Designation: F1417 − 11a (Reapproved 2015)

Standard Practice for

Installation Acceptance of Plastic Non-pressure Sewer Lines
Using Low-Pressure Air1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* C828 Test Method for Low-Pressure Air Test of Vitrified

1.1 This practice provides procedures for testing non- Clay Pipe Lines
pressure plastic pipe sewer lines, using low-pressure air to C924 Practice for Testing Concrete Pipe Sewer Lines by
prove the integrity of the installed material and the construction Low-Pressure Air Test Method (Withdrawn 2013)3
procedures. Two procedures are included to find the rate of air D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
leakage—the constant-pressure method and the time-pressure D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-
drop method. tics
D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
1.2 This practice is performed on lines after all connections moplastic Pipe and Fittings
and service laterals have been plugged and braced adequately D3567 Practice for Determining Dimensions of “Fiberglass”
to withstand the test pressure. The time between completion of (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipe and
the backfill operation and low-pressure air testing may be Fittings
specified by the approving authority. F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
1.3 This practice is used as a preliminary test, which enables 2.2 Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association Standard:4
the installer to show the condition of a buried line prior to final UNI-B-6 Recommended Practice for Low-Pressure Air Test-
backfill, paving, and other construction activities. ing of Installed Sewer Pipe
1.4 This practice is applicable to all non-pressure sewer
3. Summary of Practice
lines made of thermoplastic pipe, reinforced thermosetting
resin (RTRP) pipe, and reinforced plastic mortar (RPM) pipe, 3.1 The section of the line to be tested is plugged. Air, at low
defined in Terminology D883, D1600, and F412. pressure, is introduced into the plugged line. The line passes
the test if the rate of air leakage, as measured by a constant-
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
pressure method or a time-pressure drop method. The rate of
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
air leakage may be determined by using Table 1 or Table 2, or
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
calculated by use of the equations in Section 9.
and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4. Significance and Use
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.1 This low-pressure air testing practice detects damaged
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- piping or improper jointing by measuring the rate at which air
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- under pressure escapes from an isolated section of sewer.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
precautionary statements, see Section 5. 4.2 The rate of air loss indicates the presence or absence of
damaged piping or leaking joints. This practice is not intended
2. Referenced Documents to show total system water leakage limits and shall not be used
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 as a quantitative measure of leakage under service conditions
for infiltration or exfiltration.
1
NOTE 1—A finding of acceptable air loss specified in this practice can
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic
be interpreted as an installation acceptance test in lieu of infiltration or
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.62 on Sewer.
exfiltration testing.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originally
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F1417–11a. DOI:
10.1520/F1417-11AR15.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, 2711 Lyndon B. Johnson
the ASTM website. Freeway, Suite 1000, Dallas, TX 75234, http://www.uni-bell.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 F1417 − 11a (2015)
TABLE 1 Minimum Time for a 1.0-psig Pressure Drop for Size and Length of Pipe for Q = 0.0015
NOTE 1—See Practice UNI-B-6.
NOTE 2—Consult with pipe and appurtenance manufacturer for maximum test pressure for pipe size greater than 30 in. in diameter.
Length Specification Time for Length (L) Shown, min:s
Pipe Minimum Time for
for 100 ft 150 ft 200 ft 250 ft 300 ft 350 ft 400 ft 450 ft
Diameter, Time, Longer
Minimum
in. min:s Length, s
Time, ft
4 3:46 597 0.380 L 3:46 3:46 3:46 3:46 3:46 3:46 3:46 3:46
6 5:40 398 0.854 L 5:40 5:40 5:40 5:40 5:40 5:40 5:42 6:24
8 7:34 298 1.520 L 7:34 7:34 7:34 7:34 7:36 8:52 10:08 11:24
10 9:26 239 2.374 L 9:26 9:26 9:26 9:53 11:52 13:51 15:49 17:48
12 11:20 199 3.418 L 11:20 11:20 11:24 14:15 17:05 19:56 22:47 25:38
15 14:10 159 5.342 L 14:10 14:10 17:48 22:15 26:42 31:09 35:36 40:04
18 17:00 133 7.692 L 17:00 19:13 25:38 32:03 38:27 44:52 51:16 57:41
21 19:50 114 10.470 L 19:50 26:10 34:54 43:37 52:21 61:00 69:48 78:31
24 22:40 99 13.674 L 22:47 34:11 45:34 56:58 68:22 79:46 91:10 102:33
27 25:30 88 17.306 L 28:51 43:16 57:41 72:07 86:32 100:57 115:22 129:48
30 28:20 80 21.366 L 35:37 53:25 71:13 89:02 106:50 124:38 142:26 160:15
33 31:10 72 25.852 L 43:05 64:38 86:10 107:43 129:16 150:43 172:21 193:53
36 34:00 66 30.768 L 51:17 76:55 102:34 128:12 153:50 179:29 205:07 230:46
42 39:48 57 41.883 L 69:48 104:42 139:37 174:30 209:24 244:19 279:13 314:07
48 45:34 50 54.705 L 91:10 136:45 182:21 227:55 273:31 319:06 364:42 410:17
54 51:02 44 69.236 L 115:24 173:05 230:47 288:29 346:11 403:53 461:34 519:16
60 56:40 40 85.476 L 142:28 213:41 284:55 356:09 427:23 498:37 569:50 641:04

