REVIEWER IN PHYSICS

ELECTRIC CURRENT
- or simply current (I), is the amount of charge passing through any point in a conductor per unit time.
In symbols, FORMULA: I = q/t
ELECTRIC CURRENT
FORMULA: I = q/t
q is the charge in Coulombs and t is the time in seconds
ELECTRIC CURRENT
UNIT of current: ampere (A)
1 A = 1 C/s
This combination of units is called ampere (A)
Andre Marie Ampere
-named after the French scientist and mathematician
- was considered “the Isaac Newton of electricity”
-He was the first to describe current as a continuous flow of electricity along a wire.
-He founded the science of electrodynamics - the study of charges in motion.
How do we measure current?
•we make use of an ammeter to measure current
•the ammeter should be connected in series to the circuit
•current mass flow into positive terminal and give negative terminal

What is electric current?

An electric current is formed by moving charges
Definition:
An electric current is a measure of the rate of flow of electric charge through a given cross-section of a
conductor.

Were
/- current
Q- charge
T- time taken

The SI unit of electric current is the ampere (A)

Resistance and Ohm’s Law

 DIRECTIONS CURRENT
  ELECTRON CURRENT
There are two ways to explain the way current moves
1 electron flow
2 conventional current

 Conventional current was the first system used to explain electron flow (some electricians still use
this)
 Electron flow is the new system used to explain electron flow
 Vote system are used today.

1. Conventional current flows from the positive to the negative ends

2. Electric charges flow from the negative to the positive ends.

CONVENTIONAL CURRENT

In the early 19th Century, Benjamin Franklin, an American scientist, introduced the terms positive and negative
charges.

CONVENTIONALCURRENT
Then, the electric current was defined as the flow of positive terminal to the negative terminal of a source of
voltage. This current is referred to as conventional current.
ELECTRON CURRENT
When electron was discovered, it became clear that the current in a metallic conductor is actually a flow of
electrons from negative terminal to the positive terminal. This is called electron current.
Conventional current: electric current runs from positive to negative terminal
Electron Flow: electrons flow from negative to positive terminal
Electron Current
Electron current flows from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of the battery.
It flows from electronegative potential to electropositive potential.
Electron current flow is technically the correct direction of current flow.
It is the real and actual direction of electric current.
It is used in the recent books and circuit analysis techniques especially in electronic engineering books.

Conventional Current
The conventional current flows from the positive terminal of the battery to the negative terminal.
It flows from the electropositive potential to electronegative
Its direction is considered by convention & it is technically wrong.
It is assumption to solve and analyze electric circuits easily.
It is an old school consideration mainly used in electrical engineering books.

An electric current / is a measure of the rate of flow of electric charge Q through a given cross-section of a
conductor
Symbol of electric current=/
SI UNIT of electric current= ampere (A)
/=Q/T

Where
/ -current in amphere (A)
Q- amount of charges in coloumbs (C)
T-time in seconds. (s)

Measuring current
An ammeter is an instrument used for measuring electric current
Ammeter must be connected in series in a circuit.

Measuring current
The digital multimeter (dmm) is starting to replace the ammeter
•has a wide range of between a few hundred to several a
•can be used for direct current (d.c) and alternating current (a.c)
•able to read the voltage and resistance too

Electromotive force ( e.m.f)

•Electric current is produced when there is a flow of charges
•a source of energy ( provided by a cell, group of cells, or generator) is needed to enable charges to be
pumped or force around the circuit
•electromotive force is the electric force that provides the pump in action for electric current to flow from the
positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery

Definition
•the electromotive force of an electrical source is the work done by a source in driving a unit charge round a
complete
-is the potential difference between the two terminals of the cell or battery ( from higher pd to lower pd)
-a point of high potential is a region where there is a large number of positive charges whereas a point of a
law potential has lesser positive charges (more negative charges)
•symbol of electromotive force
•SI UNIT of electromotive force= volts (B) or Joules per coulomb (JC-1)

Ε= W/Q

ε=E.m.f. (V)

W=energy converted from non-electrical forms to electrical form (J)

