Arduino Based Vehicle Accident Alert System Using GPS, GSM and MEMS Accelerometer 2022-23

CHAPTER-1
COMPANY INTRODUCTION

SHRITEK INNOVATIONS Established by a group of Energetic and experienced professionals,

ShriTEK Innovations is headquartered in Tumkur, India. The Company is pioneered with
fundamental thoughts ofsoftware, hardware & Networking engineering solutions for our clients
ranging from students or interns to the big corporates .

Company logo
As a company we are passionate towards our business goal which is:

Engineering products, accelerators and service with excellence and quality to help our customers
achieve their business goals in simplest and quickest possible way. To facilitate training and
infrastructure to young brains to help them accomplish their academic project needs as well as
career needs.
Our Value preposition:
Unique blend of skills and talent at SHRITEK INNOVATIONS facilitates us to offer following
services to our customers as well as intern/students‘ clientele.

VISION
Robust Website and e-commerce software solution & hosting requirements of customers from
across domains. Platform to meet innovation, Research and Development demands of nurturing
new ideas for its realization. Robot driven automation solutions across industries and individual
users. Mobility Solution on latest technology trends. Train and evaluate the interns with
Comprehensive training programs on technologies like VLSI, Embedded System, ARM, C, C++,
JAVA, VB, ASP.net and many more. Academic project solution and development platform for

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engineering students. Sharpen the professional acumen in students and interns to prepare them for
the challenging corporate world ahead in the carrier. Carrier Guidance - Assist and guide students
in meeting their career objective in IT field. Non-technical-soft skills trainings for future
professionals. Facilitate seminars and webinars from industry experts on need basis.

We envisage SHRITEK INNOVATIONS as Platform to cater:

Robust Software solution & hosting requirements of corporates from across domains. Train and
evaluate the interns with extensive training programmes on technologies like VLSI,Embedded
System,ARM,C,C++,JAVA,VB,ASP net. Sharpen the professional acumen in students and interns
to prepare them for the challenging corporate world ahead in the career Assist and guide students
in meeting their career objectives in Information Techno.

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CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION

India is a non-industrial nation with a gigantic populace of almost 135.26 centres. It has a
generally associated street network for 5,897,671 km. Because of the thick populace and absence
of mindfulness on traffic rules, the number of accidents are increasing every day. A lot of
individuals are taking their final gasp due to the absence of crisis administration in the pinnacle
time and furthermore because of clog in the street.

If the accident happens in a populated place, by then they will manage emergency vehicles
etc. and envision a situation wherein the mishap spot doesn't have any one bringing this point into
endorsement .As life is the valuable to everybody, to lessen delay in the crisis administrations we
have thought of a venture to caution the relatives at whatever point a accident happens.
With the issue of cars expanding, it has likewise expanded traffic risks and the street mishaps. The
living of individuals is below elevated risk. Deficient accident detecting frameworks execution
and different issues have gotten progressively unmistakable. A programmed notice model is used
for vehicle accidents is presented in this venture. This model shows the plan and usage of the
accident caution framework that is dependent on remote organization interchanges, which depend
on Arduino, GPS and GSM.

We have managed numerous assessment papers from IEEE journals related to our
endeavour and referred to the utilization of the investigation papers under Existing structures and
proposed another system which will robotize the mishap revelation measure and sends the
admonition message to the family members demonstrating the particular territory of the spot of
the mishap. The approach that we have proposed in this paper basically focuses on three modules.
They are
1. Accident Detection
2. Location tracking of the vehicle.
3. Sending the alert messages to the family members.

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2.1 Objective
1. To instantly rescue accident victims by sending a message to the rescue team with a Flex sensor,
GSM and GPS location.
2. Designing and implementing the notification mechanism for GSM.