TABLE 2 Minimum Time for a 0.5-psig Pressure Drop for Size and Length of Pipe for Q = 0.0015
NOTE 1—Consult with pipe and appurtenance manufacturer for maximum test pressure for pipe size greater than 30 in. in diameter.
Length Specification Time for Length (L) Shown, min:s
Pipe Minimum Time for
for 100 ft 150 ft 200 ft 250 ft 300 ft 350 ft 400 ft 450 ft
Diameter, Time, Longer
Minimum
in. min:s Length, s
Time, ft
4 1:53 597 0.190 L 1:53 1:53 1:53 1:53 1:53 1:53 1:53 1:53
6 2:50 398 0.427 L 2:50 2:50 2:50 2:50 2:50 2:50 2:51 3:12
8 3:47 298 0.760 L 3:47 3:47 3:47 3:47 3:48 4:26 5:04 5:42
10 4:43 239 1.187 L 4:43 4:43 4:43 4:57 5:56 6:55 7:54 8:54
12 5:40 199 1.709 L 5:40 5:40 5:42 7:08 8:33 9:58 11:24 12:50
15 7:05 159 2.671 L 7:05 7:05 8:54 11:08 13:21 15:35 17:48 20:02
18 8:30 133 3.846 L 8:30 9:37 12:49 16:01 19:14 22:26 25:38 28:51
21 9:55 114 5.235 L 9:55 13:05 17:27 21:49 26:11 30:32 34:54 39:16
24 11:20 99 6.837 L 11:24 17:57 22:48 28:30 34:11 39:53 45:35 51:17
27 12:45 88 8.653 L 14:25 21:38 28:51 36:04 43:16 50:30 57:42 64:54
30 14:10 80 10.683 L 17:48 26:43 35:37 44:31 53:25 62:19 71:13 80:07
33 15:35 72 12.926 L 21:33 32:19 43:56 53:52 64:38 75:24 86:10 96:57
36 17:00 66 15.384 L 25:39 38:28 51:17 64:06 76:55 89:44 102:34 115:23
42 19:54 57 20.942 L 34:54 52:21 69:49 87:15 104:42 122:10 139:37 157:04
48 22:47 50 27.352 L 45:35 68:23 91:11 113:58 136:46 159:33 182:21 205:09
54 25:31 44 34.618 L 57:42 86:33 115:24 144:15 173:05 201:56 230:47 259:38
60 28:20 40 42.738 L 71:14 106:51 142:28 178:05 213:41 249:18 284:55 320:32

