Information and Communication Technology

PRACTICE TEST: Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.
1. Your printer is not receiving the print command. Which should you do first?
A. Replace the ink cartridges.
B. Check the computer's default printer settings.
C. Reset the printing properties of the printer.
D. Realign the heads of the printer's print.
2. Which task does an operating system of a computer perform?
A. Virus detection C. Data compression
B. Disk fragmentation D. Memory management
3. Which one links the computers to base computer making it possible to share software materials?
A. Local area network C. Interface
B. Modem D. Internet
4. Which enables the computer to communicate with other computers over the telephone?
A. Network C. Internet
B. Modem D. Hypermedia
5. Which desktop icon can be used to access the files and programs in the computer?
A. My Documents C. My Computer
B. My Briefcase D. Taskbar
6. When is it most important to scan a computer's drives for viruses
Immediately after ______________.
A. downloading a text file from a government website
B. defragmenting a computer's hard disk
C. installing software from a disk created by a friend
D. Shutting down a computer improperly

7. Like the typewriter, the computer has a ____________.

A. keyboard C. disk drive
B. screen D. cursor
8. Which refers to a single phrase or word that tells the computer to do something with a program or file?
 A. Password C. Computer language
B. Computer program D. Command

9. A secret word that must be entered into the computer before a person is allowed to get or change information is
called ____________.
A. input C. program
B. password D. statement

10. The search for related literature by accessing several data bases by the use of a telephone line to connect a
computer library with other computers that have database is termed ____________.
A. compact disc search C. manual search
B. on-line search D. computer search
11. Which is the "brain" of a computer?
A. CPU C. Software
B. Peripheral D. RAM
12. In writing a letter, which productivity tool is used?
A. Word processing C. Spreadsheet
B. Publisher D. PageMaker
13. Which mail directed to an address is sent from one computer to another through modems?
A. telegram C. webcam
B. fax D. e-mail
14. Which application program provides users with a means to organize and present information through the use of
text, numbers, graphs, sounds and visual images?
PPT
A. Multimedia C. Spreadsheet
B. Publisher D. Word processing
15. Which one of the following is a result of compressing a file?
A. The file is deleted. C. The three character extension is hidden.
B. The file size is smaller. D. All file properties are lost.
16. Which one of the following is an appropriate routine to shut down a non-responding application?
A. Close all open documents and press the power button until the computer automatically switches off.
B. Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete, select the application in the Task Manager window and click End Task.
C. Pull out the power cable from the back of the computer.
D. Click Shut Down on the Start menu and choose Shut down from the Shut Down Windows drop-down list.
17. Which one of the following shows file size from smallest to largest?
A. Gigabyte, Megabyte, Kilobyte, Byte
B. Megabyte, Gigabyte, Kilobyte, Byte
C. Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte
D. Kilobyte, Megabyte, Byte, Gigabyte
18. Which statement/s on ICT is/are TRUE?
I. The use of ICT has negative effects.
II. The use of ICT has a lot of benefits.
III. The use of ICT is effective only in industrialized countries.
A. I and II C. III only
B. II only D. I and III
19. Which of the following statements about computer viruses is TRUE?
A. Text files are the only files to be corrupted by viruses.
B. Files are always permanently damaged by viruses.
C. Files can be damaged by computer viruses.
D. Compressed files can never be damaged by viruses.

20. “Environment and ICT: Enemies or Friends?". is a title of an article published in a journal. What does the title
suggest?
A. ICT can play both positive and negative roles in environmental sustainability,
B. The positive impact of ICT on the environment is high.
C. The positive environmental impact of ICT outweighs its potentially negative impact.

D. Either we go for ICT and ruin our environment or sustain our environment and do away with
ICT.

21. Someone wrote: "Environment relates to the profound relationship between matter, nature, and society, and in
such a context ICTs bring new ways of living in a more interconnected society, all of which reduces our dependency
on matter and affects our relationships with nature”. What do these sentences convey?
A. Environment and ICT are poles apart.
B. ICT impacts on environment.
C. Environment affects ICT.
D. ICT brings us away from an interconnected society.
22. To reduce electronic waste, implement a recycling system. Which belong to an e-waste recycling system?
I. Repair
II. Reuse
III. Upgrading of existing equipment
A. I, II and III C. I and II
B. I only D. II only
23. In line with Green Use of ICT and Disposal , which should be done when a device breaks down?
I. Refurbish them
II. Break it apart in order to use the components and parts
III. Use parts a spare
A. I only C. I, II and III
B. II only D. I and II
24. What does digital divide refer to?

I. The gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those
with very limited or no access at all

II. The imbalance both in physical access to technology and the resources and skills needed to
for effective participation.
III. The gap in the ages of ICT users
A. I and II C. III only
B. II only D. III only

MATHEMATICS

Area is the total amount of space that a 2 dimensional object occupies. It is measured in square
units (ie, square meters, square centimeters).

i. area of a triangle = ½ x bx h, where b represents the base and h represents the

perpendicular height
ii. area of a rectangle = 1x w, where I and w represent the length and the
width respectively
iii. area of a square = s², where s represents the length of one side of the
square
iv. area of a circle = ar”, where a represents the constant equal to 3.141
and r represents the radius of the circle
v. area of an isosceles trapezoid = ½ x (b1 + b2) x h, where b1, and b2
 represent the length of the 2 parallel bases and h is the perpendicular
height

Volume is the total amount of space occupied by a 3-dimensional object. It

is measured in cubic units (ie, cubic meters, cubic centimeters).

i. volume of a cube = s 3, where s is length of 1 side of the cube

ii. volume of a rectangular prism = l x w x h, where l is the length, w is the width and h
is the height
iii. volume of a cylinder = πr2h, where π represents the constant equal to 3.1416,
r represents the radius of the circular base and h represents the height of the
cylinder
iv. volume of a cone = (1/3) x πr3h, where π represents the constant equal to 3.1416, r
represents the radius of the circular base and h represents the height of the cone
v. volume of a pyramid = (1/3) x B x h, where B is the area of the base and h is the
height
vi. volume of a sphere = (4/3) x πr1, where π represents the constant equal to 3.1416
and r represents the radius

d. Capacity is the total amount of fluid that a 3-dimensional container can hold. It is
used hand in hand with volume and is calculated using the same formulae.
e. Weight is a measure of the amount of gravitational pull exerted on a mass. Beyond the
realm of physics, weight and mass are used interchangeably. Conventional units include
kilograms and pounds.

9. The standard system of measurement in the present day is the metric or SI system. The
alternative system used in European countries is the English system.

a. Conversion of units in the Sl system requires awareness of various key prefixes

signifying powers of ten.

Dimensional analysis is done to determine equivalent SI units using different prefixes. For
example, to convert 8 kilometers into centimeters,
10³m 1 cm
8 km ( )( )= 8 x 10 3-(-2)cm = 8 x 105 cm
1 𝑘𝑚 10−2 𝑚

a. Conversion of units from the English system to the SI system requires memorization of
conversion factors.
 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds (lbs)
2.54 centimeters = 1 inch
12 inches = 1 foot
1 meter = 3.28 feet
3 feet = 1 yard
1 mile = 5,280 feet
1 kilometer = 0.62 mile

1. Recall the following concepts in plane geometry.

a. A line is a series of points that extends in two opposite directions without end. Two points
are needed to define a line. It has no fixed length or width. It is considered infinitely long.
i. The point of intersection is the point where two lines meet or come together.
ii. Perpendicular lines form right angles at their point of intersection.
iii. Parallel lines are lines that do not have any point of intersection. They will never
intersect with each other.
b. A curved line is a line that represents a mathematical equation. It may be two-dimensional
or three-dimensional.
c. An angle is the figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex
of the angle. Angles are measured in degrees (º).
i. A right angle is an angle whose measure is exactly 90 degrees.
ii. An acute angle is an angle whose measure is less than 90 degrees.
iii. An obtuse angle is an angle whose measure is more than 90 degrees but less than
180 degrees.
iv. A straight angle is an angle whose measure is exactly 180 degrees.
v. A reflex angle is an angle whose measure is more than 180 degrees but less than
360 degrees
vi. Two angles are complementary if their sum is 90 degrees.
vii. vii. Two angles are supplementary if their sum is 180 degrees.
d. A triangle is a plane geometric figure with three vertices and three sides. The sum of the
three internal angles of a triangle is always equal to 180 degrees.
i. Triangles may be classified based on the length of sides:

1. An equilateral triangle has three sides of equal length. It is also called an equiangular
triangle because all three angles measure exactly 60 degrees.
2. An isosceles triangle has two sides of equal length. The two angles opposite the two equal
sides are also equal in measure.
3. A scalene triangle has three sides of unequal length. All three angles are also of unequal
measure.

ii. Triangles may also be classified based on the measure of internal angles:
 1. A right triangle has exactly one right angle among its internal angles.
2. An acute triangle is composed of three acute internal angles.
3. An obtuse triangle has exactly one obtuse angle among its internal angles.
60°
iii. Special triangles have
a properties that
a allow us to compute algebraically the lengths
of their corresponding sides.
60° 60°
1. The dimensions of a right triangle follow the Pythagorean theorem.
2. The side opposite the right angle isacalled the hypotenuse (c).
3. The two other sides are called the legs (a, b).
4. For any right triangle, a2 + b2 = c 2.
For a 45-45-90 right triangle.

a. The length of the hypotenuse is equal to the length of one the legs multiplied by √2.

3. For a 30-60-90 right triangle:

a. The length of the hypotenuse is two times the length of the shorter leg.
b. The length of the longer leg is equal to the length of the shorter leg multiplied by 3.
4. For an equilateral triangle
a. The height is defined by the following formula:

√3
ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑎
2
b. The area is defined by the following formula:

√3
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎 2
4

5. Heron's Theorem may be used to calculate the area of any triangle given the length of the
three sides.
a. First, calculate the semiperimeter:
𝑎 +𝑏+ 𝑐
𝑠=
2

Use the semiperimeter to calculate the

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

e. A quadrilateral is a plane geometric figure with exactly four sides and four vertices. The sum of
the measures of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is exactly 360 degrees.
a. A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.
1. The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal in measure.
 2. The adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary.
3. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
ii. A rectangle is a quadrilateral with four right internal angles.
1. The diagonals are equal in length and bisect each other.
2. The length of each diagonal is equal to 1+w.
iii. A square is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and four right internal angles.
1. The diagonals of a square bisect each other and meet at 90 degrees.
2. The diagonals of a square bisect its angles.
3. The diagonals of a square are perpendicular.

iv. A rhombus is a quadrilateral with four equal sides.

1. Opposite angles of a rhombus are equal.
2. The two diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
3. The area of the rhombus is equal to % of the product of its diagonals.
f. A polygon is a plane geometric figure bounded by a closed path or circuit, composed of a finite
sequence of straight line segments.

ii. The segments are called its sides, and the points where two edges meet are the
polygon's vertices.
iii. Polygons are named based on the number of sides:
iv. A regular polygon has equal length of all sides and equal measure of all interior angles.
v. The sum of all the interior angle of a regular polygon is equal to
(𝑛 − 2) × 180
vi. The measure of each interior angle of a regular polygon is equal to
(𝑛 − 2) × 180
𝑛

11. Recall the following basic concepts in elementary algebra:

a. An algebraic expression is a mathematical expression made up of the signs and symbols
of algebra. These symbols include the Arabic numerals, literal numbers, the signs of
operation, and so forth.
b. The components of an algebraic expression are called terms. Based on the number of
terms, special designations are given to algebraic expressions:
i. An expression containing only one term (ie, 2x) is called a monomial.
ii. A binomial contains two terms (ie, 2x + 1).
iii. A trinomial consists of three terms (ie, 2x2 + 3x + 4)
iv. Any expression containing two or more terms may also be called by the general
name, polynomial.
12. A polynomial expression is a monomial or a sum of monomials.
a. The degree of a polynomial expression with one variable is the value of the largest
exponent of the variable that appears in any term. For example, the degree of the binomial
x2 + 4 is 2.
 b. A functional relationship between quantities that can be described by an equation where
y equals a polynomial expression of x is a polynomial function.
a. A linear function is a polynomial function with a degree equal to 1 (ie, y = 5x + 3)
1. The graph of a linear function is a straight line.
ii. A quadratic function is a polynomial function with a degree equal to 2
(ie, y = 5x2 + 3x + 3)
1. The graph of a quadratic function is a parabola.
iii. A cubic function is a polynomial function with a degree equal to 3 (ie,
3
y = 5x + 3x² + x + 3).
1. The graph of a cubic function is a curve.
13. Recall the principles in evaluation of polynomial expressions.

a. Group like terms using the commutative and associative properties.

b. Combine like terms using the distributive property.
c. Simplifying powers can also help you multiply monomials.
i. Multiplying powers with like bases: am x an = am=n.
ii. Raising a power to a power: (am )n = amn.
iii. Raising a product to a power: (ab)n = an x bn.
iv. Zero power: ao = 1
1
v. Negative power: a-n = 𝑛
𝑎
𝑎𝑚
vi. Dividing powers with like bases: = 𝑎 (𝑚−𝑛)
𝑎𝑛
𝑎 𝑎𝑛
vii. Raising a quotient to a power: ( )𝑛 = 𝑛
𝑏 𝑏

14. Factoring a polynomial means writing it as a product of 2 or more monomials.

a. Common monomial factor:

i. Consider the trinomial 2x3-10x2 + 6x. The common monomial factor is 2x.
So using the distributive property in reverse, we factor this expression as:
2x (x2 + 5x + 3).

b. Grouping:
i. Consider x3 – x2 + x - 1 = 0.
x3 – x2 + x – 1 = 0
(x3 – x) + (x – 1) = 0
x2 (x – 1) + (x – 1) = 0
(x – 1) (x2 + 1) = 0

c. Square of a binomial (perfect square trinomial):

i. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2.
ii. (a - b) 2 = a2 - 2ab + b2.
 d. Difference of two squares:
i. (a + b)(a - b) = a2 – b2.
e. Completing the square:
i. Consider x2 + 6x + 5 = 0.
(x2 + 6x + 5 + 4) – 4 = 0
(x2 + 6x + 9) – 4 = 0
(x + 3) 2 – 4 = 0
(x + 3 – 2) (x + 3 + 2) = 0
(x + 1) (x + 5) = 0
f. Sum of two cubes:
i. (a + b)3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2).
g. Difference of two cubes:
i. (a – b)3 = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2).

1. A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term is either a constant or the
product of a constant and the first power of a constant and (the first power of) a single
variable. These may be expressed in the following forms:
a. Standard form: Ax + By + C = 0, where,
i. the x-intercept is (-C/A, 0).
ii. the y-intercept is (0, -C/B).
iii. the slope of the line is -A/B.
b. Slope intercept form: y = mx + b, where, m is the slope and (0, b) is the y-intercept.
𝑦2−𝑦1
c. Two point form: y-y1 (x-x1), where, where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are two different
𝑥 2−𝑥1
points on the line.
d. Point slope form: y – y1 = m (x-x1), where m is the slope of the line and (x1, y1) is
any point on the line.
𝑥 𝑦
e. Intercept form: + = 1, where (a, 0) is the x-intercept and (0, b) is the y-intercept.
𝑎 𝑏

16. A linear inequality is an inequality which involves a linear function. The solution to a linear
inequality is obtained by shading the corresponding half-space in the Cartesian plane after
graphing the expression as a linear equation.

17. Recall the various counting techniques:

a. Fundamental Principle of Counting: In a sequence of events, the total possible
number of ways all events can performed is the product of the possible number of
ways each individual event can be performed.
b. Factorial: n! = n (n – 1) (n – 2)... (3) (2) (1); for example, 5! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1.
c. Permutation: A permutation is an arrangement of objects without repetition where
order is important: A permutation of n objects, arranged in groups of where, x is a
vale or score from the raw data, x is the mean and n is the total number of cases.
 𝑛!
size r, without repetition, and order being important is: 𝑛𝑃𝑟 = ( 𝑛−𝑟) !

d. Combination: A combination is an arrangement of objects without repetition where order is not

important. A combination of n objects, arranged in groups of size r, without repetition, and order
not being important is:
𝑛!
𝑛𝐶𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)! 𝑟!

18. Probability is a measure of certainty or uncertainty that an event will happen. It ranges from 0
to 1.

a. The probability of an impossible event (an event that will never occur) is 0.
b. The probability of a certain event (an event that will surely happen) is 1.
c. The probability (P) of an event (E) is expressed mathematically as: (number of wanted
outcomes)
(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠)
𝑃 (𝐸 ) =
(𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠)

19. Measures of Central Tendency are numerical descriptive measures which indicate or locate
the center of a distribution or data set.

a. The mean of a set of values or measurements in the sum of all the measurements divided by
the number of measurements in the set.
b. The median is the middle value of a given set of measurements, provided that the values or
measurements are arranged in an array. An array is an arrangement of values in increasing
or decreasing values.
c. The mode is the value which occurs most frequently in a set of measurements or values.
d. Measures of Variability are measures of the average distance of each observation from the
center of the distribution. They measure homogeneity or heterogeneity of a particular group.
a. The range is the difference between the highest and the lowest values. This is the simplest
and most unreliable measure of variability since it uses only two values in the distribution.
b. The mean absolute deviation is the average of the summation of the absolute deviation of
each observation from the mean. The formula for the mean absolute deviation is:
ℰ𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑛
where, x is a value or score from the raw data, x is the mean and n is the total number of cases.

c. Variance (s?) is the average of the squared deviation from the mean. The formula for
finding the variance is shown below:

ℰ (𝑥 − 𝑥) 2
𝑠2 =
𝑛
d. The standard deviation is the square root of the average from the mean. It is
mathematically equal to the square rot of the variance.
 ℰ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ ) 2
𝑠= √
𝑛

where, x is the value or score from the raw data, 𝑥̅ is the mean and n is
the total number of cases.
1. Evaluate the following expression: 5 + 3 (42 + 7) - 7 (2 + 32 × 8) 0

A. 0 C. 72
B. 152 D. 444
3 + 4 (5 - 2 × 6) + 12 (2 + 4 ) + 1
2. Evaluate the following mathematical expression: 80
1 + (3 × 6) -
5

A. 16 C. 36
B. 24 D. 12
3. Which among the following is NOT a prime number?

A. 31 C. 51
B. 41 D. 61
4. How many prime numbers are there between 1 and 100?
A. 23 C. 25
B. 24 D. 26
5. What is the largest prime number less than 100?

A. 91 C. 95
B. 93 D. 97
6. What are the prime factors of 128?

A. 1 × 2 × 8 C. 2 × 2 × 2 × 4 × 4
B. 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 D. 2 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
7. What are the prime factors of 153?