2.2 Motivation
The primary goal of the accident warning system is to save people in crashes. This device helps
the owner to observe and find out vehicle activity and its past vehicle movements, the latest such
as GPS are highly useful now-a-day. Over the past decade, the use of auto mobiles has improved
linearly, which increased the risk of human life. This is because the emergency services are
inadequate

2.3 METHODOLOGY
In order to preserve the life of the driver in all the conditions of the accident, we have
proposed this vehicle alert system project using Arduino Uno. In our model, we have used Arduino
UNO R3 to integrate with a GPS GY6MV2 receiver and GSM module SIM 900A. Flex Sensor
will give the direction depending on which side it is bent and GSM SIM 900A sends a notification
message to the registered contact number of the family members. The latitude and longitude of the
vehicle is captured continuously by GPS module. The block diagram of the proposed system is
as shown in the Figure 1.1

LCD

GSM MOBILE
ARDUINO MODULE
GPS
UNO
MODULE
POWER
SUPPLY

FLEX SENSOR

Figure 2.1: Block Diagram

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2.4 Problem Statement

 An accident happens at night or in areas where no individuals are heard in that particular setting
and victims are not saved at the right time.
 Many of them are losing their lives because of this.

2.5 Solution to the Problem

 This device solves the above problem by submitting data directly after an accident to the emergency
team.

 This project refers to the GSM-based SMS warning system of accident detection using
Arduino.
 It is possible to fit an accident warning device in the vehicle and they are told on the go about
any such untoward incident.

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CHAPTER-3
LITERATURE SURVEY

With the quantity of passing cases expanding There are a few frameworks previously
proposed yet there is no appropriate model which can catch the vehicle's area continually
,persistently and send the alarm messages when accident happens To overcome this kind of
situations we have developed this model to save the lives of the people. Street accidents are not
kidding aim of passing, wounds and loss of lives each year in India.
The current accidents are broadened to a bigger degree. More number of passing during
accidents happens because of absence of salvage in the crisis time. If an accident occurs in a
clamoring spot where there would be various people around, there will be no difficulty since people
around him will manage the driver and do the basic necessities to save the rider.
Regardless, if the mishap occurs in a remote zone there is a lot of delay in getting the
rescue from the people which prompts the death of a person.Varsha has projected a plan which
office on the data dependent on ARM regulator and ultrasonic sensor.
This framework is financially savvy. The presentation of the ARM microcontroller
enormously relies upon execution if the developer doesn't execute as expected then it requires
some investment to work appropriately. M I Ahmed proposed a framework that is upheld on the
control of the sent organizations in Smart Cities through a programming characterized network
(SDN).
Yet, the issue with SDN is with its security and dormancy. It requires a change in the whole
organization foundation to execute SDN convention and SDN regulator. Henceforth it requires a
total reconfiguration of the organization. This expands cost because of reconfiguration.
Harsha vardhan, proposed a framework that recognizes the RFID tag of a vehicle. Which
has a few impediments resembles a RFID perused can check a tag as long all things considered
inside recurrence range. RFID likewise raises some security issues. Yellamma proposed a
framework which is fluffy rationale based shrewd traffic light enhancement is the detriment in this
proposed framework.

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CHAPTER-4
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

4.1Arduino UNO:
Arduino is an ASCII text file prototyping platform supported easy-to-use hardware and
software system. Arduino boards are able to browse inputs like lightweight on a detector, finger
on a button, or Twitter message and switch it into an output activating a motor, turning on a LED,
business enterprise one thing on-line. Computer user will insert program to the board by causing
a collection of directions to the microcontroller on the board. Therefore, it needs the Arduino
programming language (based on Wiring), and therefore the Arduino software system (IDE),
supported process.

4.2 GSM Module:

GSM network operate in a very range of various carrier frequency and its frequency up to
900MHz or 1800MHz. GSM module is used for transmission of a message searching for facilitate.
The GSM makes use of a narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) a technique for
transmission signals.

4.3 GPS Modem:

It is an area primarily based navigation system that has location and time info all told
weather. The GPS detects the latitude and a line of longitude of the bag position and sends the
information to the microcontroller.

4.4 Power Supply:

A power provider is a device that provides electrical energy to an electrical load. The first
perform of an influence provide is to convert one variety of current to and, as a result, power
provides area unit typically observed as power converters. Some power provides area unit separate,
complete devices, whereas others area unit engineered into larger devices beside their masses.
Samples of the latter embrace power provides found in desktop computers and shopper physical

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science devices. The facility provides is provided DC motor and microcontroller. The DC power
provides with each positive and negative output voltages, a center-tapped electrical device is
employed and Arduino operates at low power.

