Can

be others in a family, tribe, ethnicity,

GROUPS WITHIN THE SOCIETY •
occupation, or interests
Group
• “We are Catholics. They are Muslims.”
• Anthropologists believe that man started life
• ‘They-feeling’ is present as the other group is
on earth by living together
referred
• Man has always been dependent upon
Formal Group
fellow beings (defense/food/shelter)
• Has well-defined rules and regulation for
• Becomes social as participants interact
joining, staying, and leaving group
Social Group
• Those who fulfill these rules can join and
• Foundation of society and culture
engage in the group’s activities
• When interaction interplays among
• Membership can be cancelled if member
participants
violates rules
• This reciprocal help brought them to social
• Examples include organizations, banks,
contact and group was founded
hospitals, educational institutions, official
• Real foundation of human society associations, etc…
Informal Group
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
• Has prescribed rules and regulation for
Primary Social Group
joining, staying, and leaving group
• Members are emotionally attached
• Anyone can join, participate, and leave
together, sharing basic ways of life
whenever wanted
• Family, neighborhood, local brotherhood,
• Examples include a group of students
close friends, peers
gossiping with one another
• Have great importance
• Any other person can join
• One learns culture and develops a healthy Voluntary Group
personality within
• Individual can join or leave by his or her
Secondary Social Group
choice
• People within contact second to primary,
• Example, you can join people watch a game
regardless of relationship
in the basketball court
• Special interest group
• Sometimes, you’re required to fulfill criteria
• Has low intimacy to join a group
• Student – Teacher / Buyer – Seller • Still, it is in your control to fulfill criteria and
In-Group join it
• One feels though he or she belongs as a Involuntary Group
member • An individual cannot join or leave by his or
• To which one directly belongs her own choice
• Can be family, tribe, company, games, or • One example is family – one can’t control his
interest group birth: to be born or not
• Used when one wants to identity thyself • Sex-group is also an example for we are born
with a group without our choice and we can’t control on
• Members have a sense of ‘we-feeling’ and changing sex-group
belongingness towards group • Age-group is involuntary for we cannot
Out-Group change our age group
• In which we don’t belong


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Delegate Group education, reduce poverty, provide health
• Serves as a representative of the larger care, treat drug addicts, help
number of the people underprivileged and rehabilitate the grieved
• Members are either elected by people or
nominated on certain criteria’s basis KINSHIP
• Parliament is a delegate group for it
Kinship
represents wishes and needs of public
• Bond by blood or marriage which binds
• Group of experts, sent overseas to discuss
people together in a group
country issues, is a delegate group
• Includes socially recognized relationships
Un-Social Group
based on supposed as well as actual
• A group which remains detached within
genealogies
society
• Relatives
• They do not participate in society and
Affinal Kinship
remains alone
• Relationships based upon marriage or
• Examples include introverts, people with
cohabitation between collaterals
adjustment problems or psychological
• Individuals who are related to you by
anomalies, drug addicts, criminals, thieves
marriage
and murderers
• unlike blood relatives, it is based upon a
Pseudo-Social Group
legality or contract
• A group that participates in society for their
Consanguineous Kinship
own interests and gains
• Connections between people that are traced
• They do not care about other’s interests or
by blood
society betterment

• Behaves in a predatory or parasitic way
Anti-Social Group
• They act against the interest of society
• Destroys public properties and peace
• Intends to spread fear and aggression to
pursue aims
• Examples under this group are terrorists,
criminals, thieves, and murderers
• Group of laborers on strike against the
administration of a factory, students
demonstrating protest
• People who gathered to demonstrate
against government may also sometimes
become violent

Pro-Social Group
Descent Systems
• Works for society betterment
• Reckoned in a number of different ways
• Engages in activities for development,
around the world
prosperity, welfare and peace
• Resulting in variety of types of descent
• All governmental and non-governmental
patterns and kin groups
welfare organizations are examples of pro-
• Anthropologists frequently use diagrams
social groups who work to promote

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Unilineal Descent TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
• Traces only through a single line of ancestors Band
• M or F • Small group of people related by blood or
Patrilineal Descent marriage, who live together and are loosely
• Both males belong to their father’s kin group associated with a territory in which they
• A woman’s children are members of her forage
husband’s patrilineal line • Leaders are usually elders, though decision—
Matrilineal Descent making is mostly done by consensus
• Form of unilineal descent that follows • Sharing and generosity are important
female line cultural values and they become sources of
• Individuals are relatives if they can trace respect in these small, close-knit societies
descent through females • Traits:
• Egalitarian – relating to or believing
in the principle that all people are
POLITICAL AND equal and deserve equal rights and
LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES opportunities
• Nomadic – living the life of a nomad
Political Organization
• Family Ties
• Any entity that is participating in a political
Tribe
process.
• Combination of smaller kin or non-kin
• allocation of political roles, levels of political
groups, linked by a common culture that
integration, concentrations of power and
usually act as on
authority, mechanisms of social control and
• Culturally distinct population whose
resolving conflict.
members consider themselves descended

from the same ancestors
TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
• there is no central government, they do
Societies have been classified in terms of their
often have leaders
highest level which is political integration, that
• Traits:
occurs in terms of the nature of the political
• Egalitarian
structure & authority. An eminent Anthropologist,
• Settle in Villages
Elman Service, classified societies into four kinds.
• The oldest decide