A. 3 × 3 × 17 C. 153 × 1
B. 3 × 3 × 7 × 9 D. 17 × 3 × 7
8. What are the prime factors of 273?

A. 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 C. 3 × 6 × 9 × 11
B. 3 × 17 × 11 D. 3 × 7 × 13
9. What is the least common multiple of 24 and 807?

A. 360 C. 240
B. 80 D. 480
10. One trip around a running track is 440 yards. One jogger can complete one lap in 8 minutes,
the other can complete it in 6 minutes. How long will it take for both joggers to arrive at their
starting point together if they start at the same time and maintain their jogging pace?

A. 12 minutes C. 36 minutes
B. 24 minutes D. 48 minutes

11. Josefa is making bead necklaces. She has 90 green beads and 108 blue beads. What is the
greatest number of identical necklaces she can make if she wants to use all of the beads?
A. 12 C. 16
B. 15 D. 18
12. Lisa bought a big bag of candy at a warehouse store. There are 102 pieces of candy in the
bag. Lisa needs to divide the candy up into smaller bags. She wants to put the same number of
pieces in each small bag. How many small bags could Lacey use?

A. 17 C. 19
B. 18 D. 20

13. A dish company needs to ship an order of 117 glass bowls. The company will put the bowls
into several boxes. Each box must contain the same number of bowls. How many boxes could
the company use for the order?

A. 11 C. 13
B. 12 D. 17
14. The number, 512115273999132, is NOT divisible by which of the following factors?

A. 2 C. 4
B. 3 D. 8

15. When 2,000 pounds of paper are recycled, 17 trees are saved. How many trees are saved if
5,000 pounds of paper is recycled?

A. 41 C. 45
B. 42.5 D. 63

16. A recipe calls for 2 eggs for every 5 cups of flour. A local chef will use 35 cups of flour, how
many eggs must he have?

A. 12 C. 14
B. 13 D. 16

17. Five out of every seven households have cable TV. If 42,000 households in a certain city
have a TV, how many do not have cable TV?
 A. 12,000 C. 30,000
B. 21,000 D. 32,000

18. Our school has 8 male teachers who comprise 25% of all our teachers. How many teachers
do we have?

A. 24 C. 32
B. 28 D. 40

19. Miss Santiago's English class has 20 boys and 15 girls. What percent of the students are
girls?

A. 28% C. 44%
B. 43% D. 50%

20, Jerome answered 80% of the 50 items correctly in a math test. How many items did he
answer correctly?

A. 40 C. 45
B. 44 D. 50

21. A business man had incurred the following expenses in his trips to the Visayan islands:
PS100.00, P4600.00, P3800.00, and P3200.00. What was his total expense for the trip?

A. P16000 C. P17000
B. P16700 D. P17500

22. Ms. Tonelada weighed 60 kg. She lost 4 kg on her first week of exercise, gained 2 kg on her
second week, lost 6 kg on the 3rd week and remained her weight during the fourth week. What
was her weight on the 4th week?

A. 52 kg C. 68 kg
B. 58 kg D. 72 kg

23. A group of young people from four countries gathered together for an inter- national
conference: 40 from Manila, 60 from Japan, 35 from Thailand and 45 from Singapore. The
participants will form discussion groups with equal number of members from each country in
each group. What is the greatest number of discussion groups that can be formed?

A. 5 C. 20
B. 15 D. 25

24. During summer, a lady visits Baguio every 6 days, and his best friend every 4 days. If they
visited Baguio last April 11, what was the earliest date that both of them visited Baguio again?
 A. April 21 C. May 5
B. April 23 D. May 11
3 1
25. A recipe calls for cup of sugar. How much sugar should be used if only of the quantities
4 2
gven in the recipe is to be prepared?
3 1
A. C.
4 2
2 3
B. D.
3 8

26. In a bundle of new 100 bills, the bills are consecutively numbered RTC3432260 to
RTC3432280. How much is the total amount of the bills?

A. 3200 C. 3400
B. 2000 D. 3500
27. The sum of three consecutive integers is 96. What are the integers?

A. 31, 32, 33 C. 30, 32, 34

B. 32, 33, 34 D. 33, 34, 35
2
28. A famer can plow of a hectare in 1 hr. At this rate, in how many hours will 5 farmers plow
3
the same field?
1 15
A. C.
5 2
10
B. D. 10
3

29. If the exchange rate of US dollars to pesos is $1 = Php 47.90 what is the value of Php in
American cents?

A. 0.02 C. 2
B. 479 D. 4.79

30. In a card game, a player got the following scores: 35, -60, -40, 80, -100, 25, -25. What is his
final score?

A. -115 C. 85
B. -85 D. 115

31. The first 5 numbers in a sequence are 2, 3, 5, 8, and 12. What is the 7th number in the
sequence?
 A. 15 C. 23
B. 19 D. 25

32. A teacher wants to group her pupils into groups of 3 or 5 or 6. However, she found out that if
she does that there will always be 1 pupil left. What is the least possible number of pupils in the
class?

A. 81 C. 21
B. 31 D. 11
33. Twelve pesos more than twice Mico's allowance is at most 600 pesos. What is her
maximum allowance?
A. 300 pesos C. 588 pesos
B. 634 pesos D. 294 pesos
34. What integer should be added to 11 to get a sum of at least 37?
A. At least 15 C. At least 26
B. At least 25 D. At least 32
35. What are the largest two consecutive odd integers whose sum is at most 60?

A. 25, 27 C. 29, 31
B. 27, 29 D. 31, 33
36. Two numbers are in ratio of 3:4. If their sum is 84, what is the smaller number?

A. 24 C. 48
B. 36 D. 54

37. The numerator of a fraction is 3 less than the denominator. If the numerator and the
3
denominator are each increased by 1, the value of the fraction becomes . What is the original
4
fraction?
7 8
A. C.
12 11
8 6
B. D.
12 13

38. Mr. Lucido deposited 225 pesos in the bank. If his deposit consisted of 29 bills, consisting of
5 peso and 10 peso bills, how many 10 peso bills did he deposit?

A. 13 C. 15
B. 14 D. 16

39. Brenda has saved 300 coins, consisting of 25 centavo and 10 centavo coins. If the total
value of her savings is 45 pesos, how many 10 centavo coins did she save?

A. 100 C. 300
B. 200 D. 400

40. Julia can finish a project in 10 hours while Elenita can do the same project in 8 hours How
long will it take them to finish the project together?
 A. 3.44 hours C. 4.44 hours
B 4.00 hours D. 18 hours

41. If a liter of chemical X 95% pure, how many liters of water must be added to make a 50%
solution?

A. 0.80 L C. 0.94 L
B. 0.90 L D. 0.09 L

42. Arthur has blended coffee worth 95 pesos per kilogram with coffee worth 115 pesos per
kilogram to make 50 kilograms of coffee that will be sold at 107 pesos per kilogram. How many
kilograms of each kind did he blend?
A. 20 kilos of 95/kg and 30 kilos of 115/kg
B. 30 kilos of 95/kg and 30 kilos of 115/kg
C. 30 kilos of 95/kg and 50 kilos of 115/kg
D. 60 kilos of 95/kg and 30 kilos of 115/kg
43. A Victory Liner bus traveling at a rate of 70 km/h leaves the station 2 hrs aftera freight truck
has left and overtakes it in 5 hrs. At what rate was the freight truck traveling?

A. 20 km/h C. 40 km/h
B. 30 km/h D. 50 km/h

44. Don Antonio invested part of 30,000 pesos at 5% interest and the remaining amount at 6%
interest at BPI. If his investment yields an annual income of 1,620 pesos, how much did he
invest at 6% interest?

A. 12,000 pesos C. 16,000 pesos

B. 14,000 pesos D. 18,000 pesos
45. The units digit of a two-digit number exceeds the tens digit by 2. Find the number if it is 4
times the sum of its digits.
A. 24 C. 48
B. 42 D. 82

46. Using the integers 4, 7, 9, 8 and 5, how many two-digit numbers can be formed if repletion is
NOT allowed?

A. 20 C. 25
B. 23 D. 28
47. In how many ways can 5 boys be seated in a row of 5 seats?

A. 72 C. 102
B. 98 D. 120

48. In how many ways can a team of 10 basketball players be chosen from 12 players?
 A. 72 C. 102
B. 98 D. 120

MATH 1 – 1.6 Ratio and Proportion

49. If a picture frame is 27 cm long and 18 cm wide, what is the ratio of its length to its width?

A. 3:2 C. 3:5
B. 2:3 D. 5:3

50. Five bananas weigh as much as 3-star apples. In this rate, how many star apples will weigh
as much as 45 bananas?

A. 27 C. 33
B. 30 D. 36

51. Il takes 20 men to build a building for 60 days. Assuming that all men work at this rate, how
many men will be needed to build the same building in 15 days?

A. 27 C. 100
B. 80 D. 120

52. The ratio of the number of carabaos, goats and cows in a farm is 5:1:2. If there are 48
animals of these kinds in his backyard, how many of them are goats?

A. 2 C. 6
B. 4 D. 8
53. The ratio of the number of red, green and blue balls in a box is 2:5:6. How many green
marbles are there if there are 52 marbles in all?
A. 4 C. 20
B. 8 D. 24

54. In a university, the ratio of female professors to the male professors is 8:5. If there are 75
male professors, how many are female professors?
A. 120 C. 225
B. 180 D. 375/8

55. A meter stick was cut into 2 at the 25 cm mark. What is the ratio of the smaller piece to the
larger piece?
A. 1:3 C. 3:4
B. 2:5 D. 4:5

MATH 1 – 1.7 Percentage, Base and Rate

56. In a survey to determine the reaction of people about having a new GSIS card, 80% of the
2,400 people voted in favor of the new card. How many of the voters did not vote for the new
card?

A. 1920 C. 800
B. 1600 D. 480

57. Lulu spends 15% of her monthly income for house rental, 10% for electric bill and 25% for
food and other miscellaneous expenses. After paying all these expenses, she still has P6,000
left. How much does she earn every month?

A. P15,000.00 C. P9,000.00
B. P12,000.00 D. P8,000.00
58. If 500 or 25% of a graduating class are girls, how many are graduating?

A. 2,000 C. 10,000
B. 5,000 D. 20,000
59. At 25% discount, Ms. Barat paid P150.75 for a bag. What was the original price of the bag?
A. P37.69 C. P201.00
B. P150.75 D. P603.00

60. A man accepts a position at P14,250 basic salary with an agreement that he will receive a
2% increase every year for 3 years. What will his salary be at the end of 3 years?

A. P14,950.00 C. P15,122.21
B. P15,105.00 D. P16,500.00

61. A man invested Php100,000. He put part of it in a bank at 5% interest. On the other hand,
he invested the remainder in bonds with a 9% yearly return. How much did he put in the bank if
his yearly income from the two investments was Php 7,400?

A. Php40,000.00 C. Php60,000.00
B. Php50,000.00 D. Php 70,000.00

MATH 1 – 1.8 Measurement and Units of Measure

62. Max is planning to take a leisurely stroll around their rectangular patio, which measures 27.7
m long and 21.5 m wide. How far does Max have to walk?

A. 96.4 m C. 98.4 m
B. 120.4 m D. 88.4 m

63. Which among the following has the largest perimeter?

 A. Square pizza with perimeter of 80 cm
B. Circular pizza with radius of 13 cm
C. Rectangular pizza with dimension 10 cm x 14 cm
D. Circular pizza with radius 8.5 cm

64. You own a small rectangular box measuring 3 cm x 2 cm. If the dimensions of this box are
increased by 10%, what is the area of the resulting box?

A. 6.26 cm 2 C. 712 cm 2
B. 6.22 cm 2 D. 7.26 cm 2
65. What is the area of a rhombus whose diagonals measure 10 m and 12 m respectively?

A. 120 m 2 C. 60 m 2
B. 100 m 2 D. 360 m 2
66. Find the volume of a toy ball whose radius is 2 cm.

A. 33.49 cm 3 C. 51.76 cm 3
B. 48.56 cm 3 D. 50.24 cm 3

67. A tin can has a radius of 6 cm and a height of 20 cm. What is the volume of milk that this
container can hold?

A. 3,000 cm 3 C. 1,689 cm 3
B. 2,261 cm 3 D. 2,200 cm 3
68. The total surface area of a cubic box is 600 cm? What is the length of one side of this box?

A. 6 cm C. 9 cm
B. 8 cm D. 10 cm

69. After a stone is dropped into a cylindrical container filled with 100 cm of water, the water
rises and the new reading is 106.5 cm 3. What is the volume of the stone?

A. 6.5 cm 3 C. 60.5 cm 3
B. 60.65 cm 3 D. 10.65 cm 3
70. Which of the following lengths is the longest?

A. 555 cm C. .005 km
B. 5.5 m D. 5555 mm

71. One-fifth of the width and one-fourth of the length of a rectangular cardboard is cut off. What
part of the original cardboard is the area of the remaining piece?
A. 30% of the original area C. 50% of the original area
B. 40% of the original area D. 60% of the original area
72. If the area of a triangle is 1 sq unit and its height is 1 unit, what is the length of its base?
 A. 1 unit C. 3 units
B. 2 units D. 4 units
73. What is the radius of a circle whose area is 251 cm 2?

A. 24 cm C. 5 cm
B. 12.5 cm D. 2.5 cm

74. Refer to the figure. Given: The measure of angle 2 is 55° and the measure of angle 3 is 80°.
What is the measure of angle 4?

4 1 2 5

A. 95° C. 115°
B. 105° D. 135°
1
75. Mrs. Dinah Tah Tanda divided her lot among her 4 children. The first got 3 ha, the second
2
1 1 2
3 ha, the third 3 ha and the fourth 3 ha. How big is Mrs. Tanda's lot?
3 4 5

5 29
A. 12 ha C. 13 ha
14 60
B. 13 ha D. 14 ha
76. An elevator can carry a maximum load of 605 kg. How many passengers of weight 50.5 kg
each can the elevator hold?

A. 12 C. 11
B. 11.9 D. 10

77. A room is 30 ft long, 25 ft wide and 14 ft high. If 42 balloons are inside the room, how many
cubic feet of space does this allow for each balloon?

A. 25 C. 250
B. 69 D. 690
78. What is the volume of air in an atmospheric balloon with a diameter of 24 cm?

A. 1447 cm C. 570 cm
B. 2401 cm D. 23041 cm

79. A photograph measuring 7 cm by 5 cm is enlarged so that the longer side is 24 cm. What is
the length (in cm) of the shorter side?
 A. 36 C. 6
B. 16 D. 1.6
80. How many cm are there in 2 m and 550 mm?

A. 75 C. 2055
B. 255 D. 2550

81. How much liquid containing 6% boric acid should to be mixed with 2 quarts of a liquid that is
15% boric acid in order to obtain a solution that is 12% boric acid?

A. 1 quart C. 3 quarts
B. 2 quarts D. 5 quarts

82. A defective ruler was found to be 11.5 in long. Using this ruler, Samuel was found to be 4 ft
tall. What is Samuel's actual height?

A. 4 ft 2 in C. 3 ft 11.5 in
B. 4 ft 4 in D. 3 ft 10 in

MATH 1 – 1.9 Convert Units in the Metric System

83. How many grams are there in 1 petagram?

A. 5 C. 1015
B. 5,000 D. 5 × 1015

84. If an apple weighs about 170 grams, about how many apples are in a 3.5 kilogram bag of
apples?

A. 20 C. 22
B. 21 D. 23

85. A new supercomputer measures 462 lbs in weight. How much does it weigh in grams?
A. 210 g C. 21,000 g
B. 2,100 g D. 210,000 g
86. How many liters are there in 353 quarts?
A. 353 L C. 326 L
B. 334 L D. 324 L

87. Paul and his son participated in a marathon. Paul traveled 3 km 50 m while his son ran 502
m 36 cm. What is the total distance that the father and son tandem covered?

A. 3,760 m C. 3,552 m
B. 5,452 m D. 3,550 m

88. A slow moving snail travels 4,800 mm. How far did it travel in kilometers?
 A. 0.0048 km C. 0.48 km
B. 4.8 km D. 0,048 km

89. For the fruit punch, 3050 mL of fruit juice is needed. How much fruit juice is needed in
dekaliters?

A. 0.305 daL C. 5.03 daL

B. 3.05 daL D. 0.053 daL

90. The measure of an angle is 25 more than its supplement. What is the measure of the larger
angle?

A. 102.5 degrees C. 90 degrees

B. 77.5 degrees D. 110 degrees

2. PLANE GEOMETRY

2.1 Show mastery of basic terms and concepts in plane geometry

2.1 Solve problems involving basic terms and concepts in plane geometry

91. If the measure of an angle is twice the measure of its complement, what is the measure of
the angle?

A. 30 degrees C. 90 degrees
B. 60 degrees D. 120 degrees
92. Which among the following statements is ALWAYS TRUE?

A. The supplement of an angle is acute.

B. The complement of an angle is obtuse.
C. The complement of any acute angle is acute.
D. Two supplementary angles are congruent.
93. Which among the following statements is ALWAYS FALSE?

A. Two adjacent right angles are supplementary.

B. Complements of congruent angles are congruent.
C. Two intersecting lines form two pairs of vertical angles.
D. Angles that form a linear pair are complementary.

94. What is the measure of an angle if the measure of its supplement is 39 degrees more than
twice the measure of its complement?

A. 29 degrees C. 49 degrees
B. 39 degrees D. 59 degress
95. Consider the triangle illustrated below. Find the value of x.
 3𝑥 − 5

5𝑥 + 5 3𝑥 − 15

A. 57 degrees C. 55 degrees
B. 47 degrees D. 22 degrees
96. Consider the triangle illustrated below. Find the value of x.
68

125
𝑥

A. 55 C. 60
B. 35 D. 57

97. Two sides of a triangle measure 4 cm and 7 cm. What is the range of values for the possible
lengths of the third side x?

A. 4 < 𝑥 < 7 C. 7 < 𝑥 < 𝐼𝐼

B. 3 < 𝑥 < 11 D. 11 < 𝑥 < 15
98. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. A rectangle is a square.
B. A parallelogram is a trapezoid.
C. A rhombus is a rectangle.
D. A square is a rhombus.

99. Consider the quadrilateral below. If the measure of angle A is 112°, what is the measure of
angle C? A B

C D
A. 54° C. 58°
B. 56° D. 112°

100. If the sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 1980 degrees, how many sides
does it have?

A. 11 C. 13
B. 12 D. 14
101. What is the sum of the measures of the interior angle of an icosagon?
 A. 3100 C .3240
B. 3140 D. 2850
102. What is the measure of an interior angle of a dodecagon?