Q-amount of charge in coulombs (C)

Potential difference
•the potential difference between two points in an electric circuit is defined as the amount of electrical
energy converted to other forms of energy when one coulomb appositive charge passes between the two
points
•symbol of potential difference=V
•SI UNIT of potential difference = volts V

V=W/Q
Where
V=potential difference
W=energy converted from electrical form to other forms (J)
Q=amount of charge in coulombs (c)

Measuring (p.d)(e.m.f)
•a voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring potential difference or electromotive force
•as charge flow round a circuit they lose their pe transforming pe into other forms of energy
•it is connected in parallel to the circuit
•the essay unit for pd or emf is volt( V)
Resistance
In a circuit the size of the current depends on the resistance in the circuit
Any component of a circuit resisting the flow of electricity is called a resistor
The greater the resistance in the circuit the lower the current
Definition
•resistance R of a component is the ratio of the potential difference V across it to the current / flowing
through it
•symbol of resistance= R
•SI UNIT of resistance = ohms ()
R=V/I
WHERE
R= RESISTANCE IN OHM'S
V=PD ACROSS THE COMPONENT IN VOLTS (V)
I=CURRENT IN AMPHERE ( A)

Resistors
•is a conductor that has a known value of resistance
•primary purpose is to control the size of the current flowing in the circuit
•two types: fix resistors and variable resistors or (rheostat)
•variable resistors or rheostat allows resistance to be change Easily.
Georg Ohm
•a German man who studied mathematics and then electricity
•he devoted much of his life to the study of potential difference current and resistance
•his discoveries have let us know much of what we understand today about electricity

Ohm's Law
•ohm's law established the relationship between potential difference (V), current (I), and resistance (R)
•the symbol for resistance is called the Ohms in honor of george ohms work

ALTERNATING CURRENT AND DIRECT CURRENT

Direct Current
-The direction of the current of the voltage is always constant
-Current flows only in one direction(Polarity remains same)
Alternating Current
-The direction of the current is always switched periodically and the voltage is also switched.
-current reverses direction in equal intervals of time (positive polarity and negative polarity)

How Electricity Works

2 types of current electricity
Alternating Current
-with AC the current moves back and forth with the changing magnetic field. This is the type of Electricity
from wall sockets in your home .
Direct Current
-In DC the current travels in one directions .This is the type of electricity in batteries
Direct current (DC)
Direct current (DC) is the flow of electric charge in only one direction.
It is the steady state of a constant-voltage circuit.
Most well-known applications, however, use a time-varying voltage source.

What are common DC applications?

This form of power is most commonly produced by sources such as solar cells, batteries, and
thermocouples.
DC power is widely used in low voltage applications such as charging batteries, automotive applications,
aircraft applications and other low voltage, low current applications.
Alternating current (AC)
is the flow of electric charge that periodically reverses direction.
What are the applications of AC?
AC is by far the most common current used to power electric motors, which are devices that convert
electric energy into mechanical energy.
Refrigerators, dishwashers, garbage disposals and toaster ovens are a few examples of household
appliances that rely on this.
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH
First Aid
- is refers to administration of care to prevent deterioration of the victim, to aid recovery, and to preserve life
. Generally, first aid entails some simple but often life saving ways that most people can be trained with the
minimal equipment.
-Not a medical professional;
-combination of simple procedures and and an application of some common senses.
Apply the DRSABC action plan or flow that is described as follows:
Danger— always check first the danger and source of injury. Make sure the surroundings are safe and out
of danger, otherwise, you will also allow yourself to be a victim.
Responsiveness— can the casualty hear your voice? Can they open and close their eyes? Are there any
movements? Do they respond to touch?
Send— send for help or shout for help.
Airway— is the person’s airway clear? If the person is not responding and is unconscious, check airway by
opening the mouth and having a look inside. Tilting the head back with the chin facing up will clear an
airway.
Breathing— make sure that the victim is breathing by looking at breathing signs, listening to exhales, and
feeling air coming out of the mouth or nose.
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) — if an adult is unconscious, no pulse, and not breathing, perform the
CPR until the emergency personnel or medics arrive.
How is cardiopulmonary resuscitation administered
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique that is administered when breathing and
heartbeat of a person stopped, such as during a heart attack and drowning.
CPR involves the CAB process that stands for compression (restoration of blood circulation), airway
(clearing of airway), and breathing (breath for the person).
In administering CPR or compression, the following must be done:
1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.
2. Locate hand position for compression by drawing an imaginary line from armpit to center chest for hand
placement.
3. Place heel of one hand on the lower part of the breastbone.
4. Put other hand over the first, interlacing your fingers by support.
5. With straight arms shoulder positioned over the victim’s chest, push down on the victim’s chest. For adult
victims, push it down for at least 2 inches or 5 cm deep.
6. Give 30 compressions in 18 seconds or less (rate of 100 compressions in one minute) and let chest rise
completely between compressions.
7. After 30 compressions, give two rescue breaths.
8. Repeat cycle until help arrives or when there are signs of movement.