4.5 Force Sensor:

A Force Sensing Resistor, also known as a Force Sensor, or simply an FSR, is a simple and
inexpensive sensor designed to measure physical pressure, squeeze, and weight. It can be found in
a variety of portable electronics, including electronic drums, handheld gaming devices, and mobile
phones. This sensor is excellent at measuring pressure, but not so accurate at estimating how much
weight is on it. So, if you just want to know “whether the sensor has been squeezed or pressed and
how hard,” it could be a good choice for your next force-sensing project.

4.6 L298N Driver:

The L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver which allows speed and direction control of
two DC motors at the same time. The module can drive DC motors that have voltages between 5
and 35V, with a peak current up to 2A.Let’s take a closer look at the pinout of L298N module and
explain how it works. The module has two screw terminal blocks for the motor A and B, and
another screw terminal block for the Ground pin, the VCC for motor and a 5V pin which can either
be an input or output

4.7 FLUX Sensor

A flex sensor is a low-cost, easy-to-use variable resistor that is designed to measure the
amount of deflection it experiences when bent. The sensor's resistance is lowest when it's flat on
the surface, increases when we bend it slowly and reaches its maximum when it's at a 90-degree
angle.

Flex sensors are popular because they are used in many different applications like game
controllers, data gloves, motion trackers, and even in biomedical devices to register static and
dynamic postures. So in today's project, we will learn all about flex sensors, how it works, and
how you can interface them with an Arduino.

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CHAPTER-5
HARDWARE MODULES
5.1 Arduino UNO Microcontroller
Typical structure of Arduino UNO microcontroller is shown in Figure 4.1

Figure 5.1: Arduino Uno board.

Features are:
 Microcontroller: ATmega328P
 Operating Voltage: 5V
 Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
 Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
 Analog Input Pins: 6

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 DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA

 DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
 Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by boot loader
 SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
 EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
 Clock Speed: 16 MHz
 Length: 68.6 mm
 Width: 53.4 mm
 Weight: 25 g

The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip

ATmega328P microcontroller and developed by Arduino. The board is equipped with sets of
digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion
boards (shields) and other circuits. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output),
6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB cable or by an external 9-
volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is similar to the Arduino
Nano and Leonardo. The hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative
Commons Attribution Share Alike 2.5 license and is available on the Arduino website. Layout and
production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
The word "uno" means "one" in Italian and was chosen to mark the initial release of Arduino
Software. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB-based Arduino boards; it and version 1.0
of the Arduino IDE were the reference versions of Arduino, which have now evolved to newer
releases. The ATmega328P on the board comes pre-programmed with a boot loader that allows
uploading new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer.
While the Uno communicates using the original STK500 protocol, it differs from all preceding
boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2
(Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

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General pin functions:

Some of the main functions of general pins are:
LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is high value, the LED is on,
when the pin is low, it is off.
VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuine board when it is using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). The supply
voltage is supplied through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through
this pin.
5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied
with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of
the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can
damage the board.
3V3: A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND: Ground pins.
IOREF: This pin on the Arduino/Genuine board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select
the appropriate power source, or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the 5V or
3.3V.
Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields that block the one on the board.
Special pin functions:
Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, under
software control (using pin Mode (), digital Write (), and digital Read () functions). They operate
at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive 20 mA as the recommended operating condition and
has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50K ohm. A maximum of 40mA
must not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. The Uno
has 6 analog inputs, labelled A0 through A5; each provides 10 bits of resolution (i.e., 1024 different
values). By default, they measure from ground to 5 volts, though it is possible to change the upper
end of the range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference () function.

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In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial / UART: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL serial chip.
External interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
PWM (pulse-width modulation): pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Can provide 8-bit PWM output with
the analog Write () function.
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), and 13 (SCK). These pins
support SPI communication using the SPI library.
TWI (two-wire interface) / I²C: pin SDA (A4) and pin SCL (A5). Support TWI communication
using the Wire library.
AREF (analog reference): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.
Arduino / Genuine Uno have many facilities to communicate with a computer, another Arduino /
Genuine board or other microcontrollers. ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which can be used on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). The ATmega16U2 on the
board guides this serial communication via USB and displays it as a virtual COM port for software
on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM driver, no external driver is
required. However, on Windows, an .inf file is required. The Arduino software (IDE) includes a
serial monitor, which allows simple text data to be sent to and from the board. When data is
transferred to the computer via the USB serial chip and USB connection, the RX and TX LEDs on
the board will blink (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). The Software Serial library
enables serial communication on any Uno digital pin.
Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino/Genuine
Uno board is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected
computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected
to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nano-farad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken
low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to a computer running Mac OS X
or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following
half-second or so, the boot loader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore

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malformed data (i.e., anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes
of data sent to the board after a connection is opened.