A. 120 degrees C. 140 degrees

B. 130 degrees D. 150 degrees
103. How many unique diagonals can be drawn in a pentagon?

A. 5 C. 7
B. 6 D. 10
104. Nine unique diagonals are drawn in a regular polygon. How many sides does it have?

A. 9 C. 7
B. 8 D. 6

105. A triangle has a perimeter of 50. If 2 of its sides are equal and the third side is 5 more than
the equal sides, what is the length of the third side?

A. 5 C. 15
B. 10 D. 20

106. A rectangle is 4 times as long as it is wide. If the length is increased by inches and the
width is decreased by 1 inch, the area will be 60 square inches. What were the dimensions of
the original rectangle?

A. 2 x 32 C. 3 x 14
B. 4 x 16 D. 5 x 12

107. In a quadrilateral two angles are equal. The third angle is equal to the sum of the two equal
angles. The fourth angle is 60° less than twice the sum of the other three angles. Find the
measures of the angles in the quadrilateral.

A. 25°, 35°, 90° and 220° C. 35°, 359, 70° and 220°
B. 25°, 45, 70° and 70° D. 35, 359, 70° and 210°

108. If one side of a square is doubled in length and the adjacent side is decreased by two
centimeters, the area of the resulting rectangle is 96 square centimeters larger than that of the
original square. Find the dimensions of the rectangle.

A. 17 x 24 C. 10 x 24
B. 24 x 24 D. 6 x 16

109. The smallest angle of a triangle is two-thirds the size of the middle angle, and the middle
angle is three-sevenths of the largest angle. Find all three angle measures.

A. 309, 60°, 90° C. 35°, 45°, 110°

B. 45°, 45°, 90° D. 30°, 45°, 105°

110. If the height of a triangle is five inches less than the length of its base, and if the area of the
triangle is 52 square inches, find the base and the height.
 A. Base - 13, Height 8 C. Base-11, Height – 7
B. Base - 12, Height 9 D. Base 13, Height - 4

111. A wood frame for pouring concrete has an interior perimeter of 14 meters, Its length is one
meter greater than its width. The frame is to be braced with at either end of a cross-wire for
anchoring, what length of wire should be cut twelve-gauge steel cross-wires. Assuming an extra
half-meter of wire is used for each brace?

A. 6 m C. 8 m
B. 7 m D. 12 m

112. Find the largest possible rectangular arca you can enclose, assuming you have 128 meters
of fencing.

A. 256 m 2 C. 1024 m 2
B. 512 m 2 D. 2048 m 2

113. In a photograph, Bianca is 9 cm tall and her brother Tristan is 10 cm tall. Bianca's actual
height is 153 cm. What is Tristan's actual height?

A. 148 cm C. 168 cm
B. 156 cm D. 170 cm

114. The measures of the angles of a triangle are in a ratio of 2:3:4. Find the measure of the
middle angle.

A. 30° C. 60°
B. 40° D. 80°

115. The graph shows the number of socks, belts, handkerchiefs, and neckties sold by a store
in one week.

150
Number of Items

100

50

0
Items Sold by Store

The names of the items are missing on the graph. Socks were the item most
 often sold, and fewer neckties than any other item were sold. More belts than
handkerchiefs were sold. How many belts were sold?
A. 80 C. 120
B. 90 D. 140
116. An empty box weighs 1.3 kilos. A Math book weighs 1.5 kilos. Which expression gives the
weight of the box when filled with the y Math books?
A. 1.3y + 1.5 C. 1.3 + 1.5y
B. 1.5y - 1.3 D. 1.3y + 1.5y

2.2 Solve problems involving basic terms and concepts in plane geometry

117. A building 25 m tall casts a shadow 10 m long. How long is the shadow of a 5-foot girl
standing beside the building?
A. 2 ft C. 10 ft
B. 2.5 ft D. 250 ft

118. What is the maximum number of books, each 1.4 cm thick that can be put vertically in a
shelf which is 64 cm long?
A. 44 C. 46
B. 45 D. 64

ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
3.1 Show mastery of basic terms and concepts in
3.1.2 Polynomials
3.1.3 Linear equations
3.1.4 Linear inequalities
3.2 Solve, evaluate, and manipulate symbolic and numerical problems in elementary algebra by
applying fundamental rules, principles and processes

119. Factor completely the expression: a2x - 5b2y - 5a2y + b2x.

A. (a2 + b2)(x - 5y) C. (a + b)(a - b)(x - 5y)
B. (a2 – b2)(x + 4y + 3) D. (a2 + b2)(x2 - 5y2)
120. Which among the following is NOT a perfect square trinomial?
A. x2 + 8x + 16 C. 49x2 + 70x + 36
B. 9x2 + 12x + 4 D. x2 + 6x + 9
121. Factor completely the expression: 27a3 - 54a²b + 36ab2 - 8b3.
A. (3a – 3b)3 C. (4a - 3b)3
B. (a - 3b)3 D. (3a - 2b)3
122. What is the greatest common monomial factor of the expression: -13abc - 39bc + 26ab?
A. 3b C. 13abc
B. -13b D. 26b
123. Which factoring technique will best help you to factor the expression: x2 + 6x - 7 = 0?
A. Difference of two cubes C. Grouping
B. Common monomial factor D. Completing the square
124. Find the general equation of the line which passes through the points (2,-1) and (-3,5).
A. 6x + 5y - 7 = 0 C. 6x + 7y - 5 = 0
B. 5x - 6 y - 7 = 0 D. 6x + 6y - 5 = 0
125. What is the equation of the line with x-intercept of 4 and y-intercept of 3?
A. 3x + 4y = -12 C. 6x - 8y = 12
B. 3x - 4y = 12 D. 4x - 3y = 12
126. Find the equation of the line with a slope of 4 and passing through the point (-5,3).
A. x - 4y = -23 C. 4x - y = -23
B. 4x - 4y = 23 D. x - y = -4
127. Find the slope of the line described by the following table of values:
x -2 0 2 4
y -7 -4 -1 2

A. 1.50 C. 2.50
B. 0.66 D. 3.50
128. What is the equation of the line whose slope is -2 and whose y-intercept is 3?
A. 2x + 3y = 6 C. 2x + 2y = 4
B. x + 2y = 3 D. 2x + y = 3

129. The length of a rectangle is 18 cm. What are the possible widths that will give a perimeter
less than 150 cm?
A. 3 < width < 54 C. 18 < width < 36
B. 0 < width < 57 D. 12 < width < 57
130. What is the simplest form of the expression? 3x - [x - 2 (2y + 7) - 3]?
A. -2x + 4y – 17 C. 2x + 4y - 17
 B. 2x + 4y + 17 D. 2x + 4y
𝑥2 3𝑥
131. If x= 1 and y = -2, what is the value of the expression − 4𝑥 + ?
2𝑥𝑦 𝑦2

9 7
A. − C. − 2
2

15 17
B. D.
2 4

132. If -3x < 6, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. x < -2 C. x > 2
B. x < 2 D. x > -2

4. STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

4.1 Show mastery and knowledge of basic terms and concepts in statistics and
probability
4.2 Solve, evaluate, manipulate symbolic and num erical problems in statistics and
probability by applying fundamental rules, principles and processes

133. If a die is rolled, what is the probability of getting a number divisible by 2?

A. 1/6 C. 1/4
B. 1/2 D. 1/3
134. Which among the measures of central tendency is NOT influenced by outliers?
A. mean C. median
B. weighted mean D. mode
135. Monica obtained the following results from her mathematics exams: 80, 82, 83, 91. What
score must she get on the next exam so that her average score is 85?
A. 92 C. 89
B. 93 D. 85
136. In a Filipino test, eight students obtained the following scores: 10, 15, 12, 18, 16,
24, 12, 14. What is the median score?
A. 14 C. 15
B. 14.5 D. 15
137. The following table summarizes the scores of Section A on the recent periodic test in
Social Studies. What is the median score interval?

Score Frequency
16-23 2
24-31 4
32-39 6
40-47 12
A. 24-31 48-55 10 C. 40-47

B. 32-39 56-62 8 D. 48-55

138. The following measurements were obtained from the

caliper: 20, 15, 20, 14,18, 15, 6. What is the mode?
A. 15 C. 14
B. 20 D. 15 and 20
139. The following are Joselito's grades for the 3rd quarter. Find his general weighted average.
Subject Units Grade
Math 3 89
English 2 84
Science 3 90
Filipino 2 86
HEKASI 2 84

A. 87.08. C. 86.36
B. 89.50 D. 87.45

For numbers 140-144, consider the following situation. The grades in math of the
students in section B are as follows: 70, 95, 60, 80, 100.
140. What is the mean absolute deviation of their group?
A. 11.7 C. 14.6
B. 13.2 D. 15.9
141. What is the population variance of their group?
A. 224 C. 264
 B. 250 D. 280

142. What is the population standard deviation of their group?

A. 16.73 C. 1.58
B. 1.41 D. 14.97
143. What is the range of their group?
A. 60-95 C. 60-100
B. 70-100 D. 80-95
144. What can you infer from the measures of variability obtained from this population?
A. The population is very homogeneous.
B. The measures are very unstable.
C. The grades are very scattered.
D. The range of scores is a very reliable measure of variability.

1145. What measure of central tendency can best describe the size of t-shirts commonly used
by teen-agers?
A. mean C. mode
B. median D. both A and C

146. The following are the results of the recent achievement test in Mathematics of the four
divisions.
Division Mean Standard deviation
I 34 4.5
II 34 3.0
III 23 1.0
IV 20 2.0

Which division performed best?

A. I C. III
B. II D. IV
147. What is the probability of getting a multiple of 3 when a die is tossed?
A. 1/6 C. 1/3
B. 1/4 D. 1/2
148. In how many ways can 5 basketball players be chosen from a group of 9 players?
A. 126 C. 15,120
B. 212 D. 362,880
SOCIAL SCIENCE

1. Which statement is TRUE of the pre-Spanish Filipino government?

A. The datu exercised all powers of government.

B. Laws were formulated by a law making body elected by the datu.

C. Laws were formulated by a law making body elected by the community.

D. There was a court created by the datu to hear complaints.

2. What characteristic/s of government is established by the 1987 Constitution?

I. Presidential system of government with three branches

II. Parliamentary system of government

III. The three branches of government are separate and independent of one another.

IV. The three branches of government have a check and balance over one another.

A. I only B. II only C. II, III, and IV D. I, III, and IV

3. If our present government is a democracy, where does power reside?

A. In the Filipino People

B. In Congress

C. In the President

D. In the Supreme Court

4. In President Quezon's time, the country had the Philippine Commonwealth. What is TRUE about the
Philippine Commonwealth?

The Filipino people ________________.

A. were fully independent.

B. were partially independent

C. were granted total freedom to course their destiny only in matters of education

D. were citizens of the United States

5. In the decade of the 70s, one clamor of the activists who staged street demonstration on the streets
was "Down with the oligarchs!" What did they accuse government of as suggested by the underlined
word? Government was ___________.

A. a rule of the few rich C. anti-poor

B. a form of dictatorship D. elitist

6. With the Batasang Pambansa performing legislative and executive powers in the Marcos regime,
which form of government was implemented?

A. Parliamentary C. Monarchial

B. Dictatorial D. Presidential

7. What form of government is characterized by the separation of powers?

A. Parliamentary C. Aristocracy

B. Presidential D. Monarchical

8. To which type of political system do we belong?

A. Colonialism C. Democracy

B. Totalitarianism D. Capitalism

9. In which form of government does power or authority reside in a few persons who govern for their
own interest?

A. Oligarchy C. Democracy

B. Monarchy D. Parliamentary

10. Which of the following represents the smallest subunit of government in the Philippines at present?

A. Purok C. Sitio

B. Barangay D. Zone

11. The Philippine government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative and judiciary. Which
among the following doctrines best describes the model of governance in the Philippines?

A. Tricameralism C. Emancipation of state

B. Separation of powers D. Division of labor

12. The Philippine legislature is divided into two major bodies, the Senate and the House of
Representatives. Which among the following best describes this division of the legislative body of the
country?

A. Bipartisanism C. Unicameralism
 B. Co-legislative power D. Bicameralism

13. Which type of governance is characterized by a union of partially self -governing states or regions
united by a central government?

A. Federalism C. Democracy

B. Socialism D. Totalitarianism

14. In England, Queen Elizabeth acts as head of state. This country also has a parliament and a Prime
Minister. Which among the following best describes the form of government in this country?

A. Absolute monarchy C. Oligarchy

B. Constitutional monarchy D. Aristocracy

15. In which form of government are all citizens treated as equals on certain dimensions such as religion,
politics, economics, social status and culture?

A. Totalitarianism C. Socialism

B. Democracy D. Egalitarianism

1.2 Explain the nature and provisions of the present Constitution, its advantages and
disadvantages over the others in the past and its function as funda mental law of the state

16. What human right is violated when one opens a letter without permission from the addressee?

A. Right to privacy of communication and correspondence

B. Right to read the letter

C. Right to open the envelope without permission

D. Right to private affairs

17. When an individual is imprisoned without proper investigation what right is violated?

A. Right to due process of law C. Right to process paper

B. Right to secure persons D. Right to protection

18. What law was passed by Philippine Congress in 1995 which affirms the total integration of persons
with disabilities into the mainstream of society?

A. Republic Act No. 7277 C. Republic Act No. 7722

B. Republic Act No. 7784 D. Republic Act No. 7776

19. Which is the best definition of inclusive education endorsed by DepEd?

A. It is a flexible and individualized support system for children and youth with special education
needs.

B. It is a mandate to include all children and youth in community activities

C. It is a system to support children and youth in exclusive schools.

D. It is a special support for children and youth who cannot attend school.

Read the text below then answer Item #20.

Inclusion is a basic right of every Filipino child with special needs to education, rehabilitation,
support services, work training and employment opportunities, community participation and
independent living.

20. To prepare teachers to handle inclusive education what specialization is offered in teacher education
institutions?

A. Special Education C. Kindergarten courses

B. Special Course D. Pre school education

Read the text below then answer items 21 - 22.

Article XIV Section of the 1987 Philippine Constitution mandates that the “State shall protect
and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps
to make such education accessible to all.”

21. Which of the goals of EFA 2015 aims to achieve the above mentioned constitutional mandate?

A. Universal completion of full cycle of basic education schooling with satisfactory achievement levels
by all at every grade or year

B. Universal completion of primary education with satisfactory achievement levels at every grade level

C. Universal completion of secondary education with satisfactory achievement levels at every year level

D. Universal elimination of drop outs and repetition by all at every grade or year including satisfactory
achievement levels
22. What is the best indicator of "quality education” as invoked in the Constitution?

A. Generation of reliable measurements on dropout rate

B. Generation of reliable measurements on cohort survival rate

C. Generation of reliable measurements of educational outcomes

D. Generation of reliable measurements on participation rate

23. An individual has the right to file writ of amparo before the investigation of an administrative case
filed against him/her. What fundamental right is invoked by the individual?

A. Right to life, liberty and security C. Right to be defended by a public attorney.

B. Right to due process D. Right to self-defense

24. What is the writ of habeas data?

 A. Right to information privacy C. Right to transmit data

B. Right to accumulate data D. Right to search for private information

25. The Code of Ethics of Professional Teachers provides that a "teacher has the right and duty to
determine the academic marks and the promotion of learners. What is the obligation of the teacher in
relation to the aforementioned right as mandated in the Education Act of 1982?

A. Refrain from making deductions in students' scholastic ratings for acts not of poor scholarship

B. Refrain from discriminating high and low achievers in the classes he/she handles.

C. Refrain from inflecting corporal punishment and make it a basic for deductions in scholastic ratings.

D. Refrain from segrating the fast and slow learners for convenience in rating them.

26. When a teacher is charged with an administrative case committed in the lawful discharge of
professional duties, what right may the teacher invoke for her defense?

A. Right to receive compensation in the duration of the case

B. Right to be given the due process of law

C. Right to be defended by the organization of teachers to which he/she is a member

D. Right to be provided with free legal service by the appropriate office

27. What is the teacher's accountability in the achievement of quality education?

A. Be accountable for the grading performance of learners

B. Be accountable for the effective attainment of specified learning objectives and outcomes

C. Be accountable for reporting the performance of learners to parents

D. Be accountable for reporting the performance of learners to the school head and stakeholders.

28. Which is the overriding aim of the constitutional mandate on social justice?

A. To bridge the gap between the rich and the poor

B. To protect the squatter in the possession of the premises occupied by him because he is poor

C. To authorize the taking of what is in excess of one's personal needs and the giving it to another

D. To work for social equality

29. Which principle states that no man in this country is above the law and that laws must be obeyed by
all and applied to everyone - rich or poor, lowly or powerful – without fear or favor?

A. Rule of law

C. Separation of Church and State

B. Rule of the majority

D. Social justice

30. In connection with government transactions involving public interest, which policy is adopted in the
Constitution to assure the public of accountability and transparency?

A. Full public disclosure C. Private enterprise and incentives to needed investments

B. Balanced and healthful ecology D. Rural development and agrarian reform

31. Filipino citizens have the power to participate in the establishment or administration of government
such as right to vote and be voted upon as an exercise of ________________.