COMMON INJURIES AND ILLNESS IN OUTDOOR

A. Cuts, Scrapes, And Punctures
 -Wounds ,cuts , and lacerations can be caused anywhere from rock climbing , cutting self from a
knife , and stumbling
1. Cut, Scrapes, Laceration and puncture
To treat minor cuts, scrapes, and punctures

 Clean Cuts with soap and water then apply antibiotic cream then cover with sterile bandage and
and secure using medical tape.
 If bleeding, apply direct pleasure using clean cloth to the injury.
 If wound is on the arm or leg, raise limb above the heart to help slow down bleeding
 Severe bleeding or bleeding does not despite pressure
 You suspect there is internal bleeding (inflammation and severe pain in the area)
 There is an abdominal chest or wound
3. Sprains are injuries that involve the stretching of the ligaments. This usually occurs when a joint is
overextended in usual range of motion.
Strain is the twisting or pulling of a muscle or tendon .This usually happens when a muscle is a
stretched and suddenly contact such as when one is running or jumping
Rest- helps movement that can worsen the injury
Ice- applied to the area reduces swelling and helps to stop any bleeding (heat at the opposite effect)
Compression- means applying pressure to the area ( or wrapping with the cloth or bandage) to help stop
the bleeding
Elevation- means raising the injured area above the rest of the body as a way to reduce the swelling
Applying The Compression Using Athletic Tape and Using Bandage.
For fracture immediately call medical health of the following occurs
1. One suspect injury to the person's head neck or back
2. Bone is sticking out of the skin
3. Bleeding does nor stop after several minutes of firm pressure
4. Blood spurts from the wound.

While waiting for medical help do the following first aid

1. Immobilize the area of injury until help arrives or until the person is brought to the hospital
2. Make sure to clean and dress cuts before splinting
3. If bleeding apply pressure to wound with clean cloth until bleeding stops. If bone is pushing through the
skin do not touch
4. Gently tape the dislocated area or fractured to a rolled-up newspaper or ruler or a rolled piece of clothing
with first aid tape . Avoid moving the injured limb and never force it or even try to twist it back into place.

C. Concussion
-is a traumatic brain injury that is often caused by a blow or bumps to the head or body. Cats and bruises
may be seen on the head or face. Some lose consciousness or forget what happened before the injury
others do not

1. Treat cuts
2. Apply ice or compress if no eyes is available
3. Rest until symptoms disappear
4. Watch out for symptoms that need emergency action.
D. Blister
These tears are a result of ill-fitting footwear. It is especially seen among hikers and trekkers. Blisters can
be painful and may cause discomfort

 Place piece of adhesive over affected area

 Doughnut shape mo skins helps when blisters are at the bottom of foot
 If blister half cup wash area with soap and water then put antibiotic cream.
 If it is absolutely necessary drain a blister with a sterilized needle into the side of the blister. Apply
with antibacterial solution and cover with gauze dressing and tape.
E. Burns or scalds
Burns or scalds are injuries on the skin caused by hot liquid or heat.
1. If still on fire is stop burning immediately through the stop drop and roll method then remove the flame
material from the person however if the closing sticks to the skin do not pull it out but cut or tier around it.
2. Takeoff constrictive closing immediately like belt jewelry and tight clothing as burns can swell quickly.