4.3 This practice provides assurance of initial condition and 5.4 Time Measuring Equipment—A stopwatch or watch
quality of workmanship of properly-installed sewer pipe. with a second hand or digital readout in minutes and seconds
with an accuracy of 0.1.s.
5. Apparatus
6. Safety Precautions
5.1 Plugs—Mechanical or pneumatic type.
6.1 This low-pressure air testing practice may be dangerous
5.2 Air Compressor—A properly calibrated portable, oil- to personnel if, through lack of understanding or carelessness,
free air source with a singular control panel containing a main a line is over-pressurized or plugs/caps are installed or re-
shut-off valve, pressure-regulating valve, 9-psig pressure-relief strained improperly. It is extremely important that the various
valve, input pressure gauge, and a continuous monitoring plugs be properly installed, restrained and braced to prevent the
pressure gauge having a pressure range from 0 psi to at least 10 sudden expulsion of a poorly installed or partially inflated plug.
psi with minimum divisions of 0.10 psi and an accuracy of Observe the following minimum safety precautions:
60.04 psi. 6.1.1 During testing, no one shall be allowed in manholes or
5.3 Rotameter, standard CFM reading with an accuracy of in the possible path of a suddenly expelled cap or plug.
62 %. 6.1.2 Install and restrain all caps and plugs securely.