A. political rights C. social rights

B. civil rights D. economic rights

32. Can the accused waive his right to remain silent and to have competent and independent counsel?

A. No, except in writing and in the presence of counsel. C. No, it cannot be waived.

B. Yes, if there is no counsel offering his service. D. Yes, if he voluntarily does so.

33. Which is right violated by wiretapping?

A. Freedom of expression C. The right to privacy of communication

B. The right to private property D. The right to information on matters of public concern

34. Which act is a deprivation of life without due process?

A. Killing in self-defense C. Imposition of the death penalty

B. Salvaging D. Death resulting from illness

35. Is land grabbing an act of deprivation of property without due process?

A. Yes. C. Yes, if the land grabber is rich.

B. No. D. No, if the land grabber is landless.

36. Can you be arrested without a warrant of arrest?

A. No, if you are a minor.

 B. No, if you are more than 60 years old.

C. Yes, if you were reported to have committed a crime.

D. Yes, if you are in the act of committing a crime.

37. Can religious instruction be taught in public schools?

I. Yes, if given free.

II. Yes, if given outside class hours.

III. Yes, only to those children whose parents give their consent i n writing.

A. I and III B. II and III C. I, II, and III D. III only

38. Can an accused avail of free legal assistance?

A. No, there is no such thing as free lunch.

B. Yes, provided he is classified as a poor litigant by the court.

C. Yes, if the act committed is a minor offense.

D. No, if the offense is grave

39. My right is another man's duty. Which one CORRECTLY illustrates this?

A. My right to my private property requires my neighbor's duty not to trespass the same.

B. I have freedom of speech but I see to it that I speak only what is true.

C. Suffrage is both a right and a duty.

D. I exercise my right in such a way that it does not violate another person's right

40. Every right has a built-in duty. Which of the following illustrates this CORRECTLY?

A. I have the right to vote, and it is the duty of the COMELEC to allow me to vote.

B. My right to privacy requires my neighbor to respect it.

C. I have the right to sell you my cellphone but it is your duty to pay for it.

D. I have the right to drive my car but I must see to it that I obey traffic rules.

41. Can a person be imprisoned for debt?

A. No, if he can't he pay the interest of his debt.

B. Yes, if he has no property with which to pay his debt.

C. No.
 D. Yes, if he stubbornly refuses to pay.

42. What does “presumption of innocence” mean in so far as human rights is concerned?

A. A suspect is considered guilty until proven otherwise.

B. A suspect has the right to remain silent.

C. A suspect has the right to a legal counsel.

D. A suspect remains innocent until proven guilty.

43. No person may be elected as President of the Philippines unless he/she is a ________.

A. natural born citizen

B. resident of the Philippines for at least 2 years

C. at least 21 years old

D. professional

44. Who does the canvassing of votes for President and Vice President in every election?

A. Comelec and Chief Justice C. Supreme Court and Congress

B. Senate and Congress D. Joint committee of Congress

45. All appropriations, revenue or tariff bills shall originate exclusively from the ________.

A. Senate C. House of Representatives

B. Sangguniang Panlalawigan D. Department of Budget

46. Which department has the authority to make laws and to alter them when needed?

A. Executive C. Judicial

B. Legislative D. Administrative

47. A bill becomes a law even if not signed by the President after _____ days.

A. 60 B. 40 C. 20 D. 30

48. Which refers to the act of the President to stay the execution of a convict?

A. Commutation B. Amnesty C. Pardon D. Reprieve

49. Who has the power to declare the existence of a state of war?

A. Chief Justice B. President C. Senate President D. Congress

50. A losing senatorial candidate may file a protest against the winner. What body will assume
jurisdiction over the case?
 A. Supreme Court B. Electoral Tribunal C. COMELEC D. Regional Trial Court

51. How is the crime of rape classified?

A. Heinous B. Homicide C. Slander D. Malicious Mischief

52. All Filipino citizens have the right to vote and to be voted upon as a government official. What is this
constitutional right called?

A. Passive right to vote B. Political franchise C. Suffrage D. Electoral right

53. Any individual has the right to question why he is being arrested, and to summon his accusers to
court so that due process may be performed. This right is embodied in which of the following?

A. Reclusion perpetua B. Res ipsa loquitur C. Prison mayor D. Habeas corpus

54. Which among the following represents the political process involved in amending or revising the
Philippine constitution to adapt to present Philippine situation?

A. Constitutional convention B. Citizens' assembly C. Charter change D. Constitutional

correction

2. PHILIPPINE HISTORY

2.1 Trace the history of the Philippines from pre -colonial to contemporary periods.

2.2 Draw the implications of the historical evolution of the Philippines to its present
socio-political condition.

55. Which is TRUE of the historical development of the Philippines?

A. It has never been an independent nation.

B. It has been an independent nation ever since.

C. It has evolved from a colony to a fully independent nation.

D. It has not achieved full independence from the very beginning.

56. Which problem is common from the presidency of Marcos, Aquino, Ramos, Estrada, Macapagal -
Arroyo and Benigno Aquino III?
A. Social injustice C. Poor governance

B. Peace and security D. Moral degeneration

57. Basically, the Philippine agrarian problem is a question of ___________.

A. land distribution C. graft and corruption

B. nepotism and corruption D. environmental degradation

58. Every elected President of the Philippines delivers SONA. What does SONA mean?
 A. Speech of the Nation Assembly C. State of the Nation Address

B. Speech of the Nation Address D. State of the Nation Advocacy

59. Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina to

I. unite the whole country

II. fight violence and injustice

III. revolt against the Spaniards

A. I and III B. II only C. I and II D. II and III

60. Which is TRUE of the Philippines?

A. It was colonized by Spain, Portugal, America, and Japan.

B. It has been part of the world's economy since the Spanish colonial rule.

C. It is one of the least populated countries in the world,

D. It has two autonomous regions - ARMM and CAR.

61. Which is TRUE of the Philippines?

A. It has been colonized by two European colonial powers.

B. It has never been united as a nation.

C. There have been attempts to change its government to a parliamentary form.

D. It is the only Christian country in Asia.

62. As a result of EDSA I, the Philippines ________.

A. became known worldwide for its People Power Revolution

B. changed its form of government to parliamentary

C. saw the impeachment of Joseph Estrada as president

D. intensified its participation in international affairs

63. Which is TRUE of former persident Corazon Aquino?

I. The first female president of the Philippines.

II. The first female president in Asia

III. Described as the "icon of democracy."

A. I, II and III B. I and II C. I and III D. I only

64. A year ago “Cha-cha” and “con ass” were popular words in the Philippines. With which were the
words "Cha-cha" and "con ass" associated?
 A. Imposition of martial law

B. Return to dictatorial form of government

C. Amendment of the present Constitution

D. Division between Senate and House of Representatives

65. The Philippine revolts against Spain, the Philippine-American War, the Muslim in rebellion, the NPA,
the MILF and Abu Sayyaf movement point to the reality of _____ in the Philippines.

A. multi-ethnicity C. poor quality of education

B. poverty D. insurgency

66. Which of the following was the first to happen?

A. Aguinaldo was captured.

B. Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence.

C. Guerilla warfare against the US was initiated.

D. The Philippines was ceded to the US by the Treaty of Paris.

67. With whom is the “Strong Republic” associated?

A. Fidel V. Ramos C. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

B. Joseph Estrada D. Corazon Aquino

68. Which of the four pillars of education for the 21st century is crucial in the light of conflicts between
Israel and Palestine?

A. Learning to do C. Learning to live together

B. Learning to be D. Learning to know

69. Who is the general who said, “I shall return!”? A monument in his honor stands in Corregidor by the
bay.

A. William H. Taft C. John Dewey

B. Douglas McArthur D. Schurmann

70. In 1565 Legaspi concluded a blood compact with the chief of Bohol. Who i s referred to?

A. Raja Sulayman C. Lakandula

B. Sikatuna D. Rajah Tupas

71. The Japanese successful invasion was climaxed by the surrender of the joint Filipino - American
forces on May 6, 1942. Where did this happen?

A. Bataan C. Capas
 B. Corregidor D. Manila

72. The Philippines objected to the advisory on travels to Mindanao by the Australian government. What
should the government do?

A. Declare war against the country C. Recall all nationals

B. File diplomatic protest D. Arrest their nationals

73. Foreign investors are discouraged in doing business in our country. To what condition/s can this be
attributed?

I. Deteriorating peace and order III. High tariffs

II. Poor technology

IV. Poor standards

A. I and II B. I, II and III C. II only D. IV only

74. Who is the President who is known for his “Filipino First Policy” and Austerity Program?

A. Diosdado Macapagal C. Manuel Roxas

B. Carlos P. Garcia D. Ramon Magsaysay

75. Pre-colonial trade in the Philippines was prosperous. What system did they use for their business
transactions?

A. Money C. Credit

B. Barter D. Banking

76. After Negritos, what was the second group of people who migrated by sea to the Philippines?

A. Indonesians C. Indians

B. Arabs D. Malays

77. Foreign influences are evident on most aspects of Filipino culture including Philippine languages.
From which Asian language do these words come: alam, hukom, salamat?

A. Malayo-Polynesian C. Arabic

B. Sanskrit D. Mandarin

78. What is considered the earliest form of writing in the Philippines?

A. Abakada C. Alibata

B. Roman alphabet D. Balitaw

79. Who was the American president who proclaimed the Benevolent Assimilation policy during the
American colonial years of the Philippines?
 A. William Mckinley C. Woodrow Wilson

B. Franklin Roosevelt D. Theodore Roosevelt

80. Who first introduced the Islamic religion to the Philippines?

A. Rajah Baguinda C. Mukdum

B. Idi Amin D. Abu Bakr

81. The following were among the five ships involved in Ferdinand Magellan's voyage EXCEPT _____.

A. Concepcion C. Trinidad

B. Cartagena D. Victoria

82. Who was among the last Filipino generals who fought the Americans and established the so -called
“Tagalog Republic”?

A. Gregorio del Pilar C. Macario Sakay

B. Miguel Malvar D. Manuel Tinio

83. In Philippine history, who was known as “The Great Dissenter”?

A. Camilo Osias C. Claro M. Recto

B. Manuel Roxas D. Eulogio Rodriguez

84. During the Spanish era, who was the revolutionary leader who waged a long war against the
government because it did not allow proper burial for his brother?

A. Macario Sacay C. Diego Silang

B. Andres Bonifacio D. Francisco Dagohoy

85. The late president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law through which of the
following laws?

A. Article 6 Section 14 of the 1973 Constitution

B. R.A. 274

C. Proclamation 1081

D. Kautusang Tagapagpaganap blg. 25 S. 1974

86. What building was the only one left intact after the destruction of Intramuros during the Battle of
Manila?

A. Manila Post Office C. Manila Cathedral

B. San Agustin Church D. Quiapo Church

87. What was the first book published in the Philippines?

A. Del Superior Govierno C. Pasiong Mahal

B. Doctrina Christiana D. Barlaame Josaphat

3. ECONOMICS, TAXATION, LAND REFORM AND COOPERATIVE

3.1 Manifest understanding of the Philippine economic condition with respect to

taxation, land reform and cooperative as well as to the growth of its Gross National
Product

3.2 Apply the fundamental economic principles to the current economic condition of
the Philippines

PRACTICE TEST: Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

88. The world of nations is suffering from recession and so nations are experiencing the following
EXCEPT ________.

A. people are losing their jobs C. there is a drop in total spending

B. businesses are raking bigger profits D. production is slowing down

89. When one company controls the supply of sugar, which term applies?

A. Monopoly C. Economic stability

B. Inflation D. Equilibrium

90. Tomatoes are off season and so price for tomatoes is up. Which l aw/principle in economics explains
it?

A. Substitution effect C. Principle of marginal utility

B. Law of cause and effect D. Law of supply and demand

91. Which explains GNP?

A. The total value in pesos of goods and services produced during the year

B. The total value in pesos of goods produced during the year

C. The total value in pesos of services produced during the year

D. The total value in pesos of goods and services produced for 2 quarters

92. How can the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program bring about social equity and economic
prosperity in the country?

I. By distributing the agricultural lands to landless farmers free of charge

II. By transferring the ownership of land to farmers for a value

 III. By helping the affected landowners to use their land compensation in viable
business activities

IV. By providing support services to farmer-beneficiaries

A. II, III, and IV B. I, II and IV C. I, II, and III D. I, III and I

93. While in the capitalist system, "to the strongest goes the spoil", what happens in the cooperative
system?

A. All benefits are shared to the members proportionate to the shared capital.

B. Goods are distributed among the members but benefiting mostly the policy-
making body.

C. Goods are distributed among the members.

D. Goods are distributed among the members but elected and appointed officials get
more to compensate their service.

94. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform and cooperatives are meant to ________________.

A. eradicate poverty in the country

B. bridge the gap between the rich and the poor

C. to make all citizens equal

D. to improve on the country's literacy rate

95. When parents decide to send their children to a private school and pay their tuition fee instead of
sending them to the public school, they don't get their share in the benefit derived from the taxes they
pay. This is a case of ________________.

A. social injustice C. double taxation

B. double jeopardy D. social inequity

96. Which one CORRECTLY applies to Philippine foreign trade?

A. Philippine expenditure exports and earning from imports fluctuate.

B. The Philippines spends less on imports than it earns from exports.

C. The Philippine expenditure on imports is balanced with its earnings from exports.

D. The Philippines spends more on imports than it earns from exports.

97. The ultimate objective of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform is to

A. ensure the cultivation of all idle lands

B. abolish share tenancy in favor of lease tenancy

C. distribute arable lands to the landless

 D. establish owner-cultivated farms

98. What is TRUE of a progressive system of taxation?

A. The rate of tax increases as the income tax base or income bracket increases.

B. The tax is equal regardless of class and place

C. The rate of tax decreases as the income tax base increases.

D. The rate of tax increases as the income tax base decreases.

99. I rent out for P 10,000 per month my only building and lot to the Jesus is Lord Group which uses it
exclusively for religious purposes. I am exempt from payment of

A. property tax C. income tax

B. professional tax D. community tax

100. You are a member of a cooperative which operates taxis tricycles and buses. Of which type of a
cooperative are you a member?

A. Service cooperative C. Marketing cooperative

B. Multipurpose cooperative D. Producers cooperative

101. You have a property worth P500,000. The tax is 1% he pays P5000. If his property is worth
P1,000,000 he pays P10,000. Which does this illustrate?

A. Progressive taxation C. Equity in taxation

B. Uniformity in taxation D. Equality in taxation

102. Which is an unlawful act of escaping from payment of taxes?

A. Evasion C. Exemption

B. Avoidance D. Shifting

103.Which is required of cooperative members for the operation of their cooperative?

A. Share capital C. Net surplus

B. Interest on share capital D. Patronage refund

104.The primary purpose of taxation is to

A. raise revenue for the support of government

B. reduce inequalities in wealth and incomes

C. fortify the government against invaders

D. make the country a leading industrialized country in the world

105. Which is/are essential for the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program to trul - succeed?
 I. Granting the beneficiaries the right to sell the piece of land awarded to them

II. Change of heart of the landlords and lawmakers

III. Education of the beneficiaries

A. II and III B. I, II and III C. II only D. III only

106. Which is/are TRUE of cooperatives and the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform?

I. Intended to eliminate poverty in Philippine society

II. Meant to alleviate poverty

III. Are programs for people empowerment

A. II and III B. III only C. II only D. I and III

107. Which assumption underlies the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program?

A. People are more productive if they own what they cultivate.

B. Our country has very very few landed people and very many landless.

C. The wealth of the country is concentrated in the lands of a few.

D. There is so much poverty in the country because of overpopulation.

108. What does "capital" in economics refer to?

A. Investment and loss computed

B. Outcome of a business transaction

C. Money/ machines invested to transact business

D. Profit and labor spent for the business

109. What results when the government spends more than what it collects in the form of taxes?

A. Excessive allotment C. Fiscal deficit

B. Fiscal overspending D. Erroneous appropriations

110. What is the type of cooperative which promotes thrift among members and creates funds in order
to be able to grant loans?

A. Service C. Consumers

B. Producers D. Credit

111. One of the major functions of taxes is to finance real government expenditures. This function can
simply be stated as to ___________.

A. promote development C. raise revenues

 B. secure price stability D. raise national security

112. Which term refers the measures undertaken by the government which would remove anything that
hinders the entry of foreign products, services and capital between countries?

A. Liberalization C. Privatization

B. Globalization D. Internationalization

113. What do we call the sum of money collected for our use of a road, bridge and high -way?

A. Tax C. Penalty

B. Assessment D. Toll

114. Which term refers to duties payable on goods, whether imported or e xported?

A. Assessment C. Subsidiary

B. Tariff D. Revenue

115. Which term refers to the social aspects of sex or to socially defined roles and expectations that are
associated with sex?

A. Social differentiation C. Gender

B. Social class D. Cultural context

116. Among the developing Asian nations, which of the following is widely promoted to be the better
solution to poverty and unemployment?

A. Privatization C. Industrialization

B. Urbanization D. Importation

117. Stagflation occurs when the economy experiences

A. rising prices and rising output

B. rising prices and falling output

C. falling prices and falling output

D. falling prices and rising output

118. Which among the following is an example of a transfer payment?

A. Profit

C. Unemployment benefits

B. Rent

D. Government purchases

119. Which among the following best describes a recession?

 A. A fall in real GNP over two consecutive time periods

B. An increase in real GNP from one period to the next

C. Nominal GNP declines from one period to the next

D. No change in real GNP from one period to the next

120. Gross Domestic Product is the sum of the market value of the __________.

A. intermediate goods C. manufactured goods

B. final goods and services D. inferior goods and services

121. Which of the following statements is TRUE about a market economy?

A. With a large enough computer, central planners could guide production more

efficiently than markets.

B. Market participants act as if guided by an invisible hand to produce outcomes

that maximize social welfare.

C. The strength of a market system is that it tends to distribute resources evenly

across consumers.

D. Taxes help prices communicate costs and benefits to producers and

consumers.

122. In a free-market economy the allocation of resources is determined by ___________.

A. votes taken by consumers C. consumer preferences

B. central planning authority D. the level of profits of firms

123. Trade-offs are required because wants are unlimited and resources are

A. economical C. scarce

B. unlimited D. marginal

124. Raising taxes and increasing welfare payments

A. reduce market power

B. prove that there such a thing as a free lunch

C. improve efficiency at the expense of equity

D. improve equity at the expense of efficiency

125. The burden of a tax falls more heavily on the sellers in a market when
A. both supply and demand are elastic C. demand is inelastic and supply is elastic

B. both supply and demand are inelastic D. demand is elastic and supply is inelastic

4. SOCIETY AND CULTURE WITH FAMILY PLANNING

4.1 Apply basic concepts, theories and perspectives which relate to society,
culture and family planning in life
4.2 Recognize cultural elements that are distinctly Filipino.

PRACTICE TEST: Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

126. Which situation is the BEST example of a culture shock?

A. A native from New Zealand is so afraid of the big crowd in malls and along the roads during rush
hours that he remarked "so many people!"
B. The Hippies' rejected “The Establishment” in the 1960s and sported long hair.

C. The Canadians use forks while the Filipinos use spoon and fork and sometimes their hands on eating.

D. The Aetas don't like sardines but like sweet potatoes.

127. Under which group do the Sunday churchgoers in a Cathedral fall?

A. Secondary group C. Tertiary group

B. Primary group D. Elementary group

128. Which does one portray when he thinks that what is foreign is best and that what is

local is inferior?

A. Xenocentrism C. Ethnocentrism

B. Relativism D. Favoritism

129. Upon which is based the claim that there is no single universal standard to be used tojudge any
culture-based?

A. Cultural relativism C. Cultural diversity

B. Culture shock D. Ethical relativism

130. You will be in good hands when your host is a Filipino because one outstanding trait of Filipinos is
_______________.

A. hospitality C. industry

B. thrift D. cleanliness

131. The Philippines is dominantly a Christian country in the Orient, yet according to survey it is on the
top 5 as the most corrupt nation in Asia. What does this point to in Philippine Society?
 A. Lack of cultural integration C. Prevalence of ethnocentrism

B. Presence of cultural differences D. Prevalence of xenocentrism

132. You have to take extra care when you critique the work of a Filipino. Your negative comment may
be mistaken to be an attack against his/her person. Upon which Filipino trait is this advice based?