5.2 Power Supply Unit:

The design description of power supply is given below:
The +5-volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC. This I contain all
the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage from 8 to 18 volts and produce steady +5volt
output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also contains current-limiting circuitry and thermal
over load protection, so that the IC won’t be damaged in case of excessive load current; it will
reduce its output voltage instead.
The 100µf capacitor serves as a "reservoir" which maintains a reasonable input voltage to the 7805
throughout the entire cycle of the ac line voltage. The bridge rectifier keeps recharging the
reservoir capacitor on alternate half-cycles of the line voltage, and the capacitor is quite capable
of sustaining any reasonable loading between charging pulses.
The 0.1µf capacitor serves to help keep the power supply output voltage constant when load
conditions change and to bypass high frequency changes. The LED and its series -
resistor(220ohm) serve as a pilot light to indicate when the power supply is on and also helps to
the reservoir capacitor is completely discharged after power is turned off. Then I know it's safe to
remover install components forth next experiment.

Voltage Step down Unit:

The conventional supply, which is generally available, is 230V, 50Hz ac main. It is necessary to
step down this main supply to the desired level. This is achieved by using suitably rated step-down
transformer. While designing the power supply, it is necessary to go for a little higher rating
transformer than the required one. The transformer rating is 230V ac at primary and 0-12 V, 1 A
across the secondary winding. This transformer has a capability to deliver a current of 1 A. Due to
electronic induction, voltage is induced at the secondary transformer. The induced voltage is
reduced in magnitude by a ratio. This ratio is called transformation ratio or turns ratio. The design
for turn ratio is as follows:
For a transformer following relation holds well,
N1/N2=V1/V2

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Where, N1-Number of turns in primary coil

N2-Number of turns in secondary coil
V1-AC voltage at primary coil
V2-AC voltage at secondary coil
N1/N2-Turns Ratio

Lithium-ion battery:

Figure 5.2.1: Lithium-ion battery

The Fig, 5.2.4 shows the lithium-ion battery. A rechargeable battery, storage battery,
or secondary cell, (or archaically accumulator) is a type of electrical battery which can be charged,
discharged into a load, and recharged many times, as opposed to a disposable or primary battery,
which is supplied fully charged and discarded after use. It is composed of one or
more electrochemical cells. The term "accumulator" is used as it accumulates and stores
energy through a reversible electrochemical reaction. Rechargeable batteries are produced in many
different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected
to stabilize an electrical distribution network.
Several different combinations of electrode materials and electrolytes areused,including lead–
acid, zinc-air, nickel-cadmium (NiCad), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion),
and lithium-ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
Rechargeable batteries typically initially cost more than disposable batteries, but have a much
lower total cost of ownership and environmental impact, as they can be recharged inexpensively

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many times before they need replacing. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the
same sizes and voltages as disposable types, and can be used interchangeably with them.

5.3 Global Positioning System (GPS):

Figure 5.3: Schematic of GPS module.

It is a space based mostly navigation system that has location and time data altogether
atmospheric condition. The GPS detects the latitude and great circle of the bag position and sends
the info to the microcontroller. The values of great circle and latitude, sent to the authors sim card
range. The values will sign on Google map or any addressing apps. This provides this position of
the bag. A GPS receiver's job is to find four or a lot of those satellites, understand the gap to every,
and use this data to deduce its own location. This operation relies on a straightforward
mathematical principle known as tri-literation.

In order to form this straightforward calculation, then, the GPS receiver should apprehend 2 things
 The location of a minimum of 3 satellites on top of you.
The working/operation of world positioning system relies on the 'trilateration' mathematical
principle. The position is decided from the gap measurements to satellites. The GPS receiver takes
the data from the satellite and uses the tactic of triangulation to see a user's precise position.

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5.4 GSM Module:

Figure 5.3.1: GSM Module

GSM may be a mobile communication modem; it's stands for international system for
mobile communication (GSM). The thought of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970.It
is wide used mobile communication system within the world. GSM is Associate in open and digital
cellular technology used for transmittal mobile voice and knowledge services operates at the
850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands. GSM system was developed as a
digital system victimization time division multiple access (TDMA) technique for communication
purpose. GSM digitizes and reduces the info, then sends it down through a channel with 2 totally
different streams of consumer knowledge, every in its own explicit interval. The digital system has
a capability to hold sixty-four kbps to one hundred twenty Mbps of information rates.

