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    1961 - Wait - A Note On PhaseVelocity of VLF Radio Waves

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    Whuionoer
    1) This document discusses phase velocity measurements of very low frequency (VLF) radio waves and how they can be used to deduce the height of the ionosphere. 2) Previous studies had used a simplified waveguide model that did not provide accurate determinations of phase velocity. 3) The authors present more accurate formulas for relating phase velocity to ionospheric height and compute values of phase velocity for the dominant waveguide mode at different frequencies and ionospheric heights.

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    1961 - Wait - A Note On PhaseVelocity of VLF Radio Waves

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    Whuionoer
    6 views2 pages
    1) This document discusses phase velocity measurements of very low frequency (VLF) radio waves and how they can be used to deduce the height of the ionosphere. 2) Previous studies had used a simplified waveguide model that did not provide accurate determinations of phase velocity. 3) The authors present more accurate formulas for relating phase velocity to ionospheric height and compute values of phase velocity for the dominant waveguide mode at different frequencies and ionospheric heights.

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    1961_Wait_A Note on PhaseVelocity of VLF Radio Waves

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    1) This document discusses phase velocity measurements of very low frequency (VLF) radio waves and how they can be used to deduce the height of the ionosphere. 2) Previous studies had used a simplified waveguide model that did not provide accurate determinations of phase velocity. 3) The authors present more accurate formulas for relating phase velocity to ionospheric height and compute values of phase velocity for the dominant waveguide mode at different frequencies and ionospheric heights.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views2 pages

    1961 - Wait - A Note On PhaseVelocity of VLF Radio Waves

    Uploaded by

    Whuionoer
    1) This document discusses phase velocity measurements of very low frequency (VLF) radio waves and how they can be used to deduce the height of the ionosphere. 2) Previous studies had used a simplified waveguide model that did not provide accurate determinations of phase velocity. 3) The authors present more accurate formulas for relating phase velocity to ionospheric height and compute values of phase velocity for the dominant waveguide mode at different frequencies and ionospheric heights.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    JOURNALOF GEOPHYSICALRESEARCH VOLlIMB (56, NO.

    3 MARCH 1961

    A Note on Phase Velocity of VLF Radio Waves

    JAMES R. WAIT AND KENNETH P. SPIES

    National Bureau o! Standards


    Boulder,Colorado

    The phaseof the carrier signalfrom a distant was deducedto be of the order of 16 km [Wait.
    VLF transmitter is very sensitiveto changesof 1959]. This result was based on a model that
    the lower edge of the ionosphere.This subject replacedthe earth and ionosphere
    by perfectly
    has been discussedin a number of recentpapers reflectingsurfaces.The phaseshift at the lower
    [Pierce, 1957; Crombie, Allan, and Newman, boundary (i.e., the earth) was assumedto be
    1958; Casselman,Heritage,and Tibbals, 1959] zero and that at the upper boundarywas 180ø.
    for frequencies
    of the orderof 16 kc/s. The For low-order waveguidemodes this is an ad-
    diurnal variation of the phase could be in- equate first approximation [Wait, 1958].
    terpre•edas a changeof the effectivereflecting fortunately, however,the equationsemployed
    height of the ionosphere.Using a simplified in interpreting these experimental results are
    wave-guideapproach,this diurnalheightchange not sufficientlyaccuratefor absolutedetermina-
    tions of phasevelocity. Although this doesnot
    modify the deduceddiurnal changeof height,
    O.OLO
    it is desirable to seek a more accurate relation
    betweenv, the phasevelocity, and h, the iono-
    0.008 %= co;B=0 sphericreflectingheight.
    An earlier paper by Wait and Spies [1960]
    n=l
    presentedthe more accurate formulas. On the
    0.006
    basisof equation2 of that paper (with q = 0,
    q• = •) valuesof phasevelocitywerecomputed
    for the dominant mode (i.e., n -- 1). To this
    end the quantityv•c -- I is shownplottedin
    Figure I wherec is the velocityof light in vacuo.
    0.002 The abscissa is frequencyf in kilocyclesand the
    curvesare parametricin h, the height of the
    ]' o.ooo
    reflectinglayer.
    It is interestingto observe,from the computed
    curves, that the phase velocity may actually
    -0.002 be equal to c in some instances.The physical
    explanationfor suchbehavioris that the influence
    of earth curvaturetends to decreasethe phase
    -0.004
    velocitywhereasthe waveguidecharacteristicof
    the mode tends to increasethe phasevelocity.
    -o.oo• As can be seen,these two effectsmay balance
    one anotherfor certain combinationsof h and f.
    The influenceof the finite conductivityof the
    earth and the ionosphereand of the earth's
    magnetic field is to shift these curves by a
    -0.010 small amount (equivalentto changeof several
    8 I0 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 •0 kilometersin h).
    f (kc/s) More extensivecomputationsof this kind for
    Fig. 1. Phasevelocity deviation as a function higher modes and for a range of ionospheric
    of frequencyfor variousionosphericheights. conditionswill be reported at a later date.
    992
    LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 993
    REFERENCES Wait, J. R., The propagationof VLF pulsesto
    Casselman,
    C. J., D. P. Heritage,and M. L. Tibbals, great distances,J. ResearchNBS, 61, 187-203,
    1958.
    ¾LF propagation measurementsfor the Radux-
    Omega navigation system,Proc. IRE, 47, 829- Wait, J. R., Diurnal changeof ionosphericheights
    839, 1959. deducedfrom phase velocity measurementsat
    Crombie, D. D., A. H. Allan, and M. Newman, VLF, Proc. IRE, 47, 998, 1959.
    Phase variations of 16 kc/s transmissionsfrom Wait, J. R., and Kenneth Spies,Influence of earth
    Rugby as receivedin New Zealand, Pro½.Inst. curvature and the terrestrial magnetic field on
    Ekct. Engrs., B21, 301-304, 1958. VLF propagation,J. Geophys.
    Research,
    65, 2325-
    Pierce,J. A., Intercontinentalfrequencycompari- 2331, 1960.
    son by very-low-frequencyradio transmission,
    Pr•c. JRg, •, 794-803, 1957. (ReceivedDecember12, 1960.)

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