√a first-degree burn (top players skin affected)

•Put affected area under running water or immersed in cool (not ice) water until pain subsides. if no running
water is available then apply compress
•cover with sterile non adhesive bandage or clean cloth
•do not apply butter or ointments which can cause infection
√for second degree burn (affecting top two layers of skin)
•emerson cool water for 10 to 15 minutes apply compressed if running water is not available
•do not apply as it can lower body temperature and may cause further damage
•do not break blister or apply butter or ointment causing infection
•protect burn with sterile non-stick bandage and secure with gauze or tape

Common illness and ailments

1. Fever
-check temperature first. If the temperature is 38 celsius or 100.4 fahrenheit or below then it is considered
as low grade or no fever and does not require you to do anything much except to let the person drink lots of
fluids and rest. Unless the person feel uncomfortable then an over-the-counter medicine may be given such
as paracetamol ibuprofen or acetaminophen. However always check if the patient has allergies to the
medicines. Aspirin must not be administered to anyone below 18.
-if the temperature is 102 fahrenheit or 38.8 celsius or higher have the patient take oral medicines give a
sponge bath a lower the temperature and increase fluid intake of the patient light clothes should be worn as
over dressing will make temperature go higher. In case the person chills cover the patients with blankets
until chills go away.
  Unresponsive
 Having difficulty breathing or is wheezing
 Has lips turning bluish
 Experiences convulsions or seizures
 Seems confused
 Observe sudden onset of rashes

2. Headache
-are often experience in trekking or hiking due to lack of eye protection from the sun's rays, tension in the
neck, dehydration, swelling of brain tissue due to excessive sweating over a period of days, and
consumption of large amount of water without taking soul tablets.
3. Hyperthermia
-is a condition where the body produces or absorbs heat more than it can dissipate. This may be caused by
an increase in air temperature solar or reflected radiation for ventilation enclosing low fitness level and
excess bulk or the reduced ratio of skin area to body mass. People suffering from hyperthermia
experiences heat cramps heat stroke or heat exhaustion.
A. Heat cramps
-usually happen during heavy activity in hot environments. They are painful involuntary muscle spasm
which are more intense than the typical nice time leg cramp where the muscle affected includes the calls
arms abdominal wall and back. This happens when the muscles accumulate excessive lactic acid or a loss
of fluid and electrolyte through perspiration
B. Heat exhaustion
-when water is not sufficient for the Particular outdoor activity the body becomes dehydrated and salt
depleted this results in nausea, faitness ,a weak rapid pulse and or cold and sweaty skin.

This case requires first aid similar to what is administered in case of heat cramps.
C. Heat stroke
-is the most serious degree of hyperthermia

 Loses consciousness
 Become disoriented
 Pulse rate suddenly becomes fast
 Seizures
 Has warm red dry skin and body temperature above 103 fahrenheit
 Reduce sweating
√remove the person from heat exposure and call him or her by whatever means available such as putting
dump sheets is praying with cold water and applying cold wet cloth or ice packs to the armpit neck and
groin. Fan air to increase cooling
√do not give the persons anything to drink if the person is not alert or is vomiting
√treat the symptoms if with scissors keep the person safe from injury is vomiting turn the person on the side
to keep airway open.
6. Hypothermia
-occurs when the body chills faster than the body's ability to produce heat due to exposure to cold wet and
or windy weather. Not taking enough energy producing food and not having a proper closing speed as
hypothermia these generally occur in temperature of less than 35 celsius.
6. Dividing related sickness
A. Barotrauma
-it is a serious injury that can occur because of pressure differences between the body air filled cavities and
the water. If one is having trouble equalizing the ear and the air trapped in the middle ear cannot escape
the result in ruptured eardrum would be considered to be a form of barotrauma. Not only can the ears be
affected so can the eyes the lungs the paranasal sinuses the skin the brain the teeth and other parts.
B. Decompression sickness
-or dcs is a serious deep water diving related injury. It happens when divers fail to follow prescribed dive
profiles and it can also happen after a rapid ascent during a dive nitrogen bubbles from insides once body
including the bloodstream. If the bubbles remain pain and tissue damage can occur.