A. Extreme personalism C. "Sakop" mentality

B. Adaptability D. "Bayanihan” spirit

133. The expression promdi connotes

A. ethnocentrism C. favoritism

B. tenocentrism D. racial discrimination

134. Children learn how to open a coconut and other common chores in a coconut farm. In this instance
culture is transmitted by

A. immersion C. enculturation

B. assimilation D. acculturation

135. When a person shows the ability to understand and appreciate the similarities and differences in
the customs, values and beliefs of one's culture, he/she is said to

A. possess multicultural literacy C. possess global awareness

B. sociocultural aware D. possess social literacy

136. Which of the following statements accurately reflects a strong "school culture?”

A. Has definite organizational core values

B. Has a network of communications

C. Has informal rules of behavior

D. Has high standards of performance

137. What are considered major goals of multicultural education?

I. Catering to diversity of learners

II. Considering social class and ethnic groups

III. Providing equal opportunities to education

IV. Helping individuals and groups survive despite differences in culture and beliefs

A. I, II, III, and IV C. II and III

B. I, II, and IV D. III and IV

138. World history recorded that art became emotional and dramatic during the Renaissance. What
popular painting is part of the “idyllic golden age "of art?

A. Mona Lisa by Da Vinci

B. Last Supper by Tintoretto

C. Saint Teresa by Bernini

D. The Calling of St. Matthew by Caravaggio

139. The cultural heritage of Southeast Asia has been designated by UNESCO as ___________.

A. World Heritage Sites

B. World Tourist Spots

C. World Cultural Heritage

D. World International Center

140. Teachers should be encouraged to teach folk knowledge because ___________.

A. it is crucial in facing the basics of daily living.

B. it is included in the National Achievement Test.

C. it is a mandate of Dep Ed.

D. it is in keeping with curriculum change.

141. What does a Professional Code of Ethics prescribe for all?

A. Moral standards and ethical behavior

B. Rules and regulations in practicing the profession

C. Strict implementation of laws of the land

D. Civic-mindedness and social consciousness

142. “Man is to be hailed as a social being.” What does this line mean?

A. He necessarily attends social events.

B. He must introduce himself in social gatherings.

C. He does not live only for himself.

D. He does not need other people.

143. Which is at the base of a triangle that shapes us into what we are?

A. Environment C. Training
 B. Heredity D. School attended

144. How do you describe a typical social structure which describes a pattern through which
relationships at work are ordered?

A. Technological C. Capitalistic

B. Communistic D. Bureaucratic

145. A society cannot exist without a government. Which word is synonymous with government?

A. Domination C. Restraint

B. Authority D. Check-and-balance

146. What does a “nuclear family” consist of?

A. Grandfathers and grandmothers

B. Father, mother, sons and daughters

C. Sons, daughters and cousins

D. Sons, daughters and in-laws

147. What is the principal means through which culture is transmitted from generation to generation?

A. Community action

C. Family

B. Church

D. Language

148. Material culture refers to the tangible and concrete objects produced by man. Which are examples
of material culture?

A. Stone walls of Tasadays C. Sinulog celebrations

B. Ceremonies of Ivatans D. Moriones festival

149. Which human need is considered basic?

A. Pleasure C. Wealth

B. Security D. Order

150. Which among the following represents a detrimental aspect of Philippine culture and society?

A. Palabra de honor C. Amor propio

B. Delicadeza D. Ningas cogon

151. Which among the following pertains to the passionate Filipino dance that makes use of a fan or
handkerchief to illustrate a couple in romance?
 A. Itik-itik C. El Bimbo

B. Pandango D. Carinosa

152. Which of the following best describes the concept of society?

A. A political entity

B. The same as culture or nation

C. Limited by geographical boundaries

D. Organized interaction of people sharing land and culture

153. The primary biological limitation of natural family planning is that it is ______________-.

A. expensive and very unreliable

B. only suitable for females with regular periods

C. cannot satisfy people's sexual urges

D. goes against the tenets of the Catholic church

154. Which of the following types of societies came first during societal evolution?

A. Horticultural C. Agricultural

B. Industrial D. Mass

155. In a sociological sense, earning a 1.0 Grade Weighted Average (GWA) makes deviant because
____________________________.

A. you only could have gotten that GWA by cheating

B. a GWA of 1.0 is not the norm

C. it alienates you from your peer group

D. it improves your status

156. What is the underlying theory of the belief that the DepEd and other stakeholders should exert
deliberate efforts to construct a satisfying culture for education?

A. Cultural Revitalization Theory C. Anarchistic Theory

B. Utopian Theory D. Revival Theory

157. What committee was founded in 1978 to promote effective cooperation and enhance solidarity
among the peoples of ASEAN?

A. Committee on Culture and Information

B. Committee on Regional Cooperation

C. Committee on Culture and Arts

 D. Committee on Cultural Heritage

158. Teachers should be encouraged to teach folk knowledge because ____________.

A. it is a mandate of DepEd.

B. it is included in the National Achievement Test.

C. it is crucial in facing the basics of daily living.

D. it is in keeping with curriculum change.

5. RIZAL AND OTHER HEROES

5.1 Analyze how Rizal's life and works have contributed to the country's
development.
5.2 Evaluate the contribution of other Philippine heroes and heroines to
the development of the country.

PRACTICE TEST: Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

159. If one agrees with Rizal on the best way to redeem our country, what would he do?

A. Work for quality education for all.

B. Campaign for more foreign investors.

C. Attract tourists to come to the country.

D. Do advocacy for health programs to get the biggest share in the national budget.

160. Based on his work “Sa Aking Mga Kababata", would Rizal favor the use of mother tongue in the
early grades?

A. Yes. C. He did not express it clearly.

B. No. D. Yes, but mixed with English.

161. How did Rizal's Noli Me Tangere contribute to the development of his countrymen?

A. It awakened them to the oppressive rule of Spain.

B. It exposed to them the scandals of the friars.

C. It taught them to love their local language.

D. It pictured for them the ideal Filipina.

162. If they were to come back to life, who among the following would be the most vocal to speak
against the country's foreign policy of close association with America?

A. Claro M. Recto, Leon Ma. Guerrero

B. Claro M. Recto, Jose P. Laurel

C. Leon Má. Guerrero, Jr., Jose P. Laurel

 D. Jose P Laurel, Elpidio Quirino

163. Why was Melchora Aquino arrested and exiled to Guam? Because she _______________.

A. supplied the Katipuneros with food and clothing

B. fought side by side with the Katipuneros

C. openly disagreed with the encomenderos

D. published an article against the Spaniards

164. To stimulate the nation's economy and increase employment, former President Diosdado
Macapagal ______________.

A. abolished government repressive controls

B. borrowed money from the world Bank

C. standardized the salaries of government employees

D. gave incentives to home cottage industries

165. In his “La Indolencia del Filipino”, Rizal's thinking was the rich natural resources of the Philippines
and the favorable climate were not a blessing after all for the Filipino. Which explains this?
The rich natural resources and the favorable climate of the country ________________.

A. encouraged the "get-by” mentality

B. led to disunity

C. made the Filipinos compete against one another

D. enabled the Filipinos to earn college degrees

166. “There are no tyrants where there are no slaves." Which logically explains this?

I. If the Filipinos were treated as slaves by the Spaniards it was because they allowed
themselves to be treated as such.

II. It was equally the fault of the Filipinos why the Spaniards treated them as slaves.

III. The Spaniards were tyrants and so they treated the Filipinos as slaves.

A. I and II B. I C. III D. II

167. In what sense is the Filipino likened to a bamboo?

A. He is flexible. C. He is ambitious.

B. He is sturdy. D. He is versatile.

168. The Filipino's indomitable spirit is shown in his ______________.

A. ability to survive C. friendliness

 B. utang na loob D. self-reliance

169. On which Filipino trait does Gawad Kalinga build on?

A. Bayanihan spirit C. Adaptability

B. Joy and humor D. Extreme personalism

170. Out of used illustration boards, students came up with cute and functional bags for school children.
Which Filipino trait is exhibited?

A. Creativity C. Pagkabayani

B. Adaptability D. Family-orientedness

171. To which trait are the organization and success of cooperatives in the country attributed?

A. Pagsasamahan sa kabuhayan C. Pakikisama sa kapwa

B. Creativity D. Adaptability

172. Noli Me Tangere was Jose Rizal's first novel. Experts consider this work historically significant
because it was instrumental in establishing which of the following?

A. National identity C. Inciting the seeds of revolution

B. Fight against graft and corruption D. Love for education

173. Which among the following is NOT a Filipino quality emphasized in the Noli Me Tangere of Dr. Jose
Rizal?

A. Devotion of a Filipina C. Common sense of Filipinos

B. Deep sense of gratitude D. Innate subversiveness

174. In Rizal's time, which among the following were pressing issues in Philippine

society that were presented in the El Filibusterismo?

I. Educational reform

II. Superstition masquerading as religion

III. Abuses of friars

A. II and III C. I and II

B. I II and III D. D. I and III

175. Which among the following is the main theme of the El Filibusterismo?

A. Ideal means of achieving social reform

B. Rizal's hope for a revolution

C. Curing the social cancer

 D. Abuses and indecency of friars

176. Apolinario Mabini was known as the "sublime paralytic." Which among the following represents his
most significant contribution to the development of the Filipino nation?

A. Peaceful social reform C. Revolutionarism

B. Resilience despite affliction D. Freemasonry

177. Marcelo H. Del Pilar demonstrated a militant and progressive outlook derived fro the classic
Enlightenment tradition of the French philosophes and the scientific empiricism of the European
bourgeoisie. Which of the following represents the tenets of hi s ideology?

I. Truth

II. Fairness

III. Impartiality

A. II and III C. I and II

B. I, II and III D. I and I

6. PHILOSOPHY
6.2 Manifest a critical and analytical attitude toward specific issues and
problems in daily life.

PRACTICE TEST: Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer.

178. Read the following then answer the question: "Your honor, how can the persecution dare try to
send this poor, defenseless child to jail for the murder of his father and mother? Have a heart! The boy
is an orphan. In this argument valid?

A. No, this is a fallacy, an appeal to pity.”

B. No, this is faulty reasoning.

C. Yes, nobody can disagree.

D. No, this violates the rules of logic.

179. "All the laws are the product of legislative activity."

"Newton discovered several products of legislative activity.”

In this argument logical?

A. No, the error is due to the equivocal use of the word "law".

B. Yes, they are logical.

C. No, unless "laws" in the first premise is changed with “some laws”.

D. Partially logical.
180. Let's assume that universities will be required to offer education programs at the graduate rather
than at the undergraduate level. Based on this information, how should you respond?

A. Improbable C. Disagree

B. Agree D. Neutral

181. One reason why the NCEE was abolished was because it was anti -poor. Which explanation logically
supports this reasoning?

A. Most of those who did not pass the NCEE were graduates of deprived schools.

B. It's good that the NCEE was abolished because that would mean only those fit for
college would go to college.

C. The NCEE served as a measure to counteract the "diploma mill” mentality of the
Filipinos.

D. College education liberates the poor from the bondage of poverty.

182. Which philosophical premise does NOT support scientific inquiry?

A. Reality is objective.

B. Group awareness is an integral part of knowledge.

C. Human perceptual systems correctly perceive reality,

D. Rational explanations exist for real-world phenomena

7. ART APPRECIATION/HUMANITI ES
7.1 Demonstrate understanding of the totality of human experience by formulating a
human perspective that integrates all areas of knowledge
7.2 Manifest appreciation of art as a result of an integrative and wholistic
view of life

183. The expressionist painters at the turn of the century tried to depict a state of mind rather than to
make a realistic copy of some object.

In other words, expressionist paintings _________________.

A. give the feeling rather than the appearance of things

B. resemble camera snapshots

C. are all about people

D. are all done in oils.

184. Those who have a deep appreciation of the beautiful tend to the good and the beautiful.

A. preserve C. spoil

B. discard D. hide
185. Art and music are necessary ingredients to a child's education. Which statement/s supports the
idea of this sentence?

I. Music and art intensify a child's imagination

II. Music teaches discipline, team work, math and poetry through rhythm.

III. Painting helps a kinesthetic learner express abstract concepts in concrete forms.

A. I, II, III C. I and II

B. III only D. I only

186. Art and music are essential ingredients to a child's education, yet ironically both subjects are the
first disciplines to be eliminated when budget is inadequate. In an effort to streamline school budget
and teach only the basics, we usually reduce curriculum to a lifeless routine of issues that lack color,
shapes, sounds and rhythm.

What does the paragraph confirm?

I. The importance of the arts in the education to children

II. The meaninglessness of school curriculum

III. The insignificance of the arts in the school curriculum

A. I C. II

B. II D. I and II

187. Is it moral to suppress workers' rights to form unions in times of national emergency and why?

I. No. Suppression of rights will always be a violation of human rights.

II. Yes. The nation's security takes precedence over the rights of any private
association

III. Yes. Public safety must be thought of before private gain.

A. II and III C. I

B. II D. III

188. In times of war, soldiers must be ready to give up their lives in defense of the nation.

Which normative relationship applies in this case?

A. Greater urgency - saving the living before burying the dead

B. Wide social order-the family before the individual

C. More common good-public safety before private gain

D. Higher law - inalienable rights vs. alienable

189. Your classmate had been sick and so had been absent from class. To help him pass, you allow him
to copy your answer. Was allowing him to copy your answer morally justified?

A. Yes. The end justifies the means.

B. No. The end does not justify the means.

C. It depends on how sincere you were.

D. It depends on how much assistance you gave to your classmate.

190. A wife who loves her husband dearly becomes so jealous that in a moment of savage rage, kills him.
Is the wife morally responsible and why?

A. No. Antecedent passion may completely destroy freedom and consequently

moral responsibility.

B. Yes. She killed her husband simply because of jealousy.

C. It depends on the mental health of the wife.

D. It depends on the cause of the wife's jealousy.

191. You failed the LET twice. You heard of someone processing fake professional teachers' license for
failed LET examinees for a fee of P50,000. You approach her and get a fake license for a fee. Are you
morally responsible?

A. No, while I know it is wrong, it is my only way to redeem myself.

B. Yes, but my desperate need for a license will lessen my moral responsibility.

C. No, I'm not the only one doing it.

D. Yes, I acted with full knowledge and consent.

192. Who has greater moral responsibility and why? The lazy master teacher who does not teach well or
the beginning teacher who is groping while she teaches and so does not teach well either.

A. The master teacher, who is older and more experienced.

B. The master teacher, who is expected to have more knowledge and freedom.

C. Cannot be determined; age and experience do not necessarily make one more

knowledgeable and free.

D. Both are equally morally responsible; they are both professional teachers.

193. I happen to have unknowingly received counterfeit money from someone. At the earliest
opportunity. I pass it on to someone who is not aware. Am I morally responsible?

A. No, you are only passing on to another the burden that you unknowingly received.

B. No, the counterfeit money did not originally come from you.
 C. Yes, your act is a perfect voluntary one.

D. Yes, you commit another wrong.

194. Can children who have not reached the age of reason and have acquired foul language be held
responsible?

A. No, the bad habit has been contracted involuntarily and unintentionally.

B. Yes, while they have not reached the age of reason, they already have a sense of
what is good and bad.

C. Yes, from their parents they have come to know that it is bad habit.

D. We cannot say yes nor no; we don't know what is inside the children's mind

and heart.

195. A Boy Scout leaps into the sea to save a companion in danger of being drowned, though he may
lose his life. Is he morally justified to risk his life?

A. No.

B. It depends on whether the Boy Scout can swim or not.

C. Yes.

D. No, if the boy being drowned did it to commit suicide.

196. Which one goes with this principle: “The end does not justify the means”.

A. An objective evil act can never become good in spite of the good motive.

B. An objectively good act may become morally evil because of a bad motive.

C. An indifferent act may become morally good or evil depending on the motive.

D. Both are equally ally responsible; they are both professional teachers.

197. I get P5,000 pesos from the funds raised during Valentine's Day without the knowledge of the
committee and donate it to a foundation serving a group of handicap.

Is my act of getting P 5,000 from the funds justified?

A. Yes, the means justifies the end.

B. Yes, the end justifies the means.

C. No, the end does not justify the means.

D. Yes, if you intend to tell the committee afterwards.

198. Which illustrates this principle: “Circumstances may change a good or an indifferent act into a
punishable one.'
 A. You, the teacher, insulting a student is worse than a student belittling a classmate.

B. To steal money from a poor classmate is worse than to steal from a rich classmate.

C. Slapping someone at a moment of rage is not as worse as slapping someone for

thrill.

D. You sleep seated on a chair at the back while you make your class copy notes

from the board.

199. I don't like to read the bulletin board, for I suspect that the deadline for grades is posted there.
Which type of ignorance do I possess?

A. Affected ignorance C. Invincible ignorance

B. Vincible ignorance D. Crass ignorance

200. I pretend not to be able to play-several musical instruments. I may get tied as an instrumentalist of
the Church choir. Which type of ignorance do I have?

A. Invincible ignorance

C. Affected ignorance

B. Supine ignorance

D. Vincible ignorace

201. Which illustrate/s this principle: “Antecedent passion may completely destroy freedom and
consequently moral responsibility.”

A. A teacher harbors a grudge against a colleague and builds himself up to a state of frenzy and strikes
his colleague.

B. A man broods over an insult received from an enemy, goes drinking and finally attacks his enemy.

C. A person in danger of being drowned goes into panic and holds on to a companion who also
drowns.

D. B and C

202. When can we say that a person has values?

A. Lives a life of integrity, sincerity and commitment

B. Enjoys life of leisure and pleasure

C. Works towards self-aggrandizement

D. Lives a life of merriment in the company of others

203. What does the term “chiaroscuro” refer to?

A. An exaggeratedly dark background and light foreground creating the effect of space.
B. Exaggerated shadows making colours more intense.

C. A dark-shaded pigment created from a mixture of water and egg yolk.

D. A style of brush work which creates shading.

204. What is the purpose of an underpainting?

A. It prevents the paint from seeping through the canvas.

B. It helps date the painting.

C. To create a rough sketch directly on the work surface.

D. It avoids over painting.

205. What is a glaze?

A. Paint diluted with water

B. A color diluted with white

C. Paint diluted with olive oil

D. Paint diluted with linseed oil

8. PSYCHOLOGY
8.1 Apply the basic concepts and theories of human behavior

206. What a student can do differs from what he will do. What does this prove?

A. Motivation and ability always go together.

B. Students of today are hardly motivated.

C. Ability is the opposite of motivation.

D. Motivation differs from ability.

207. You are often told: “Poverty is not a hindrance to success." What does this imply?

A. The “promdi” student does not succeed because of his/her origin

B. What a person becomes in life is a product of his/her environment.

C. A person is totally conditioned by his/her environment.

D. It is other people that hinder people succeed.

208. Pedro easily carried the television by himself when his neighbor's house was on fire. But when the
fire was over, he could not bring it back to the house alone. This is on account of the hormone _______.