Chiefdom
Elman Rogers Service : 5/18/1915 – 11/14/1996
• Political unit headed by a chief, who holds
He developed a four-stage model of societal
power over more than one community group
evolution, arguing that all cultures progressed from
• Traits:
societies based on family and kinship structures to
• Densely populated
chiefdoms and then states.
• Practice redistribution
He argued that such development occurred
• Has a social ranking system
naturally, with leadership by the tribal elders giving

way to chiefs who led benevolently, taking care of
the members of their society, gradually ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
developing bureaucracies and the rise of the state. Economy
• The institution that provides for the
production and distribution of goods and
services, which people in every society need.

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Sometimes they can provide these things for
• Generalized Reciprocity
themselves, and sometimes they rely on • same as virtually uninhibited sharing or
others to provide them. giving. It occurs when one person shares
• When people rely on others for goods or goods or labor with another person without
services, they must have something to expecting anything in return.
exchange, such as currency (in industrialized • What makes this interaction "reciprocal" is
societies) or other goods or services (in non- the sense of satisfaction the giver feels, and
industrialized societies) the social closeness that the gift fosters.
Economic Institutions • In industrial society this occurs mainly
• Specific agencies or foundations, both between parents and children, or within
government and private, devoted to married couples.
collecting or studying economic data, or • Between people who engage in generalized
commissioned with the job of supplying a reciprocity, there is a maximum amount of
good or service that is important to the trust and a minimum amount of social
economy of a country. distance.
• The Internal Revenue Service (the
IRS—the government tax-collection Balanced Reciprocity
agency), the U.S. Federal Reserve (the • when someone gives to someone else,
government producer of money), the expecting a fair and tangible return at some
National Bureau of Economic undefined future date. It is a very informal
Research (a private research agency) system of exchange.
are all examples of economic • The expectation that the giver will be repaid
institutions. is based on trust and social consequences;
• Well-established arrangements and that is, a "mooch" who accepts gifts and
structures that are part of the culture or favors without ever giving himself will find it
society, harder and harder to obtain those favors.
• e.g., competitive markets, the • In industrial societies this can be found
banking system, kids’ allowances, among relatives, friends, neighbors, and
customary tipping, and a system of coworkers. Balanced reciprocity involves a
property rights are examples of moderate amount of trust and social
economic institutions. distance.

FUNCTIONS Negative Reciprocity
Reciprocity • what economists call barter.
• the exchange of goods and services of • A person gives goods or labor and expects to
approximately equal value between two be repaid immediately with some other
parties goods or labor of the same value.
• a way of defining people's informal exchange • Negative reciprocity can involve a minimum
of goods and labor; that is, people's informal amount of trust and a maximum social
economic systems. It is the basis of most distance; indeed, it can take place among
non-market economies. Since virtually all strangers.
humans live in society and have at least a few • e.g. trickery, bargain
possessions, reciprocity is common to every
culture.
• e.g. In Philippines, we have ‘Utang na Loob’

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Transfer and Redistribution
• (transfer payment) made without any good
or service being received.
• e.g. pensions, welfare benefits, donations
and prizes but mostly come from private
sector.
• (redistribution) process of transferring
income and wealth—be it in the form of
money, physical property, and the like from
one individual to another.

Market Transfer
• The exchange of goods and services through
a market. The set of market transactions
taking place in the economy is most
important in terms of measure gross
domestic product (GDP)
• However, these data does not only measure
market transactions but the goal to measure
economic production.

Gross Domestic Product
• Total monetary or market value of all the
finished goods and services produced within
a country's borders in a specific time period.
• As a broad measure of overall domestic
production, it functions as a comprehensive
scorecard of the country’s economic health.

State-Market Relations
• Call for a holistic view of the relationship
between the material and relational
dynamics of societies
• The state contains mechanisms that are
essential to the existence of markets
themselves, and these mechanisms are not
“natural”
• Economies are actually institutional
production systems wherein the material
density of the state both as organization and
administration is of relevance





©MONIQUE 5