How do we identify risks?

What are hazards and what are risks?
Hazards are things that have potential to harm while risk is the likelihood of realizing
such potential.

Risk identification therefore first involves knowing the hazards of the activity. There are three sources of
hazards that may give rise to risks. Parkin & Blades (1998) in their published paper explains that there are
three factors to consider in identifying risk, namely, the participants, the equipment, or from the
surroundings. Some risks are visible and easily identifiable and others may be less definable.
Hazard from Human factor
Human factors include hazards coming from the participants and the leaders or organizers of the activity.
Participant factors may include the unmanageable size of the group, the lack of skills, knowledge and
experience, poor health, age, and even attitude problems.
Hazards from Equipment
Equipment includes the basic things to be used in the activity such as masks and flippers in snorkeling, the
boat and Personal Flotation Divice (PFD) in kayaking, ropes in trekking, etc. Equipment also includes the
proper clothing and footwear of the participants.
Hazards from Environment
Weather condition tops the list of environment hazard. Others include the temperature, the terrain, rock
stability, darkness, and the other environmental hazards tackled in the previous unit.

After identifying the risks, how can one comeup with assessment?

 Many of the sources of hazards that may cause the risks that were previously mentioned have been
clearly identified and defined. Thus, one can find ways to manage and reduce the risk of accidents.

 Alan Hale in 1984 developed of Accident Model (Bunting, 2006) where he came up with the
accident equation on how accidents occur. He said there is the potential for an accident when two of
the risks overlap, such that the greater the overlap, the greater the potential for an accident.
Dynamics of Accidents Model
Environmental + Human factor = Accidental
Hazards Hazards Potential

Therefore, risk identification should also include identifying the likely risk
combination. For instance, in the Bulacan field trip tragedy one can identify more
than two hazards overlapping and this will mean higher chances of accident. What
was there were more human hazard and environmental hazards, then this will be a
greater risk of accident.
Hazard Factor: Weather
-It has been raining prior to the field trip
-Risk of sliding on slippery trail
-Risk of getting drowned due to higher water level and flash floods
+ Hazard Factor: Human
(coordination)
(no coordination with local government unit, lacked faculty supervision lack of clear trip detail to parents)
= Accident
Drowning due to flash flood
How can risk be reduced?

 Risk education is coming out with strategies and implementing the strategies that will minimize the
risks of the activities. This will include detailed pre-trip planning, coming up with policies and
procedures, staff training, equipment inspection, and maintenance, and knowing the participants
prior to the activity.
 Pre-trip planning is basically having an understanding and knowledge of how the activity will go in a
specific place at particular date and time.
 The policies and guidelines may be set by activity facilitators as safety measures to participants.
Some policies are in accordance with national or local laws. Rules, regulations, policies, and
procedure are important measures to reduce-if not to eliminate-the risk and are a part of the
management plan.
 An important factor is also qualification and training of individuals to conduct or coordinate activities.
There are specific skills that are very crucial to conduct and facilitate outdoor recreational activities.
This plays a very important role in the safety of participants.
 Equipment selection, inspection, and maintenance play an important role in reducing risks of
accident. Equipment to be used be of approved standard.
 Lastly, a basic knowledge of the composition of the participants also helps in risk reduction.
Understanding the skill levels of the participants will allow the facilitators or leader to adjust and
anticipate certain difficulties and needs.
What are the things to consider in Pre-trip/activity planning?
Site Plan, Route Plan, and Evacuation Routes
The following must be given consideration in planning for the route, activity and selection of site:
Itinerary

 Enumerating the activities and identifying the estimated date or time when the activities will be
taking place.
 Itinerary always starts from departure up to arrival to original take-off point.
How to get to the site, which includes:

