
c) I T 3  IT 4  2V1
2
sin 2
t d (t )
V1 1 sin 2 1/ 2
 [ (  )]  6.5 A
2R  2
Po Vo2 / R
d) PF  
VA V1 I1  V2 I 2
I2  2 I T 1  15.4 A
I1  [( 2 I T 1 ) 2  ( 2 I T 2 ) 2 ]1/ 2  17.94 A
180 2 / 10
PF   0.8098 (lagging )
120  17.94  120  15.4
12

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Power Electronics I

The secondary instantaneous

And the range of delay angle is 0 ≤ α ≤ π.

Control range 2 : 0 ≤ Vo ≤ (V1 + V2).

And the range of delay angle is 0 ≤ α ≤ π.

 Thyristor T3 is turned-on at ωt=0 and the secondary voltage V1

A part of secondary voltage V2 is superimposed on a sinusoidal

The rms load voltage which can be determined from

The input supply power factor:

Where Z = [ R2 + (ωL)2 ]1/2 and θ=tan-1(ωL/R).

Similarly, T2 should not be

We cannot go-over step, sequential

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