A. pancreatin C. adrenalin

B. insulin D. ptyalin
209. Stimulation is good for the brain. Which action is a logical application for this?

A. Train your child to obey orders blindly.

B. Retire early so you will be spared of the challenge of work.

C. Avoid giving challenging tasks to teenagers for they get easily discouraged

D. Give to children toys that they can manipulate.

210. A biology teacher asked each one in the class to introduce himself/herself using biological concepts.
Four students introduced themselves as follows:

I have XX chromosomes

I have XY chromosomes

I have so much testosterone in my blood stream.

I have much estrogen circulating within me.

What is true of the four students

A. Two are girls. C. Two are effeminate.

B. Two are "tomboys”. D. The four have identity problems.

211. A Biology teacher described herself biologically: “My estrogen level is decreasing and I have signs
for osteoporosis.” What is the TRUE of the biology teacher?

A. She is a spinster.

B. She is in her late adolescence.

C. She is in her post-menopausal period.

D. She is a chain smoker.

212. Which statement on human intelligence is CORRECT?

A. It consists of multiple intelligences.

B. It is reliably measured by a verbal test.

C. It is verbal ability and abstract reasoning.

D. It is fixed at birth.

213. Which idea contradicts the concept of free will?

A. Evolutionary theory C. Memetics

B. Creationism D. Biological determinism

214. A behavioural psychologist would probably say that ________________.

A. introspection is a useful way to study mental processes.

B. the mind is most important when analyzing behaviour.

C. we act based on rewards and punishments received.

D. the unconscious stimulates our behaviour.

215. Which among the following are qualities of an authoritarian parent?

A. High level of both control and warmth.

B. High level of control, and a low level of warmth.

C. Low level of both control and warmth.

D. Low level of control, and a high level of warmth.

216. An individual who can find minute differences between small objects possesses which of the
following?

A. A good long-term memory C. A low difference threshold

B. A high difference threshold D. A good short-term memory

217. The method of classical conditioning begins with ________________.

A. the conditioned stimulus and response

B. the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned response

C. the unconditioned

Philippine Legal Database of Filipiniana.net Digital Library.

The 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato Filipiniana.net.

The 1899 Political Constitution of the Republic. Filipiniana.net.

The 1935 Constitution of the Philippines (original version) Filipiniana.net.

The 1935 Constitution of the Philippines (amended version). Filipiniana.net.

The 1943 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Filipiniana.net.

The 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines (original version) Filipiniana.net.

The 1973 Constitution, as amended. Filipiniana.net.

The 1986 Provisional Freedom Constitution. Filipiniana.net.

The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Filipiniana.net.

FILIPINO REVIEWER
Group: LET Review University
1. Sinong Filipino manunulat ang tinaguriang “Ama ng Zarsuelang Tagalog”?
A. Aurelio Tolentino C. Alejandro Abadilla
B. N.V.M. Gonzalez D. Severino Reyes
Sagot: D. Severino Reyes ang nagtatag ng unang samahan sa dula, “Gran Compania de
Zarzuela Tagala.” Ang kanyang zarsuelang “Walang Sugat” ay ang tinuturing na kanyang
obra-maestra.

2. Ang Gintong Panahon ng Panitikan ng Pilipinas ay ang panahon ng __________.

A. Amerikano C. Kastila
B. Hapones D. Kontemporaryo
Sagot: B. Pinagbawal ng pamahalaang Hapon ang mga Pilipino sa pagsulat ng anumang
akda sa Ingles, kaya umusbong ang mga akdang naisulat sa Filipino.

3. Isang tanyag na Pilipinong manunulat na may sagisag-panulat na “Kalipulako.”

A. Jose dela Cruz C. Mariano Ponce
B. Antonio Luna D. Severino Reyes
Sagot: C. Tatlo ang kilalang sagisag-panulat ni Mariano Ponce: Kalipulako, Tikbalang at
Nanding.

4. Alin sa mga sumusunod ang HINDI epiko ng Mindanao?

A. Indarapata at Sulayman C. Bidasari
B. Alim D. Bantugan
Sagot: B. Ang Alim ay epiko ng mga Ifugao.

5. Ang titik na “ng” sa Alpabetong Filipino ay nagmula sa alpabetong __________ _.

A. Ingles C. Romano
B. Abecedario D. Abakada
Sagot: D. Si Lope K. Santos ang nagbalangkas ng Abakada. Sa Abakada nanggaling ang
titik na “ng.”

6. Ilang titik ang hiniram ng Alpabetong Filipino mula sa Alpabetong Ingles?

A. 6 C. 8
B. 7 D. 9
Sagot: B. Ang mga titik na hiniram ng Alpabetong Filipino mula sa Alpabetong Ingles ay ang
mga titik na c, f, j, q, v, x, at z.

7. Anong titulo sa panitikan ng Pilipinas ang ibinigay sa may-akda sa tulang pinamagatang

“Isang Dipang Langit”?
A. Makata ng Pag-ibig C. Makata ng Masa
B. Makata ng Manggagawa D. Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
Sagot: B. Ang may-akda sa tulang “Isang Dipang Langit” ay si Amado V. Hernandez, at siya
ang tinaguarian na “Makata ng Manggagawa.”

8. Isa sa pinakatanyag na Pilipinong manunulat sa Ingles at kilala sakanyang sagisag na

panulat na “Doveglion.”
 A. Jose Garcia Villa C. Alejandro Abadilla
B. N.V.M. Gonzalez D. Zulueta de Costa
Sagot: A. Si Jose Garcia Villa ay kilala sa paggamit ng mga matatalim na mga salita. Ang
kanyang sagisag na panulat na “Doveglion,” ay nagmula sa dove, eagle at lion.

9. Kinilala siyang “Makata ng Pag-ibig” at “Hari ng Balagtasan” ng kanyang panahon. Siya ang
sumulat sa titik ng makabayang awitin ng “Bayan Ko.”
A. Jose Garcia Villa C. Aurelio Tolentino
B. Jose Corazon de Jesus D. Zulueta de Costa
Sagot: B. Si Jose Corazon de Jesus ay ang “Makata ng Pag-ibig” at “Hari ng Balagtasan” sa
kanyang panahon. Tinagurian siyang “Hari ng Balagtasan” matapos manalo laban kay
Florentino T. Collantes.

10. Ang may-akda ng tulang “Ako Ang Daigdig”.

A. Alejandro Abadilla C. Aurelio Tolentino
B. Jose Corazon de Jesus D. Amado Fernandiz
Sagot: A. Si Alejandro Abadilla ang may-akda ng tulang “Ako Ang Daigdig.” Ang tulang ito ay
isang tulang malayang taludturan na umiikot sa tatlong salita: ako, daidig at tul a.

11. Sabihin mo na ang totoo

Totoo at walang bahid na kasinungalingan
Kasinungalingan ay ‘di ko tatanggapin
Tatanggapin lamang kung ano ang totoo at nararapat sa akin
Ang nasa itaas ay halimbawa ng anong uri ng tayutay?
A. Anapora C. Anadiplosis
B. Epipora D. Konsonans
Sagot: C. Ang anadiplosis ay isang uri ng tayutay na kung saan inuulit ang huli at unang
bahagi isang taludtod o pahayag.

12. Ang salita ang may klaster?

A. palma C. pluma
B. basta D. basket
Sagot: C. Upang magkaroon ng klaster ang isang salita, hindi lang dapat magkasunod ang
dalawa o higit pa na katinig, kung hindi, dapat din na nasa iisang pantig ang nasabing
magkasunod na katinig.

13. “Ang aking pag-ibig ay tanging sa iyo lamang.” Ibigay ang ayos ng pangungusap na ito.
A. payak C. karaniwan
B. tambalan D. di-karaniwan
Sagot: D. Di-karaniwan ang ayos ng isang pangungusap kung nauna ang simuno kaysa sa
panaguri.

14. Aling salita ang may diptonggo?

A. buwis C. buhay
B. bayan D. iwas
Sagot: C. Upang magkaroon ng diptonggo ang isang salita, hindi lang dap at magkasunod
ang isang patinig at ang malapatinig na w o y, kung hindi, dapat din na ang dalawa ay nasa
iisang pantig.
15. Sa kanya pa rin babalik sigaw ng damdamin,
Sa kanya pa rin sasaya bulong ng puso ko,
Sa kanya lamang at wala ng iba.
Anong uri ng tayutay ang pinapakita sa itaas?
A. Anapora C. Anadiplosis
B. Epipora D. Konsonans
Sagot: A. Ang anapor ay ang pag-uulit sa unang bahagi ng taludtod o pahayag.

16. Ipaglalaban kita dahil mahal kita.

Aalagaan kita dahil mahal kita.
Kailangan kita dahil mahal kita.
Ang nasa itaas ay halimbawa ng anong uri ng tayutay?
A. Anapora C. Anadiplosis
B. Epipora D. Konsonans
Sagot: B. Ang epipora ay isang uri ng tayutay na kung saan inuulit ang huling bahagi ng
isang taludtod o pahayag.

17. Ang Cebuano, Ilokano at Hiligaynon ay halimbawa ng anong barayti ng wika?

A. sosyolek C. dayalekto
B. dyolek D. jargon
Sagot: C. Ang dayalekto ay isang barayti ng wika na tumutukoy sa isang wika na sinasalita
sa isang pook, rehiyon o lugar.

18. “Nakulong si Janette.” Ibigay ang ayos nga pangungusap na ito.

A. payak C. karaniwan
B. tambalan D. di-karaniwan
Sagot: C. Karaniwan ang ayos ng isang pangungusap kung nauna ang panguri kaysa
simuno

19. “Meron akong nalaman. ‘Di ko sasabihin sa iyo.” Nasa anong antas ng wika ang mga
salitang nakasalungguhit?
A. kolokyal C. pampanitikan
B. balbal D. lalawigan
Sagot: A. Ang kolokyal ay isang halimbawa ng impormal na antas ng wika na kung saan
pinapaikli ang isang salita mula sa orihinal na salita.

20. Ito ang pinakaunang Sistema ng pagsulat ng mga katutubong Pilipino.

A. Alibata C. Diona
B. Cuneiform D. Abecedario
Sagot: A. Ang Alibata ay hango sa alpabetong Arabo na “alif-ba-ta.” Ito ay may 17 titik: 3
patinig at 14 na katinig.

21. Ito at isang epiko tungkol sa kasaysayan ng pag-iibigan ng mga bathala mula sa Iloilo,
Antique at Aklan.
 A. Hinilawod C. Bidasari
B. Biag-ni-Lam-ang D. Maragtas
Sagot: A. Ang Hinilawod ang tinuturing pinakamahaba at pinakamatandang epiko ng Panay.

22. Siya ay kilala “dakilang manunulat ng kilusang propaganda.

A. Graciano Lopez Jaena C. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
B. Jose Rizal D. Gregorio Del Pilar
Sagot: B. Ang “Triumvirate” ng Kilusang Propaganda ay sina Graciano Lopez Jaena, Jose
Rizal at Marcelo H. Del Pilar, at ang tinaguriang ang “dakilang manunulat” ay si Jose Rizal.

23. Alin sa mga sumusunod na titik ng Alpabetong Filipino ay isang hiram?

A. y C. c
B. b D. ng
Sagot: C. Ang titik na c ay mula sa Alpabetong ingles.

24. Anong teorya ng wika ang nagsasabing ang wika ay nailikha bunga ng masidhing damdamin
ng tao?
A. Bow-wow C. Ding-dong
B. Pooh-pooh D. Yoheho
Sagot: B. Ang Teoryang Pooh-pooh ay ang teorya ng wika na nagsasabing ang wika ay
nailikha bunga ng masidhing damdamin ng tao gaya ng sakit, tuwa, sarap, kalungkutan,
takot, pagkabigla at iba pa.

25. “Natutulog ba ng Diyos?”

Ang pahayag sa itaas ay halibawa ng anong uri ng tayutay?
A. Pagdaramdam C. Pagtanggi
B. Tanong retorikal D. Pagsalungat
Sagot: B. Ang Tanong Retorikal ay isang tanong na may pangunahing layunin na makuha
ang atensyon mambabasa sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng tanong na hindi naman
kailangang bigyan ng kasagutan.

26. Bakit Tagalog ang siyang napiling batayan ng kauna-unahang wikang pambansa sa
Pilipinas?
A. Dahil sa ito ang ginagamit ng mga taga-Manila kung saan naman matatagpuan ang
kabisera ng Pilipinas
B. Dahil sa ito ay binubuo ng mga kaakit-akit na mga salita at bokabularyo
C. Dahil sa ito ay tinatanggap at ginagamit na ng mas nakararaming Pilipino
D. A at C
Sagot: C. Maliban sa napatunayan na ang wikang Tagalog ay ang may pinakamaunlad na
kayarian, mekanismo at literature, pinili ang Tagalog bilang batayan ng kauna-unahang
wikang pambansa dahil sa ito ay tinatanggap at ginagamit na ng mas nakararaming Pilipino.
27. Ano ang naging pangalan ng wikang pambansa noong 1959?
A. Pilipino C. Tagalog
B. Filipino D. Wikang Pambansa
Sagot: A. Pinaikli ang pangalan ng naunang wikang pambansa noong taong 1939, at ito ay
nagging Pilipino sa taong 1959.

28. Isang awiting bayan na ginamit sa pagpapatulog ng bata ay ang _______.

A. diona C. soliranin
B. oyayi D. umbay
Sagot: B. Ang diona ay para sa panliligaw, Soliranin para sa paggaod ng Bangka at ang
umbay para sa paglilibing.

29. “Ang palasyo ay nag-anunsyo na walang pasok bukas.”

Ano ang tayutay ang ginamit sa pahayag sa itaas?
A. Pagpapalit-saklaw C. Pagtanggi
B. Pagpapalit-tawag D. Pagsalungat
Sagot: B. Ang papalit-tawag ay ang paggamit ng isang pangalan upang tukuyin ang isa pang
pangalan na pinapalitan nito. Sa itaas, ang palasyo ay ginamit na tumutukoy naman sa
pangulo ng Pilipinas.

30. “Apat na mga mata ang tumititig sa kanya.”

Ano ang tayutay ang ginamit sa pahayag na ito?
A. Pagpapalit-saklaw C. Pagtanggi
B. Pagpapalit-tawag D. Pagsalungat
Sagot: A. Ang pagpapalit-saklaw ay ang pagbanggit ng isang bahagi bilang pagtukoy sa
kabuuan. Sa itaas, ang apat na mata ay ginamit na tumutukoy naman sa d alawang tao.

31. Ang “Maupay na Aga!” ng mga taga Samar ay halimbawa ng anong antas ng wika?
A. kolokyal C. balbal
B. pambansa D. lalawigan
Sagot: A. Waray-waray ang tawag sa dayalekto ng mga taga-Samar. Ang ibang katawagan
ng dayalekto ay lalawiganin. Ang dayalekto o lalawigan ay isang barayti ng wika na
tumutukoy sa isang wika na sinasalita sa isang pook, rehiyon o lugar.

32. Ang “Hindi po namin kayo tatantanan” at “Dahil hindi natutulog ang balita 24 oras” ay mga
tanyag na pahayag ni Mike Enriquez sa telebisyon. Sa anong barayti ng wika ito nauuri?
A. Jargon C. Sosyolek
B. Dayalekto D. Idyolek
Sagot: D. Ang idyolek ay isang barayti ng wika na kung saan iba ang wika ng bawat isa dahil
ang bawat tao ay may kanya-kanyang personal na paggamit nito.

33. “ Neneng ang pangalan ng aking ermat.” Ano ang antas ng wikang nakasalungguhit?
A. kolokyal C. balbal
 B. pambansa D. lalawiganin
Sagot: C. Ang balbal ang pinakamababang antas ng wika. Ito ay kadalasang ginagamit sa
usapang kalye.

34. Ano ang tamang ispeling ng salitang barbershop sa Filipino?

A. barbersyap C. barbershap
B. barbershop D. barbersiyap
Sagot: B. Ang mga salitang may digrapong sh ay pinananatili na lamang sa orihinal na anyo.

35. Isang kwento hinggil sa pinagmulan ng sansinukuban at kalipunan ng iba’t -ibang paniniwala
sa mga diyos at diyosa ay ________.
A. pabula C. mitolohiya
B. parabula D. anekdota
Sagot: C. Ang pabula ay tungkol sa kwento na ang nagsisiganap ay mga hayop, parabula ay
mula sa Bibliya, at ang anekdota ay mga pangyayari na hango sa tunay na buha y,
karanasan at kapupulutan ng aral.

36. Isang mahabang tulang pasalaysay tungkol sa kabayanihan ng pangunahing tauhan na may
pambihirang katangian ay ang _________.
A. epiko C. parabula
B. pabula D. dalit
Sagot: A. Ang pabula ay tungkol sa kwento na ang nagsisiganap ay mga hayop. Ang
parabola ay mula sa Bibliya, at ang dalit ay awit na pumupuri sa diyos.

37. Alin sa apat na uri ng akdang pampanitikan na patula ay tungkol sa pangangatwiran at

tagisan ng talino?
A. tulang pasalaysay C. tulang padula
B. tulang patnigan D. tulang liriko
Sagot: B. Ang tulang patnigan ay isang uri ng pagtatalong patula na itinatanghal ng mga
natutunggaling makata.

38. “Ikaw ang aking mahal.” Ibigay ang ayos ng pangungusap na ito.
A. payak C. karaniwan
B. tambalan D. di-karaniwan
Sagot: D. Di-karaniwan ang ayos ng isang pangungusap kung nauna ang simuno kaysa sa
panaguri.

39. Alin sa mga sumusunod ay HINDI tulang pasalaysay?

A. Moro-moro C. Awit
B. Epiko D. Korido
Sagot: A. Ang moro-moro ay isang tulang padula na nagpapakita ng hidwaan ng mga
kristyano at ng mga Di-Kristyano.
40. Alin sa mga tula sa ibaba ang isang tulang liriko?
A. Panunuluyan C. Pastoral
B. Daplo D. Balagtasan
Sagot: C. Ang pastoral ay isang tulang liriko na naglalayong ilarawan o ipahayag ang tunay
na buhay sa kabundukan.

41. Isang tulang maromansa na kung saan nakaharap sa mga pakikipagsapalaran ang mga
tauhan at hango sa tunay na buhay ay ______.
A. oda C. soneto
B. awit D. elehiya
Sagot: B. Ang oda, soneto at elehiya ay hindi tulang maromansa. Ang mga ito ay mga tulang
liriko.