 Distance
 Transportation
 Alternate routes

Having a background information of the activity site and mapping of the activity

 In snorkeling, one needs to identify the specific location of the snorkeling site and the characteristics
of the waters such as the current, undertows, waves, and aquatic hazards.
 Mountain climbing involves knowing the elevation gain, the kind of trail, environmental hazard.
Temperature, and weather.
 In orienteering, the site and map need to be studied ahead of time so as to understand the terrain,
vegetation, etc.
 In scuba diving, a diving plan is a must. Just like snorkeling, part of the plan should also involve the
characteristics of the water.
 In camping, one needs to know the camping site location and its environment, its available facilities
(front country camping), and water source, if any.
 An important part of route planning is also identifying the nearest emergency facility in case it will be
needed.
Safety and Risk Management Plan

 Safety and risk management plans for the site and itinerary should be in place.
 Activity-specific guidelines must also be formulated and orientation must be given to all participants.
 Action plans for emergencies must be prepared and everyone involved in the plans must be
informed.
Logistics
When done as a school or class activity, it is a requirement that:

 The scope of the activity is clearly outlined;

 The approval of the school must be thought; and
 Written parental consent is taken for each participant of minor age.
 Equipment list and checking of equipment
 List of essential things to bring must be given to participants.
 Transportation (to and from the site such as land transportation andboat in case it is located in
another island or somewhere in the sea, tricycle, or other local vehicles).
 Food and menu preparation
Application for permits and fees

 Some outdoor activities in the Philippines would require permits to be able to proceed with the
activity. Trekking in Mt. Kanlaon, Mt. Apo, and Mt. Banahaw are among those that need one. Diving
at the Tubbataha Reefs also needs a permit for entry. For all permits, fees are required.
  Other trekking sites do not require permits but registration to the local tourism office or local
government office is a requirement and some fees have to be paid. Registration is usually required
by the government in order to know who and where to tourists are going.

Lodging reservations when needed (for instance a transit place before going to the actual site or for
extended stay)
Coordination with on-site facilitator or guide and with local tourism office or government unit to plan for
contingency or emergency.
Budget

 Every activity will be requiring cost that will cover:

Transportation

 Most, if not all, outdoor recreational activities are done outside of the city. This will entail traveling to
the planned location.
 When traveling using the public transportation, costs may include:
 Plane ticket and airport taxes if you are flying to a more distant location
 Bus ticket for land travel
 Fare for tricycle or jeepney
 Boat fares for those going to islands, which may include insurance fees.

 Rental for Gadgets or water. Equipment

 Lodging (if needed)
 Permit Fees
 Professional Guides

Guides are also required-if not recommended- for some activities such as spelunking, whitewater
rafting/kayaking, and even trekking or hiking. Professional fees are also paid to the guides.

PREPARATIONS FOR AN OUTDOOR RECREATION ACTIVITY!

Situational: You and your friends decided to go this summer. For you to have successful outdoor activities,
you are task to prepare a plan for your outdoor recreational activities. For the successful of your plan
you have to consider the following:
1.Site Research and Route Planning

 How to get the site (transportation and cost)

 Site description (trails, terrains, rapids, waves,
 currents, environmental hazards, etc,)
 On-site facilitator or guide
 Permits needed
 Emergency plans
 Lodging
2. List of Thing to Bring
 Things that each participant should be bringing
 List of things needed as a group to bring (e.g., stove or pots)
 Delegation of who will be bringing what
 Emergency kit
 Equipment
3. Menu Planning and Budget Proposal for the Whole Activity
 Meals
 Cooking needs
 Delegation
 Marketing and Costing
 Coordinate with other groups to obtain other costs that will be incurred (e.g., transportation and lodging)

4. Permission Letters
 Letter to the school administrator
 Letter to parents (letter of consent)
 Other letters needed

5. Itinerary and Coming-Up with Safety Management

 Plan
 Planning of itinerary from departure to arrival
 Writing of safety management plan including rulesand regulations

6. Activity Planners and Facilitators

 Plan and facilitate activities (if camping, then maybe
 plan and facilitate as simple orienteering activity)