Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Department
Production Engineering
Production Engineering

Tutorial (2)

Mohamed Marie
 Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 2
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Method (1) Vs. Method (2)
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Method (1) Method (2)

𝑷𝒔
IPR
VLP
Drawdown (DD)
𝑷𝒘𝒇𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈

Operating point

𝑸𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑨𝑶𝑭 QL (STB/D)

 Effect of some parameter on operating point

Effect of Tubing Size on operating point

Effect of THP on operating point

Effect of Water Cut on operating point

Effect of Pressure Depletion on operating point

Mohamed Marie Effect of Skin Factor on operating point

 Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 4
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Effect of Tubing Size on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

VLP @ TS = 1.9 inch

IPR
𝑷𝒔
VLP @ TS = 2.375 inch

VLP @ TS = 3.5 inch

As T.S. increase → Q(operating) increase → Pwf (operating) decrease

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
 Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 5
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Effect of Tubing Head Pressure on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

VLP @ THP = 300 Psi

IPR
𝑷𝒔
VLP @ THP = 200 Psi

VLP @ THP = 100 Psi

Pwf = pressure loss @ tubing + THP

As THP decrease → Q(operating) increase → Pwf (operating) decrease

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
 Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 6
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Effect of Water Cut on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

VLP @ WC = 50 % Water more denser than oil

IPR
𝑷𝒔
VLP @ WC = 30%

VLP @ WC = 10%

Water Cut Water influx

As WC decrease → Q(operating) increase → Pwf (operating) decrease

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
 Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 7
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Effect of Water influx on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

𝑷𝒔 VLP IPR for active water drive

IPR for partial water drive

IPR for limited water drive

Water Cut Water influx

As We increase → reservoir pressure (Ps) decrease slowly

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
 Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 8
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Effect of Pressure Depletion on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

𝑷𝒔 VLP IPR @ Ps = 3000 Psi

IPR @ Ps = 2000 Psi

IPR @ Ps = 1000 Psi

As We increase → reservoir pressure (Ps) decrease slowly

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭
 Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 9
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Effect of Skin factor on operating point
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Pwf (Psi)

𝑷𝒔 VLP IPR @ Skin = -2

IPR @ Skin = 0

IPR @ Skin = +2

Pr
Pwf

QL (STB/D)
𝑨𝑶𝑭𝟏 𝑨𝑶𝑭2 𝑨𝑶𝑭𝟑
 Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing

Mohamed Marie
Outflow performance Relationship (OPR). Friday, June 3, 2022 11
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Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
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Outflow performance Relationship (OPR). Friday, June 3, 2022 12
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Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
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THP

Tank separator

Pr Pr
Pwf
Outflow performance Relationship (OPR). Friday, June 3, 2022 13
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Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
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Mist flow

Annular flow

Slug flow

Bubble flow

Liquid flow
Pr

Pwf
Outflow performance Relationship (OPR). Friday, June 3, 2022 14
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Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
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1 Liquid Flow

2 Bubble Flow

3 Slug Flow

4 Annular Flow

5 Mist Flow
Outflow performance Relationship (OPR). Friday, June 3, 2022 15
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Different Flow Regimes Inside A Vertical Tubing
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1 Liquid Flow
When Pwf > Pb, so only oil is present and all the gas is dissolved

2 Bubble Flow
As we go upwards, pressure decrease till Pb , so some gas come out of solution causing the bubble flow

3 Slug Flow
As pressure decreases further, the gas bubbles coalesce and form plugs or slugs that almost fill the pipe
cross-section (gas pockets).

4 Annular Flow
As pressure decreases more and more, a continuous gas phase occurs surrounding by a thin film oil.

5 Mist Flow
Finally at low pressures, a continuous gas phase is present, carrying small droplets of oil.
 Optimum Q and Optimum GLR

Mohamed Marie
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 17
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Pressure Losses Inside A Vertical Tubing
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As Flow Rate (q) increase:
 Slippage Pressure loss decrease
 Friction Pressure loss increase
ΔP = ΔP
Total slippage + ΔP Friction

ΔP slippage
ΔP Friction

ΔP
For a given tubing size, well depth, and constant
GLR,

Optimum q is the q @ which there is minimum

pressure losses. Optimum q q (SCF/STB)
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 18
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Pressure Losses Inside A Vertical Tubing
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When moving from (liquid and bubble flow
regimes) to (slug, annular, and mist flow ΔP = ΔP
Total slippage + ΔP Friction
regimes)….
 Slippage Pressure loss decrease
 Friction Pressure loss increase

ΔP slippage
ΔP Friction

ΔP
For a given tubing size, well depth, and constant q,

Optimum GLR is the GLR @ which there is minimum

pressure losses.
Optimum GLR GLR (SCF/STB)
Liquid
Mist Flow
Flow
 Ideal IPR Vs. Actual IPR

Mohamed Marie
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 20
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Ideal IPR Vs. Actual IPR
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 Importance of IPR

Mohamed Marie
Production Engineering… Friday, June 3, 2022 22
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Importance of IPR
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1. Get Productivity index (J)

2. Get Q at any Pwf

3. Get Pwf at any Q

4. Get Q(maximum) = AOF

5. Determine if the well could flow at a given flow rate or

not (Compare Q(required) with Q(maximum)

6. Determine if the stimulation job successful or not.

7. Determine Pb by comparing actual IPR with ideal IPR

8. Determine if the well is producing from single zone or

multiple zones.
Mohamed Marie
Petroleum Engineer ǁ TA _CUFE

Mohamed Mousa Marie

01158818982

maraey44@gmail.com