GSM device:
This device is employed to receive the info from the microcontroller that is within the
moving train. The obtained GPRMC knowledge that comprises latitude and great circle knowledge
is send to alternative GSM module that is gift within the station finish by victimization AT
commands.

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GSM modem:
A GSM modem could be a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network.
Computers use AT commands to regulate modems. Each GSM modems and dial-up modems
support a typical set of normal AT commands. Therefore, we are able to use GSM electronic
equipment similar to dial-up electronic equipment. The most distinction between them is that a
dial-up modem sends and receives knowledge through a hard and fast telephone line whereas
wireless electronic equipment sends and receives data through radio waves. GSM is one in all the
foremost very important elements in our got wind of since all the communication between the
users and centralized unit takes place through this electronic equipment. Sort of a GSM mobile, a
GSM modem needs a SIM card from a wireless carrier so as to work. This status of the soil is
going to be sending to the farmer as SMS.
A GSM modem could be a specialized sort of modem that accepts a SIM card, and operates over
a subscription to a mobile operator, similar to a mobile. From the mobile operator perspective, a
GSM modem appearance similar to a mobile. GSM modems are most often accustomed offer
mobile net property, and might even be used for causing and receiving SMS and MMS messages.
It’s an ardent modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth affiliation or it may be a mobile that
gives GSM modem capabilities.

Figure5.5.2: GSM Modem (SIM300)

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This can be a plug and play GSM modem within easy to interface serial interface. Use it to
send SMS, build and receive calls, and do different GSM operations by dominant it through easy
AT commands from small controllers and computers. It uses the extremely standard SIM300
module for all its operations. It comes with a regular RS232 interface which might be accustomed
simply interface the modem to small controllers and computers. This module uses AT Command
to urge data in SIM card. Sim com offers this data as a service to its customers, to support
application and engineering efforts that use the merchandise designed by Sim com. All
specifications equipped herein are subject to vary. Designed for world market, SIM300 could be a
Tri-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies GSM 900 megacycle, DCS 1800
megacycle and PCS 1900 megacycle. This GSM modem will settle for any GSM network operator
SIM card and act similar to a mobile with its own distinctive signal. Advantage of exploitation this
modem is going to be that you simply will use its RS232 port to speak and develop embedded
applications. Applications like SMS management, data transfer, remote and work may be
developed simply.
The modem will either be connected to computer interface directly or to any microcontroller. It
may be accustomed send and receive SMS or make/receive voice calls. It also can be utilized in
GPRS mode to attach to net and do several applications for data work and management. In GPRS
mode you'll be able to conjointly hook up with any remote FTP server and transfer files for data
work.
Features of GSM Modem are:
 Uses the extremely popular SIM300 GSM module
 Provides the industry standard serial RS232 interface for easy connection to computers and
other devices.
 Provides serial TTL interface for easy and direct interface to microcontrollers
 Power, RING and Network LEDs for easy debugging
 Onboard 3V Lithium Battery holder with appropriate circuitry for providing backup for the
modules internal RTC
 Can be used for GSM based Voice communications, Data/Fax, SMS, GPRS and TCP/IP
stack
 Can be controlled through standard AT commands
 Comes with an onboard wire antenna for better reception.

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 Board provides an option for adding an external antenna through an SMA connector
 The SIM300 allows an adjustable serial baud rate from 1200 to 115200 bps (9600default)
 Modem a low power consumption of 0.25 A during normal operations and around 1A
during transmission
 OperatingVoltage:7–15V AC or DC (board has onboard rectifier).
 This modem is able send the alert messages to the concerned authority person number
saved.

5.5 Force Sensor

Figure 5.5: Force Sensor

A Force Sensing Resistor, also known as a Force Sensor, or simply an FSR, is a simple and
inexpensive sensor designed to measure physical pressure, squeeze, and weight. It can be found in
a variety of portable electronics, including electronic drums, handheld gaming devices, and mobile
phones. This sensor is excellent at measuring pressure, but not so accurate at estimating how much
weight is on it. So, if you just want to know “whether the sensor has been squeezed or pressed and
how hard,” it could be a good choice for your next force-sensing project.