42. Alin sa sumusunod ang HINDI epiko ng Bisaya?

A. Lagda C. Bidasari
B. Maragtas D. Hinilawod
Sagot: C. Ang Bidasari ay epiko ng mga Muslim.

43. Ang tinaguriang pinakasikat na epiko ng mga Ilokano, ay ang _______.

A. Ibalon at Aslon C. Hinilawod
B. Bantugan D. Biag ni Lam-ang
Sagot: D. Ang Biag ni Lam-ang ay isang tanyag na epiko ng mga Ilokano bago pa man
dumating ang mga Kastila, subalit nasulat lamang ito noong dakong dantaong labimpito. Ito
ay akda ni Pedro Bukaneg.

44. Ito ay isang epiko na tungkol sa mga bathalang Ifugao ni Punholdayan at Makanungan.
Tinutukoy rito ang pagpapakasal ng magkapatid na Bugan at Wigan.
A. Haraya C. Hari sa Bukid
B. Alim D. Lagda
Sagot: B. Ang Haraya, Hari sa Bukid at Lagda ay mga epiko ng mga Bisaya.

45. Alin sa mga sumusunod ay isang epiko ng mga Ifugao.

A. Ibalon at Aslon C. Biag ni Lam-ang
B. Hudhud D. Haraya
Sagot: B. Ang Hudhud ay isang epiko ng mga Ifugao na tungkol sa mga buhay at
pakikipagsapalaran ng mga dakilang bayani ng Ifugao na ang tanging bida ay si Aliguyon.

46. Isang manunulat sa wikang Kastila na may sagisag panulat na Batikuling at nahirang na
Makatang Laureado, ay si_______.
A. Jesus Balmori C. Alejandro Abadilla
B. N.V.M Gonzalez D. Zulueta de Costa
 Sagot: A. Si Jesus Balmori ay nahirang na Makatang Laureado dahil tinalo niya si Manuel
Bernabe sa balagtasan ng wikang kastila.

47. Ang kauna-unahang nobelang sinulat ng isang Pilipino gamit ang wikang Ingles, ay ang
_____.
A. The Wound and Stars C. Like the Molave
B. A Child of Sorrow D. A Vision of Beauty
Sagot: B. Ang “A Child Of Sorrow” ay isang akda ni Zoilo Galang.

48. Isang Cebuana na ipinalalagay na pinakapangunahing manunulat na babae sa Ingles bago

makadigma, ay si _______.
A. Estrella Alfon C. Dolores Manapat
B. N.V.M Gonzalez D. Jomapa
Sagot: A. Si Estrella Alfon ay ipinanganak sa San Nicolas, Cebu at nagwagi ng mga
karangalan mula sa maikling kwento at dula sa Free Press, Carlos Palanca Award at iba pa.

49. “Nagtaksil si Adrian”. Ibigay ang ayos ng pangungusap na ito.

A. payak C. karaniwan
B. tambalan D. di-karaniwan
Sagot: C. Karaniwan ang ayos ng isang pangungusap kung nauna ang panaguri kaysa sa
simuno.

50. “Umiiyak si Ana habang siya ay nagbasa ng isang sulat.” Anong uri ng pangungusap ayon
sa kayarian ang pangungusap na ito?
A. pasalaysay C. hugnayan
B. padamdam D. tambalan
Sagot: C. Ang hugnayan ay isang uri ng pangungusap ayon sa kayarian na binubuo ng isang
sugnay na makapag-iisa at isang sugnay na di-makapag-iisa. Ito ay ginagamitan ng
pantulong pangatnig gaya ng pangatnig na habang. Ang pasalaysay at p adamdam ay uri ng
pangungusap ayon sa gamit.

51. “Nasusunog ang bahay!” Anong uri ng pangungusap ayon sa kayarian ang pangungusap na
ito?
A. padamdam C. payak
B. pasalaysay D. tambalan
Sagot: C. Ang payak na pangungusap ay isang uri ng pangungusap ayon sa ka yarian na
bunubuo ng isang sugnay na makapag-iisa. Ang pasalaysay at padamdam ay uri ng
pangungusap ayon sa gamit.

52. Ito ay ang pag-aaral ng makabuluhang tunog ng isang wika.

A. Ponolohiya C. Sintaks
B. Morpolohiya D. Palabuuan
 Sagot: B. Ang ponolohiya ay ang tawag sa pag-aaral ng mga ponema.

53. Isang pag-aaral tungkol sa wika na tinatawag ding palabuuan, ay ang______.

A. Ponolohiya C. Sintaks
B. Morpolohiya D. Wala sa nabanggit
Sagot: B. Ang ponolohiya ay palatunugan at ang sintaks naman ay palaugnayan.

54. Alin sa mga sumusunod ay HINDI uri ng pangungusap ayon sa gamit/

A. padamdam
B. langkapan
C. pautos
D. patanong
Sagot: B. Ang langkapan ay uri ng pangungusap ayon sa kayarian.

55. Sino ang may-akda ng nobelang Banaag at Sikat?

A. Jose dela Cruz C. Jose Corazon de Jesus
B. Lope K. Santos D. Emilio Jacinto
Sagot: B. Si Lope K. Santos ay isang tanyag na Pilipinong manunulat at tinaguriang “Ama ng
Balarilang Tagalog.”

56. Isang Pilipinong manunulat na may sagisag panulat na Dimas-ilaw, ay si______.

A. Jose dela Cruz C. Jose Corazon de Jesus
B. Antonio Luna D. Emilio Jacinto
Sagot: D. Si Jose dela Cruz ay Huseng Sisiw, Antonio Luna ay Taga -ilog, at Jose Corazon
de Jesus ay Huseng Batute.

57. May sagisag panulat na Paralitiko at ang tinaguriang “Utak ng Himagsikan”, ay s i ______.
A. Emilio Jacinto C. Jose Corazon de Jesus
B. Antonio Luna D. Apolinario Mabini
Sagot: D. Si Apolinario Mabini ay tinaguriang “Utak ng Himagsikan” sapagkat siya ang
kanang kamay ni Emilio Aguinaldo.

58. Isang satirikong bersyon ni Del Pilar sa akdang sinulat ni Padre Jose Rodriguez na may
ganito ring pamagat, ay ang _____.
A. Caiingat Cayo
B. Dasalan at Tocsohan
C. Fray Botod
D. Sagot ng Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas
Sagot: A. Ang Caiingat Cayo ay isang akdang isinulat ni Del Pilar na nagtatanggol s a Noli
Me Tangere ni Rizal. Ito ay sagot sa Caiingit Cayo ni Padre Jose Rodriguez.
 59. Sino ang may-akda ng Dasalan at Tocsohan?
A. Graciano Lopez Jaena
B. N.V.M Gonzalez
C. Andres Bonifacio
D. Marcelo H. del Pilar
Sagot: D. Ang Dasalan at Tocsohan ay akda ni del Pilar. Ito ay kahawig ng mga dasal na
itinuturo ng mga prayle sa mga Pilipino. Sa dasal na ito, lantaran niyang tinutuligsa ang mga
kasalanan ng mga prayle noon.

60. Isang tanyag na Pilipinong manunulat na may sagisag-panulat na “Agap-ito Bagumbayan” si

_____.
A. Graciano Lopez Jaena
B. N.V.M Gonzalez
C. Andres Bonifacio
D. Marcelo H. del Pilar

THE USE OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

Since literature makes use of effective and affective language. It is proper for the literature teacher to
master the various types of figurative language.

However, it is not enough that he can identify them, he must be able to explain and justify their use
whether in prose or poetry, even in everyday, casual discourse. In literature, the suggestive power of
words give the writer the opportunity to create the nuances, the connotations, the texture, emotions, the
tone color ang the overtones imbedded in figurative language.

Types of Figures of Speech

The following are the most commonly accepted and often used figures of speecs its literature – oral and
written.

1. Simile –A stated comparison between two unlike things or persons that have something in
common using “like” or “As”.
Ex.Her smile is as mysterious as Mona Lisa’s.
2. Metaphor – an implied comparisomn between two person or thins that are unlike in most
respects the words like or as are left out.
3. Personification – ging human quality to inanimate objects or abstract things.
Ex. The flowers dance in the garden.
4. Metonymy – consists in the naming of a thing by one of its attributes.
Ex. The crown prefers taxes from the underlings to support his expenses.
5. 5. Synecdoche – substituting a part for a whole, an individual for a class or a material for the
things.
Ex.many squatters dream of roofs over their heads.
6. 6. Hyperbole – An exaggeration used for artistic effect.
Ex. Thanks a million.
7. 7. Litotese – A deliberate understantement used to affirm by negating its opposite.
Ex. Edgar Allan Poe is no mean writer.
8. 8. Irony – the use of a word to signify the opposite of its literal meaning.
 There are three types of irony:

(a) Irony of situation, when the result differs from what is expected; (b)
Verbal irony, which is actually veiled sarcasm; and © dramatic irony, the author’s intended
meaning differs from the characters expectation.
Ex. You’re so beautiful; you look like a Christmas tree!
9. Oxymoron – Putting together in one statement two contradictory terms.
Ex. The sound of silence is indeed, deafening.
10. Periphasis – The substitution of a descriptive phrase for a name or Vice -versa.
Ex. The sleeping Giant has broken ties with its neighbors.
11. Apostrophe – An address to (a) dead person as though he were alive; (b) an absent person as
thought he were present, © an inanimate object as though it were animate.
- Ex. Ninoy, you’re not alone!
12. Climax – The arrangement of words or idead according to their degree of importance; thus, the
last set appears most valuable.
Ex.” I came, I saw, I conquered.” (Julius Caesar)
13. Anti-Climax – A real apparent or ludicrous decrease in the importance or impressiveness of what
is said. Opposed to climax.
Ex. He lost his shoelace, his house charred to ashes, his wife even Abandoned him.
14. Anti-Thesis – Equating or balancing two opposing ideas.
Ex. There is a time to sow and there is a time to reap.
15. Parallelism or Juxtaposition – Placing two comparable ideas side by side.
Ex. “Yea! Though I walk in the valley of the shadow of death, I shall fear no evil. Thy rod
and thy stuff thy comfort me.”
16. Pun – A play on words with humorous, witty effects.
Ex. House’s everything for all Filipinos.
17. Paradox – A seemingly, contradictoty but true example.
Ex. There is a grief in happiness.

The following rhetorical devise should not be mistaken for figures of speech.
Actually they help analyze one color or the toal qualities inherent in vowel and consonant combination.
In other words, tone color reinforces sense with sound.

1. Alliteration – The use of repetition of a succession of initial consonant sounds.

Ex. She sells sea shells on the seashore.
2. Assonance – Resemblance in sound; specifically in prosody correspondence of the accented
vowels, but not of the consonants.
Ex. “Alone, alone, all, all alone
Alone on a wide, wide sea
And never a sould took pity on
My sould in agony.”
--Coleridge
3. Anaphora – Repeating a word or phrase in the beginning of several successive verses, clauses or
sentences.
Ex. “Love is real, real is love.
Love is wanting, to be loved.
Love is searching, searching love”.
4. Onomatopoeia – Imitation of sounds to produce the desired effect.
 Ex. The rain drops in the roof.
The cat meows in the dark.
5. Allusion – A literari device which is unimplied or indirect reference to biblical, litereray or
historical characters or events.

LITERATURE
Literature- is derived from the Latin word litera – meaning letter

- Any printed matter written within a book, magazine or pamphlet.

- Faithful reproduction of man’s manifold experiences blended into one garmonious expression.
- Man’s loves, griefs, thoughts, dreams, & aspirations coached in beautiful language
- Story of man
- SHE – significant human experience

Reasons for studying literature

1. To better appreciate our literary heritage.

2. TO trace the rich heritage of ideas handed down to us by our fore fathers.
3. To understand the great and noble tradition of the different races of the world.
4. As Filipinos, to take pride in our own culture & manifest deep concern for our own literature.

Types of Literature
A. PROSE

1. Novel – long narrative divided into chapters. The events are taken from true - to-life stories &
spans a long period of time.
2. Short Story – a narrative involvinh one or more characters, one plot & one single impression.
3. Plays – presented on stage divided into acts & each act has many scenes.
4. Legends – these are fictions, narratives, usually about origins.
5. Fables – stories about animals & inanimate things that speak & act like people & their purpose is
to enlighten the minds of children to events that can mold their ways & attitudes.
6. Anecdotes – products of the writer’s imagination & the main aim is to bring out lessions to the
reader.
7. Essay – expresses the viewpoint or opinion of the writer about a particular problem or event-
best example is the editorial page of a newspaper.
8. Biography – deals wotj the life of a person which maybe about himself or that of others.

B. POETRY

1. Narrative
a. Epic – an extended narrative about heroic exploits often under supernatural control.

 Ex. Bi-ag ni Lam-Ang-Ilokos

 Ybalon – Bicol
 Hudhud at Alim – Igorot
 Bidasari – Mindanao
 Beowulf – England
  Iliad & odyssey – Greece

b. Tales – stories about supernatural beings

c. Ballads – short poems, adapted for singing, simple in plot and metrical structure
2. Lyric – type of poetry that expresses emotions and feelings of the poet
- usually short, simple & easy to understand
a. folksongs (awiting bayan) – short poems intended to be sung
- common themes are love, despair, grief, doubt, joy, hope & sorrow
o Ex. Chit-Chirit-Chit
b. Sonnet – 14 line poem dealing with emotions, feelings or ideas
- Ex. Sonnets of Shakespeare
c. Elegy – poem for the dead
o Ex. Annabel Lee
o By Edgar Allan Poe
o Elegy written in Country Churchyard By Thomas Gray
d. Ode – poem of a noble feeling, expressed with dignity on a certain thing/object.
- Ex. Ode to the West Wind Percy Bysshe Shelley
e. Psalms – song praing God & containing a philosophy of life
- Ex. Psalm of David
f. Awit – Florante at Laura – sung – 12 syllables per line – realistic
g. Corrido – Ibong Adarna – recited – 8 syllables – elements of fantasy

3. Dramatic Comedy

a. tragedy – involves the hero who struggles mighty against dynamic forces until he meets death.
- Ex. Hamlet
b. Comedy – Greek word “komos” meaning festivity or revelry purpose – amusement / happy
ending
c. melodrama – arouses immediate & intense emotion and is usually sad but there is happy ending
for the principal character.
d. farce – exaggerated comedy
- seeks to arouse mirth by laughable lines.
- situations are too ridiculous to be true