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 F1417 − 11a (2015)
6.1.3 When lines are tested, it is mandatory that all the caps cubic feet per minute is read directly by a rotameter. Convert
and plugs shall be braced as an added safety factor. this air-flow rate to actual cubic feet per minute of air leaking
6.1.4 Do not over-pressurize the lines. Do not exceed 9.0 from the test section by using the absolute pressure and
psig. temperature in the test section. The requirements for air loss
under the constant pressure method shall be considered satis-
NOTE 2—The axial force on a plug at 9 psig internal pressure is F = P
π D2/4 lb, where D is the inside diameter in inches. For example, the axial fied if the air loss does not exceed the specified leakage rate in
force on an 30-in. plug at 9.0 psig maximum allowable pressure is over cubic feet per minute per square foot of internal pipe surface
6 300 lb. Restraint systems must be designed to handle these forces with area.
adequate safety factors. Every effort should be made to maintain backfill 8.2.2 Time-Pressure Drop Method—Air is slowly intro-
over the pipe during air testing.
duced into the test section, until the air pressure is raised to
6.1.5 A regulator or relief valve set no higher than 9 psi shall approximately 4.0 psi and the test section is stabilized as in 8.1.
be included on all pressurizing equipment. Disconnect the air supply and decrease the pressure to 3.5 psi
before starting the test. Determine pressure drap time per
7. Preparation of the Line 8.2.2.1 and 8.2.2.2.
7.1 Clean the section of sewer line to be tested by flushing 8.2.2.1 1.0 psig pressure drop—Determine the time required
or other means prior to conducting the low-pressure air test. for the pressure to drop from 3.5 psi to 2.5 psi, and compare
This cleaning serves to eliminate debris and produce consistent this interval to the minimum time for the pipe diameter and the
results. length per Table 1. If the rate of air loss is greater than or equal
to the minimum time for the pipe diameter and length per Table
8. Procedures 1, the installation is acceptable.
8.1 Isolate the section of sewer line to be tested by inflatable 8.2.2.2 0.5 psig pressure drop—Determine the time required
stoppers or other suitable test plugs or caps. for the pressure to drop from 3.5 psi to 3.0 psi, and compare
8.1.1 The ends of all branches, laterals, tees, wyes, and stubs this interval to the minimum time for the pipe diameter and
included in the test section shall be plugged or capped to length per Table 2. If the rate of air loss is greater than or equal
prevent air leakage. All plugs and caps shall be securely braced to the minimum time for the pipe diameter and length per Table
to prevent blow-out. One of the plugs or caps shall have an 2, the installation is acceptable.
inlet tap, or other provision for connecting an air hose to a
NOTE 4—The time-pressure drop method assumes an atmospheric
portable air control source. pressure of 14.7 psia. Locations of high altitude need compensation for
8.1.2 Connect the air hose to the inlet tap and to the portable variation in atmospheric pressure to maintain the same air leakage test
air source and control equipment. The air equipment shall criteria.
consist of necessary valves and pressure gages to control an 8.3 Upon completion of the test, open the bleeder valve and
oil-free air source, to control the rate at which air flows into the allow all air to escape. Caps and plugs shall not be removed
test section, and to enable monitoring of the air pressure within until all air pressure in the test section has been reduced to
the test section. atmospheric pressure.
8.1.3 Add air slowly to the test section until the pressure
inside the test section reaches 4.0 psig. 9. Test Time Calculations
8.1.4 After the pressure of 4.0 psig is obtained, regulate the
air supply so that the pressure is maintained between 3.5 to 4.0 9.1 Test Time Criteria—No test section shall be accepted if
psig for at least 2 min. Depending on air/ground temperature air loss is more than a specified leakage rate (in cubic feet per
conditions, the internal air temperature will stabilize in equi- minute per square foot) determined by the approving authority.
librium with the temperature of the pipe walls. The pressure 9.2 Calculate all test times by the following equation:
will normally drop slightly until equilibrium is obtained;
T 5 0.085 DK/Q
however, a minimum of 3.5 psig is required.
8.2 After equilibrium is obtained, determine the rate of air where:
loss by either the constant pressure method or the time-pressure T = shortest time allowed for the air pressure to drop 1.0
drop method. psig, s,
K = 0.000419 DL but not less than 1.0,
NOTE 3—All test pressures are measured as gauge pressure, which is Q = leak rate in cubic feet/minute/square feet of internal
any pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. Since water produces a
pressure of 0.43 psi for every foot of depth, air test pressures must be
surface = 0.0015 CFM/SF,
increased to offset the depth of ground water over the sewer line. If the D = measured average inside diameter of sewer pipe (see
ground water level is 2 ft or more above the top of the pipe at the upstream Test Method D2122 and Practice D3567), in., and
end, or if the air pressure required for the test is greater than 9-psi gauge, L = length of test section, ft.
this air testing practice should not be used. Before this air testing practice
is used, the ground water level should be lowered by pumping or Table 1 contains the specified minimum times required for a
dewatering. 1.00-psig pressure drop from a starting pressure of 3.5 psig to
8.2.1 Constant Pressure Method—Add air until the internal a final pressure of 2.5 psig using a leakage rate of 0.0015
air pressure of the test section is raised to 4.0 psig and the test ft3/min/ft2 of internal surface.
section is stabilized as in 8.1. Reduce pressure to 3.5 psig to 9.3 The total leakage from any test section shall not exceed
run the constant pressure test. The air-flow rate in standard 625Q.

3
 F1417 − 11a (2015)
9.4 If the pressure drops 1.0 psig before the appropriate time
shown in Table 1 has elapsed, the air loss rate shall be
T 5 0.085 F D 1 2 L 1 1D 2 2 L 2 1. . .1D n 2 L n
D 1 L 1 1D 2 L 2 1. . .1D n L n G K
Q
considered excessive and the section of pipe has failed the test. where:
If the line fails the test, segmented testing may be utilized
T = shortest time allowed for the air pressure to
solely to find the location of leaks. Once leaks are located and
drop 1.0 psig, s,
repaired, retest the completed pipe installation to requirements
K = 0.000419 (D1L1 + D2L2 + . . . + DnLn), but
of this practice. not less than 1.0,
9.5 For testing of long sections or sections of larger diam- Q = 0.0015 CFM/SF,
eter pipes, or both, a timed-pressure drop of 0.5 psig shall be D1, D2, etc. = nominal diameter of different size of pipe
used in lieu of a 1.0-psig timed-pressure drop. If a 0.5-psig being tested, and
pressure drop is used, the appropriate required test time shall L1, L2, etc. = respective lengths of the different size pipes
be exactly one-half the values shown in Table 1. (See Table 2.) being tested.
If the recomputed test time is short enough to allow the
NOTE 5—It is not necessary to hold the test for the entire period of time section tested to pass, then the test section meets the require-
in Table 1 or Table 2 when it is evident that the rate of air loss is zero or
less than the allowable, and is authorized by the approving authority.
ments of this practice.