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5.6 LCD Display

Figure 5.6 I2CLCD Display

The LiquidCrystal library allows you to control LCD displays that are compatible with the
Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out there, and you can usually tell them by the
16-pin interface. The LCDs have a parallel interface, meaning that the microcontroller has to
manipulate several interface pins at once to control the display. The interface consists of the
following pins:

 A register select (RS) pin that controls where in the LCD's memory you're writing data
to. You can select either the data register, which holds what goes on the screen, or an
instruction register, which is where the LCD's controller looks for instructions on what to
do next.
 A Read/Write (R/W) pin that selects reading mode or writing mode
 An Enable pin that enables writing to the registers
 8 data pins (D0 -D7). The states of these pins (high or low) are the bits that you're writing
to a register when you write, or the values you're reading when you read.

There's also a display contrast pin (Vo), power supply pins (+5V and GND) and LED
Backlight (Bklt+ and BKlt-) pins that you can use to power the LCD, control the display
contrast, and turn on and off the LED backlight, respectively.

The process of controlling the display involves putting the data that form the image of what you
want to display into the data registers, then putting instructions in the instruction register.
The LiquidCrystal Library simplifies this for you so you don't need to know the low-level
instructions.

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CHAPTER-6

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

6.1 Introduction to C

C is a general purpose, imperative computer programming language, supporting structured

programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many
unintended operations. By design, C provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine
instructions, and therefore it has found lasting use in applications that had formerly been coded in
assembly language, including operating systems, as well as various application software for
computers ranging from supercomputers to embedded systems.

C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs and used to re-
implement the Unix operating system. It has since become one of the most widely used
programming languages of all time, with C compilers from various vendors available for the
majority of existing computer architectures and operating systems. C has been standardized by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) since 1989 (see ANSI C) and subsequently by the
International Organization for Standardization

Advantages of c

 Easy to learn
 Structured language
 It produces efficient programs
 It can handle low level activities
 It can be compiled on a variety of computer platforms

Features of C

 Reliability
 Portability
 Flexibility

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 Interactivity

6.2 Introduction to Arduino IDE

IDE stands for “Integrated Development Environment”: it is an official software

introduced by Arduino.cc, that is mainly used for editing, compiling and uploading the
code in the Arduino Device. Almost all Arduino modules are compatible with this
software that is an open source and is readily available to install and start compiling the
code on the go.
In this article, we will introduce the Software, how we can install it, and make it ready for
developingapplications using Arduino modules.

Arduino IDE Definition

1. Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling
the code into the Arduino Module.

2. It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common
person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.

3. It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the
Java Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role for
debugging, editing and compiling the code in the environment.

4. A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega,

Arduino Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.

5. Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and
accepts the information in the form of code.

6. The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately
generate a HexFile which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.

7. The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former
is used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the
code into the givenArduino Module.

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Figure 6.2.1: Arduino IDE Working Environment

Figure 6.2.1 output

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CHAPTER-7

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

7.1 Project Flow

Figure 7.1.1: Flow diagram of the project

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Embedded system. Then, GSM (global system for mobile) is used to provide the
information of the person if he is in danger through a message to the known person. GPS Module
used to trace the location of accident ,accelerometer is also used in the project. Software design is
mainly controlled.
This project primarily has two parts, first one is hardware part, and second one is software part.
Hardware part comprises of three sections: Arduino UNO has a microcontroller which works as
brain of an by using C

The output of the ultrasonic sensor is used as the input to Arduino UNO which is interfaced with
GSM Module. GSM module is used to receive the message. The signal comes from an mems
acclerometer .

7.2 Flowchart of1Accident1Detection System

Accident
detected

Send SMS and location

Figure 7.2.1 Flowchart of1Accident1Detection System

 Accelerometer detects the sudden change in the axes of vehicle and GSM module sends
the alert message on your Mobile Phone with the location of the accident.
 Location of accident is sent in the form of Google Map link, derived from the latitude and
longitude from GPS module.
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 This Vehicle Accident alert project can also be used as a Tracking System and much more,
by just making few changes in hardware and software

7.3 GSM transmitter & receiver

Transmitter:

Fig 7.3.1: Circuit diagram of GSM transmitter

Transmitter half chiefly consists of 8051 microcontroller, GPS receiver, GSM module and
grievous bodily harm 232. The operation of the circuit is controlled by microcontroller therefore
it's known as heart of our project. GPS receiver may be a navigation purpose device, ceaselessly
half-tracked by GPS satellites. The GPS receiver receives ceaselessly the data that is shipped by
GPS satellites. Sometimes GPS data consists of latitude, longitude, altitude, UTC time, range of
satellites chase etc. in NMEA format. Microcontroller has been programmed in such a way that it
ceaselessly receives solely RMC knowledge sent by GPS receiver. The most use of choosing solely
RMC knowledge is to trace the placement of train.
Microcontroller is organized to speak serially with GPS and GSM via Lone-Star State and Rx pin.
Once the info has been received from GPS receiver, microcontroller getting to send requesting
command to tell GSM to send RMC knowledge to receiver section as a text message. GSM module
operated by microcontroller with AT commands. Therefore, receives GPS knowledge from
microcontroller and sends it to receiver section as a text message. Microcontrollers connected to

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GSM and GPS device via MAX232 that converts NRZ knowledge to TTL logic and send it to
microcontroller and additionally converts TTL logic to NRZ knowledge and transmit it to GSM.

Receiver:
In this project the police server and database is used as Receiver half is incredibly easy that
consists of GSM module connected to pc via interface. GSM module fully controlled exploitation
Visual basic computer code. Received data is consists of latitude, line of longitude and speed that
is needed to find the position of the train. Visual basic computer code has been programmed in
such the way to choose solely latitude and line of longitude values from received data and send
these values to computer address web site to show the train position on Google map.

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CHAPTER-8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the afterword effects of the project are talked about. The outcomes are tried
and checked keeping in mind the end goal to guarantee the capacity of the venture satisfies the
destinations.

8.1 Model

Figure 8.1.1: Model

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CHAPTER-9

ADVANTAGES

This product has many more advantages, some of them are-

 This method is a system of urgent assistance.
 Monitors all risks and hazards.
 To the nearest hospitals and police stations, warning notices are sent.
 It can be included in an affordable program. The warning message about the accident is
sent automatically.
 It is possible to use this scheme for a social cause

APPLICATIONS

 It can be used to shield passengers in cars/motor vehicles.

 It may be used by the health department to survey the wider scale of incidents that have
occurred.
 We can also use this framework in traffic estimation with some modification

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

CONCLUSION
The popularity for vehicles has likewise expanded traffic risks and street mishaps. Life of
individuals is at high danger. This is a direct result of the absence of the best crisis offices
accessible in our country. To decrease the number of accidents, we have proposed this system
which will send an alert message to the family members of the person who is met with an accident
by using GSM module and we have setup a GPS modem which will sense the location of the place
continuously and send the latitude and longitude of the accident place.

We have used MEMS Accelerometer ADXL335 to detect the change of axes whenever our
vehicle is hit by another vehicle. By capturing the values of X&Y axes, MEMS Accelerometer
detects the type of accident occurred

FUTURE WORK
 A wireless webcam can be added in this for capturing the images which will help in
providing driver`s assistance.
 This can also be bettered by locking all the brakes automatically in case of accident. Mostly
in accidents, it becomes serious as the drivers lose control and fail to stop the vehicle.
 In such cases, the vibration sensor will be triggered because of the vibrations received and
also processed by the processor.

 The processor has to be linked to the devices which can lock the brakes when triggered.
With this improvement, we can stop the vehicle and can weaken the impact of the accident.

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REFRENCES

[1] . Yellamma Pachipala1, Tumma srinivas Rao2, G Siva Nageswara Rao3, D Baburao4,” An IoT
Based Automatic Accident Detection and Tracking System for Emergency Services”, Jour of Adv
Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, Vol. 12, Issue-02, 2020,PP:111-
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[2] . Elie Nasr, Elie Kfoury, David Khoury ,”An IoT Approach to Vehicle Accident Detection,
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[3] . Gowshika , Madhu Mitha and Jayashree ,”Vehicle Accident Detection System By Using
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[4] . Himanshu Arora , Samyak Jain , Sanket Anand - Real Time Safety Alert System for Car
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[11] . Dhaya, R., and R. Kanthavel. "A Wireless Collision Detection on Transmission Poles
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