9.6 If lateral or service lines are included in the test, their 10. Precision and Bias
length may be ignored for computing required test time if the 10.1 This practice provides qualitative data only; therefore,
test time requirements are met. The maximum permissible air a precision and bias statement is not applicable.
loss shall not exceed 625Q. If the test section fails, time shall
be recomputed to include all the lateral lengths using the 11. Keywords
following equation: 11.1 air test; plastic; sewer

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. EXAMPLES

X1.1 In order to show the technique of applying this X1.4.1 Solution—The exact test time is easily calculated by
practice, the following examples have been prepared. The using Table 1. Table 1 is used because a 1.0-psig pressure drop
examples have been designed to illustrate the use of Table 1 is specified. Since 327 ft exceed the 298-ft length associated
and Table 2 and the formula in 9.1 that uses a leakage rate of with the minimum test time for an 8-in. pipeline, the fourth
0.0015 CFM/ft2. column in Table 1 is used to calculate the required test time as
follows:
X1.2 Example 1—A manhole-to-manhole reach of nominal
T 5 1.520 3 L 5 1.52 3 327 5 497 s
12 in. pipe is 350 ft long. No lateral connections exist in the
reach. What is the required test time for a 1.0-psig pressure Therefore, the required test time for a 1.0-psig pressure drop
drop? is 497 s or 8 min and 17 s.
X1.2.1 Solution—The required test time can be read di- X1.5 Example 2—A manhole-to-manhole reach of nominal
rectly from Table 1. For 350 ft of 12 in. pipe, the required test 24-in. pipe is 82 ft long. What is the required test time for a
time is 19:56 (19 min and 56 s). 0.5-psig pressure drop?
X1.3 A 350-ft section of nominal 12-in. pipe is ready for X1.5.1 Solution—Table 2 is used because a 0.5-psig pres-
testing. A total of 128 ft of 4-in. lateral sewer pipe is connected sure drop is specified. Since 82 ft is less than the 99-ft length
to the 350-ft section and will be included in the test. What will associated with the minimum test time for a 24-in. pipeline, the
be the required test time for a 0.5-psig pressure drop? minimum test time shall apply. Thus, the required test time for
a 0.5-psig pressure drop is 11:24 (11 min and 24 s).
X1.3.1 Solution—Lateral sewers may be disregarded when
selecting test times (see 9.1). Therefore, the required test time X1.6 Example 3—A 412-ft section of nominal 15-in. sewer
will be 9 min and 58 s as shown in Table 2. pipe has been readied for air testing. A total of 374 ft of
NOTE X1.1—If the lateral sewers had not been disregarded, the required
nominal 6-in. lateral piping and 148 ft of nominal 4-in. lateral
test time would be 10 min and 22 s, that is, only 24 s longer. piping branch off the 15-in. sewer line. All laterals have been
capped or plugged, or both, and will be tested together with the
X1.4 What should the required test time be for a 1.0-psig 15-in. main line. The specified pressure drop, which will be
pressure drop in 327 ft of nominal 8-in. diameter pipe between timed, is 0.5 psig. What is the appropriate test time for this pipe
two manholes? network?

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 F1417 − 11a (2015)
X1.6.1 Solution—All lateral sewer sizes and lengths may be
disregarded since their influence is generally not significant
Total area 5 π F D L 1 1D L 2 1. . .1D n L n
12 G
enough to warrant computation. Table 2 is used for a 0.5-psig
pressure drop. The fourth column in the table gives the 5π F~ 8 3 100! 1 ~ 4 3 300!
12 G
5 524 ft2
appropriate formula for calculating the required test time
because 412 ft is longer than the third column value of 159 ft. Using the equation provided in 9.1, the required test time
T 5 2.671L 5 2.671 3 412 5 1100 s should be recomputed as follows:
K = 0.000419 [(8 × 100) + (4 × 300)]
The required test time is 1100 s or 18 min and 20 s. = 0.838
0.838 = 1.0 — —> K = 1.0
X1.7 Example 4—A manhole-to-manhole reach of nominal
8-in. pipe is only 100 ft long. A total of 300 ft of nominal 4-in. NOTE X1.2—K will always be 1.0 when the total area is less than 625
ft2.
lateral piping is connected to the 100-ft section and will be
included in air testing the section. What will be the required
test time for a 1.0-psig pressure drop? T 5 5 0.085 F ~~
8 2 3 100! 1 ~ 4 2 3 300! 1.0
8 3 100! 1 ~ 4 3 300! 0.0015G
X1.7.1 Solution—The required test time can be read di- T 5 317
rectly from Table 1. Thus, for 100 ft of 8-in. pipe, the required The required test time is actually only 317 s or 5 min and 17 s for a
holding time is 7:34 (7 min and 34 s). However, should the 1.0-psig pressure drop. Therefore, if the section can meet this test time, it
section fail to meet this test, recalculate the required holding shall be accepted.
time, taking into account the connected laterals. This recalcu- NOTE X1.3—For a specified 0.5-psig pressure drop, the test holding
time would be only half as long, that is 2 min and 38 s.
lation is required because the total internal pipe surface area is
less than 625 ft2.

X2. RATIONALE

X2.1 Low-pressure air testing is a fully accepted means of loss and water leakage. This does not mean that the two are
testing sewer lines. (Refs 1, 2, and 3)5 unrelated. It has been established that lower air loss rates are
associated with lower leakage rates.
X2.2 It is true that due to the differing physical properties of
water and air, no direct numerical correlation exists between air X2.3 The data in these studies are based on installed sewer
5
of concrete, clay, and asbestos cement sanitary sewers and
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references listed at the end of
this practice.
were useful in deriving Test Method C828 and Practice C924.

REFERENCES

(1) Hobbs, S. H., and Cherne, L. G., “Air Testing Sanitary Sewers,” Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, ASCE, April 1964.
WPCF Journal, April 1968. (3) Ramseier, R. E., “Testing New Sewer Pipe Installation,” Water
(2) Ramseier, R. E., “Low Pressure Air Test for Sanitary Sewers,” Pollution Central Federation Journal, April 1972.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee F17 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (F1417–11)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved August 1, 2011.)

(1) Table 1 and Table 2 were revised.

Committee F17 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(F1417–92(2005)) that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Title, Scope and throughout standard—changed Test (2) Scope— Added 1.5; renumbered 1.5 as 1.6.
Method to Practice; changed “gravity” to “non-pressure.”

5
 F1417 − 11a (2015)
(3) Referenced Documents—Corrected document title for (7) Procedures—editorial changes; added 8.2.2.1 and 8.2.2.2.
C828 and removed year of issue from UNI-B-6. (8) Section 9, Test Time Calculations and Section 10, Precision
(4) Section 3, Summary of Practice and Section 4, Significance and Bias—editorial changes.
and Use— editorial changes. (9) Table 1 and Table 2—editorial changes to captions.
(5) Apparatus —5.4 added. (10) Appendix X1—editorial changes.
(6) Section 6, Safety Precautions and Section 7, Preparation of
the Line—editorial changes.

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