Pagbabagong Morpoponemiko
 Karamihan sa mga pagbabago sa anyo at bigkas ng mga salita ay sanhi ng pagdaragdag ng panlapi o
pagsasama ng dalawa o higit pang morpema upang bumuo ng salita. Ang nagaganap na pagbabago
ay tinatawag na pagbabagong morpoponemiko.
Asimilasyon pang + bansa = pambansa; mang + daya = mandaya
pang + tukoy = pantukoy; mang + dukot = mandukot
pang + talo = panalo; mang + kuha = manguha
Pagpapalit ano + ano = anu-ano
Paglilipat y + in + akap = yinakap = niyakap
lipad + in = linipad = nilipad
yaya + in = yinaya = niyaya
 Pagbabago ng ma + dama = marami; ma + dapat = marapat
Ponema tamad + in = tamarin; lipad + in = liparin
Pagkakaltas bili + han = bilihan = bilhan; dakip + in = dakipin = dakpin
tirah + an = tirahan = tirhan; sarah + an = sarahan = sarhan
Pagdaragdag paalala + han = paalalahan; paalalahan + an = paalalahanan
Pag-aangkop hintay + ka = teka
Kaantasan ng Katangiang Ipinahahayag ng Pang-uri
1. Lantay – karaniwang anyo ng pang-uring ginagamit sa paglalarawan
Halimbawa: mataba, palabiro, sutil
2. Katamtaman – nagpapahayag ng katamtamang antas ng paglalarawan. Gumamit ng mga salitang
medyo, nang kaunti o nang bahagya.
Halimbawa: Medyo maitim siya ngayon.
Payat siya nang bahagya ngayon.
Maaari rin ang katamtamang antas sa pamamagitan ng pag-uulit ng salitang-ugat o dalawang unang
pantig nito.
Halimbawa: Malayu-layo rin ang kanilang bagong bahay.
3. Masidhi – nagagawa ang pag papasidhi ng pang-uri sa pamamagitan ng pag-uulit ng salita at paggamit
ng pang-angkop na na o –ng.
Halimbawa: Masayang-masaya siya ngayon.
Sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga panlaping napaka-, pagka at kay.
Halimbawa: Pagkalapi-lapit lang ng kanilang tirahan.
Kay init-init ng panahon ngayon.
Napakasungit ng kaibigan mo.
Sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga salitang lubha, masyado, totoo, talaga, tunay, ubod ng, hari at
iba pa.
Halimbawa: Talagang maaasahan ang kaibigan kong iyon.
Tunay na mahal ang mga bilihin ngayon.
Antas ng Hambingan
1. Pahambing – tawag sa mga pang-uring ginagamit sa paghahambing ng
dalawang tao, bagay, o pook.
Halimbawa: Kasinlaki mo si Kuya.
Kapwa matalino ang magkapatid.
Di kasinhusay ni Paul si Christian.
Di hamak na mainam tumira sa probinsya kaysa Manila.
2. Pasukdol – panlaping ginagamit sa pagbuo ng pasukdol na anyo ng pang-uri ay ang pinaka- at ka- -an.
Halimbawa: Pinakamabili ang tinda nilang paputok.
Kasuluk-sulukan ang kanilang pinuntahang bahay.
Pokus ng Pandiwa
 Ito ay tumutukoy sa makahulugang ugnayan ng pandiwa at ng paksa ng pangungusap. May pitong (7) uri
ng pokus ang pandiwa.
1. Pokus sa Tagaganap/Aktor – ang paksa ay ang tagaganap ng kilos na ipinahihiwatig ng pandiwa. Mga
panlaping ginagamit: mag-, um-/um, mang-, maka-, at makapag-
Halimbawa: Sumalok ng tubig ang bata.
2. Pokus sa Layon – binibigyang-diin sa pangungusap ay ang layon. Mga panlaping ginagamit: i-, -an,
ma, ipa, at –in.
Halimbawa: Isinalok ng bata ang timba.
3. Pokus sa Ganapan – binibigyang-diin ng paksa ay ang lugar o ang ganapan ng kilos. Mga panlaping
ginagamit: pag-…-an/-han, mapag-…-an/-han, at pang-..-an/-han
Halimbawa: Pinagsalukan ng bata ng tubig ang balon.
 4. Pokus sa Tagatanggap – ang paksa ay ang tagatanggap o ang pinaglalaanan ng kilos na ipinahahayag
ng pandiwa. Mga ginagamit na panlapi: i-, ipang-, at ipag-.
Halimbawa: Ipinangsalok niya ng tubig ang ama.
5. Pokus sa Intrumento o Gamit – ang paksa ng pangungusap ay ang instrumento o gamit sa
pagsasagawa ng kilos na isinasaad ng pandiwa. Panlaping ginagamit: ipang-
Halimbawa: Ipinangsalok niya ng tubig ang timba.
6. Pokus sa Direksyon – ang paksa ng pangungusap ay ang direksyon o tinutungo ng kilos na isinasaad
ng kilos. Mga panlaping ginagamit: -an/-han.
Halimbawa: Pinagsalukan ng bata ng tubig ang balon.
7. Pokus sa Sanhi – ang paksa ng pangungusap ay ang dahilan o sanhi ng kilos. Mga panlaping ginagamit:
i-, ika- at ikapang-.
Halimbawa: Ikinatakot ng bata ang pagkaubos ng tubig.
Aspekto ng Pandiwa
 Ang aspekto ay ang katangian ng pandiwa na nagsasaad kung nasimulan na o hindi pa ang kilos. Ang
mga pandiwa sa Filipino ay nababanghay sa tatlong aspekto.
1. Perpektibo/Pangnagdaan – ang kilos ay nasimulan na o natapos na. Maaari rin itong magsaad ng kilos
na katatapos lamang. Nabubuo ito sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng unlaping ka- at pag-uulit ng
unang katinig at unang patinig o unang patiniog lamang ng salitang-ugat.
Halimbawa: Nagtinda siya ng isda sa palengke.
Katitinda lang niya ng isda sa palengke.
2. Imperpektibo/Pangkasalukuyan – ang kilos ay nasimulan na at ipinagpapatuloy pa.
Halimbawa: Nagtitinda siya ng isda sa palengke.
3. Kontemplatibo/Panghinaharap – ang kilos ay di pa nasisimulan.
Halimbawa: Magtitinda siya ng isda sa palengke.
Ang Paningit o Ingklitik
 Ang paningit o ingklitik ay katagang isinisingit sa pangungusap upang higit na maging malinaw ang
kahulugan nito.
Halimbawa: ba, kasi, kaya, daw/raw, din/rin, ho, lamang/lang, man, muna, na, naman, nga, pa, pala,
sana, tuloy, at yata.
Ayos ng Pangungusap sa Filipino
 Ang batayang pangungusap sa Filipino ay binubuo ng dalawang panlahat ng bahagi —ang panaguri at ang
paksa.
1. Paksa – pinag-uusapan o pinagtutuunan ng pansin sa pangungusap.
2. Panaguri – nagbibigay ng kaalaman o impormasyon tungkol sa paksa.
Iba’t Ibang Uri ng Panaguri sa Filipino:
1. Panaguring Pangngalan
Halimbawa: Kompyuter ang gustong regalo ng bata.
Aklat-pambata ang dala ko.
2. Panaguring Panghalip
Halimbawa: Sila ang kamag-anak ko.
Tayo ang maghahatid ng sulat.
3. Panaguring Pang-uri
Halimbawa: Malungkot ang buhay sa Dubai.
Mahal ang nabili kong damit.
4. Panaguring Pandiwa
Halimbawa: Tumalon ang bata.
Pumitas ng talbos si Joan.
5. Panaguring Pang-abay
Halimbawa: Ngayon ang alis namin.
Ganito ang paluluto ng yema.
Karaniwang-Ayos ng Pangungusap – likas ng kayarian ng pangungusap sa Filipino na mauna ang panaguri
sa paksa. Ginagamit ito sa pang-araw-araw na usapan.
Halimbawa: Nakabili ng dyip ang Tatay.
Naglaba kami ng mga damit sa sapa.
Di Karaniwang-Ayos ng Pangungusap – higit na gamitin sa mga pormal na sitwasyong komunikatibo, tulad
ng pulong, sa hukuman, o pakikipag-usap sa mga pinuno.
Halimbawa: Ako ay naatasang mamuno ngayon.
Sila ay maghahain ng reklamo laban sa Kapitan ng barangay.
Ang Wastong Gamit ng Salita
Ng at Nang
Gamit ng NG
 ginagamit bilang pantukoy
Halimbawa: Nag-aaral ng Ilokano si Sonia.
 ginagamit bilang pang-ukol na ang katumbas sa ingles ay with
Halimbawa: Hinampas niya ng payong ang aso.
 ginagamit bilang pang-ukol na ang katumbas ay sa
Halimbawa: Magsisiuwi ng Pilipinas ang magagaling na doktor.
Gamit ng NANG
 ginagamit na pangatnig sa hugnayang pangungusap bilang panimula ng katulong na sugnay o sugnay
na di makapag-iisa
Halimbawa: Nang siya ay dumating, dumagsa ang tao.
 ginagamit bilang pang-abay na nanggaling sa “na” na inangkupan ng “ng” kayat nagiging “nang”
Halimbawa: Nagbalita nang malakas ang aking kaibigan sa opisina.

May at Mayroon
Gamit ng May
 ginagamit ang may kung ang sumusunod na salita ay:
Pangngalan
Halimbawa: May batang nahulog.
Pandiwa
Halimbawa: May sasayaw na babae mamayang gabi.
Pang-uri
Halimbawa: May bagong bahay na nasunog.
Panghalip na paari
Halimbawa: May kanya-kanya tayong alam.
Pantukoy na mga
Halimbaa: May mga batang pupunta dito mamaya.
Pang-ukol na sa
Halimbawa: May sa-kalabaw ang boses ng taong iyan.
Gamit ng Mayroon
 sinusundan ng panghalip na palagyo
Halimbawa: Mayroon kaming dadaluhang pulong bukas.
 sinusundan ng isang kataga
Halimbawa: Mayroon ding pulong ang kababaihan.
 ginagamit sa patalinghagang kahulugan
Halimbawa: Si Mayor Favila ang mayroon sa lahat.
Subukin at Subukan
subukin – “pagsusuri o pagsisiyasat sa uri, lakas o kakayahan ng isang bagay o tao.”
subukan – “tingnan kung ano ang ginagawa ng isang tao o ng mga tao.”
Halimbawa: Subukin mong gamitin ang sabon na ito.
Sunubukan nila ang disiplina ng mga mag-aaral.
Pahirin at Pahiran
pahirin – pag-aalis o pagpawi
pahiran – paglalagay ng bagay
Halimbawa: Pahirin mo ang dumi sa iyong mukha.
Pahiran mo ng pulang pintura ang gate.
Walisin at Walisan
walisin – pandiwang pokus sa layon.
walisan – pandiwang pokus sa ganapan.
Halimbawa: Walisin mo ang mga tuyong dahon sa bakuran.
Walisan mo ang bakuran.
Maliban at Bukod
maliban – (except o aside) may kahulugang matangi sa bagay na binanggit ay wala nang iba.
bukod – (in addition to o besides) karagdagang sa mga bagay na binanggit.
Halimbawa: Maliban sa lupa, wala na siyang maiiwan sa nag-iisang anak.
Bukod sa lupa, may bahay pa siyang maiiwan sa nag-iisang anak.
Kung at Kong
Gamit ng Kung
 ginagamit na pangatnig sa mga sugnay na di makapag-iisa sa mga pangungusap na hugnayan
Halimbawa: Kung siya’y narito, tayo’y magiging magulo.
Gamit ng Kong
 buhat sa panghalip na ko ang kong at nilalagyan lamang ng pang-angkop na ng sa pakikiugnay sa
salitang sumusunod:
Halimbawa: Ipinagtapat kong nangyari.
Din at Rin; Daw at Raw; Doon at Roon
Gamit ng din, daw, doon
 ginagamit kapag ang nauunang salita ay nagtatapos sa katinig maliban sa w at y
Halimbawa: Napanood din nila ang pelikula.
Napanood daw nila ang pelikula.
Napanood doon nila ang pelikula.
Gamit ng rin, raw, roon
 ginagamit kapag ang nauunang salita ay nagtatapos sa patinig. Ang w at y ay itinutuing na malapatinig.
Samakatuwid, ang rin, raw, roon ay ginagamit kapag ang sinusundang salita ay nagtatapos sa mga titik
na ito.
Halimbawa: Himala rin ang kailangan niya.
Kaliwete raw ang dalaga.
Umuwi roon ang kanyang asawa.
Ika at Ika-
Gamit ng ika
 ginagamit bilang panlapi sa bilang na isinusulat bilang salita
Halimbawa: ikatlong taon
Ikalimang araw
Gamit ng ika-
 ginagamit ang ginitlingan na “ika” bilang panlapi kung mismong bilang ang isusulat.
Halimbawa: ika-25 ng Enero
Ika-5 taon
Maka at Maka-
Gamit ng maka
 ginagamit ang “maka” na walang gitling kung pangngalang pambalana ang kasunod na salita
Halimbawa: Naglunsad ng poetry reading ang mga makabayan.
Gamit ng maka-
 ginagamit ang may gitling na “maka-“ kapag sinusundan ng pangngalang pantangi
Halimbawa: Maka-Nora ang mga nanonood ng kanyang mga pelikula.
Gawin at Gawan
 ginagamit ang mga panlapi -in/-hin sa mga pandiwang pokus sa layon
Halimbawa: Gawin mo ang sa tingin mo ay tama.
 ginagamit ang panlaping -an/-han sa mga pandiwang pokus sa direksyon
Halimbawa: Subukan mong gawan siya ng mabuti.
Ang Wikang Filipino sa 1987 Konstitusyon ng Republika ng Pilipinas
Artikulo XIV – Edukasyon, Syensya at Teknolohiya, Mga Sining, Kultura, at
Isports
Wika
Seksyon 6. Ang wikang pambansa ng Pilipinas ay Filipino. Samantalang nalilinang ito, ito ay dapat na
payabungin at pagyamanin pa salig sa umiiral na wika sa Pilipinas at sa iba pang mga wika.
Alinsunod sa mga tadhana ng batas at sang-ayon sa nararapat na maaaring ipasya ng
Kongreso, dapat magsagawa ng mga hakbangin ang Pamahalaan upang ibunsod at puspusang itaguyod
ang paggami ng Filipino bilang midyum ng opisyal na komunikasyon at bilang wika ng pagtuturo sa
sistemang pang-edukasyon.
Seksyon 7. Ukol sa mga layunin ng komunikayon at pagtuturo, ang mga wikang opisyal ng Pilipinas ay
Filipino at, hangga’t walang ibang itinatadhana ang batas, Ingles.
Ang mga wikang panrehiyon ay pantulong na mga wikang opisyal sa mga re hiyon at magsisilbi
na pantulong na mga wikang panturo roon.
Dapat itaguyod nang kusa at opsyonal ang Kastila at Arabic.
Seksyon 8. Ang Konstitusyong ito ay dapat ipahayag sa Filipino at Ingles at dapat isalin samga pangunahing
wikang panrehiyon, Arabic at Kastila.
Seksyon 9. Dapat magtatag ang Kongreso ng isang komisyon ng wikang pambansa na binubuo ng mga
kinatawan ng iba’t ibang mga rehiyon at mga disiplina na magsasagawa, mag-uugnay at magtataguyod ng
mga pananaliksik sa Filipino at iba pang mga wika para sa kanilang pagpapaunlad, pagpapalaganap at
pagpapanatili.
Pagbasa
Mga papanaw ukol sa pagbasa:
 Ang pagbasa ay isang masalimuot na prosesong pangkaisipan kung saan ang mambabasa’y aktibong
nagpaplano, nagdedesisyon at nag-uugnay ng mga kasanayan at istratehiyang nakatutulong sa pag-
unawa.
 Ang pagbasa ay isang kompleks na gawaing kinapapaloooban ng may kamalayan at walang
kamalayang paggamit ng iba’t ibang estratehiya, kasama na ang mga estratehiya sa paglutas ng
suliranin upang makabuo ng modelo ng kahulugang ninanais ipahatid ng awtor (Jonhston, 1983).
 Ang pagbasa’y proseso ng pamimili ng mga pahiwatig pangwika batay sa ekspektasyon ng bumabasa.
Habang ang bahagi ng impormasyon ay nakikilala, nakagagawa ang mambabasa ng pansamantalang
desisyon o hinuha na patutunayan niya, iwawaksi o pagtitibayin habang bumabasa (Kenneth
Goodman, 1976).
 Dahil magkaugnay ang pagbasa at pag-iisip, binanggit ni Mikuleckey (1990) ang ginawang pagtutulad
nina Kintsch at Van Dijk (1978), Rumelhart at Ortony (1977) at Winograd (1977), sa pagbasa sa
pagpoproseso ng impormasyon upang maunawaan kung paano nag-iisip at umuunawa ang isang tao.
Ayon sa kanila, dalawang aspekto ng “human information processing system” ang nagkakatulungan
kapag nagbabasa ang isang tao:
o Concept Driven o Itaas-Pababa – kapag ang bumabasa ay higit na nakatuon sa kug ano ang
alam niya upang maintindihan ang binabasa.
o Data Driven o Ibaba-Pataas – kapag higit na umaasa ang bumabasa sa mga impormasyong
tekstwal.

Ang Mapanuring Pagbasa

 Ang mapanuring pagbasa ay isang halimbawa ng marahan at maingat na pagbasa na nangangailangan
ng masusing prosesong pangkognitibo. Pangunahing layunin nito ay malayang pag-iisip at kasanayan
sa pagsusuri a pagtataya.
Mga Kasanayan sa Mapanuring Pagbasa
1. Paghinuha sa maaaring mangyari
2. Pagpapangkat ng mga ideya
3. Paghahambing at pagtutulad
4. Pagtatangi ng katotohanan sa palagay/opinyon
5. Pagbuo ng konklusyon
6. Pagbibigay ng sanhi at bunga
7. Pagkakasunud-sunod ng mga ideya
8. Paglalagom
9. Pagtukoy at pagpapahalaga sa katangian ng tauhan
10. Pagsusuri ng mga impormasyon
11. Pagpapakahulugan sa matatalinghagang pahayag
12. Pagpapakahulugan sa mga pahiwatig ng pahayag
13. Pagtukoy sa magkakaugnay na ideya/konsepto
14. Pagtukoy sa suliraning tinutukoy sa binasa
15. Pagbibigay reaksyon sa himig at tono ng seleksyon
Proseso ng Pagbasa
 Ang pagkuha ng impormasyon ay di lamang nakakamit sa pagbasa ng mga nakalimbag na sagisag.
Mayroon ding mga impormasyong ginagamit ang bumabasa na nasa kanyang isipan na kanyang
binabalikan kung kailangan niya sa pagbasa ng teksto. Ito ay ang mga di biswal na impormasyon ng
binubuo ng datihang kaalaman (prior knowlegde).
Teoryang Iskema sa Pagbasa
 Ginagalugad ng mambabasa ang mga nakaimbak o nakalagay niyang network ng mga abstraktong
ideya sa kanyang isipan upang humanap ng iskema na tumutugma sa mga elemento o impormasyong
taglay ng teksto (Anderson, 1985).
 Habang bumabasa, patuloy na naaapektuhan ng makabuluhang iskemang nagising ang pagpoproseso
ng impormasyon. Sa pamamagitan ng nagising na iskema, naghihinuha ang mambabasa ng mga
impormasyong semantika, sintaktika at leksikal upang makabuo ng kahulugan.
Metakognisyon sa Pagbasa
 Pagkakaroon ng kamalayan, kaalaman at kasanayan sa pagkontrol sa sariling proseso ng pag-iisip o
pag-unawa.
 Ang metakognisyon ay ang mataas na kasanayang pampag-iisip na kinapapalooban ng aktibong
pagkontrol sa mga prosesong kognitiv na napapaloob sa pagkatuto (Livingston, 1996).
 Sa pamamagitan ng metakognisyon, nalalampasan ang kognisyon dahil nagagawa nitong mal inan sa
mambabasa ang may kamalayang paggamit ng mga estratehiyang kognitibo at pahalagahan sa halip
na simpleng gamitin lamang ang mga ito. Binibigyang-diin ng metakognisyon ang malawakang kontrol
sa mga proseso sa halip na sa mga tiyak na estratehiya o gawain (McNeil, 1987).
o Tatlong Uri ng Prosesong Metakognitiv Ayon kay McNeil:
o Kaalaman ng mambabasa sa kanyang sariling kahinaan at kalakasan sa pagbasa;
o Kaaalam kung alin estratehiya ang angkop na gamitin ayon sa sitwasyon; at
o Kalaaman ng mambabasa sa pagsubaybay sa kanyang pag-unawa o pagkaalam kung kailan
siya di na nakauunawa.
Komunikasyon
 Aktibong proseso ng paghahatid at pagkuha ng mensahe at tugon (feedback) sa pamamagitan ng
interaksyon ng tagahatid at tagatanggap.
 Ang komunikasyon ay ang pagpapahayag, pagpapahatid o pagbibigay ng impormasyon sa mabisang
paraan. Ito ay isang paraan ng pakikiugnayan, pakikipagpalagayan, o pakikipag-unawaan.
 Ang komunikasyon ay proseso ng pagbibigay (giving) at pagtanggap (receiving).
 Kung kahulugang komunikatibo ang susuriin sa isang pahayag, tiyak na iuugnay ito sa tungkulin ng
komunikasyon at ang kaugnay na gawi ng pagsasalita tulad ng ipinakikita ng sumusunod na tsart ni
Gordon Wells.
Tungkulin ng Komunikasyon Gawi ng Pagsasalita
(Functions of Communication) (Speech or Commmucation Arts)
A. Pagkontrol sa kilos o gawi ng iba Pakikiusap, pag-uutos, pagmumungkahi,
(Controlling Function pagpupunyagi, pagtanggi, pagbibigay babala
B. Pagbabahagi ng damdamin Pakikiramay, pagpuri, pangsang-ayon, pahayag,
(Sharing feelings) paglibak, paninisi, pagsalungat
C. Pagbibigay o pagkuha ng impormasyon Pag-uulat, pagpapaliwanag, pagtukoy,
(Getting factual information) pagtatanong, pagsagot
D. Pagpapanatili sa pakikipag-kapuwa at Pagbati, pagpapakilala, pagbibiro,
pgkakaroon ng interaksyon sa kapuwa pagpapasalamat, paghingi ng paumanhin
(Ritualizing Function)
E. Pangangarap at paglikha Pagkukuwento, pagsasadula, pagsasatao,
(Imagining/Creating Function) paghula

Panitikan
 Ang salitang Tagalog na “panitikan” ay galing sa unlaping PANG- (na nagiging PAN- kapag ang
kasunod na ugat ay nagsisismula sa d, l, r, s, t); sa ugat ng TITIK (letra) na nawawalan ng simulang
T sa pagkakasunod sa PAN-; at sa hulaping –AN, samakatwid: pang * titik * an.
 Ang salitang ito ang panumbas ng Tagalog sa “literatura” o “literature” na parehong batay sa ugat
na Lating “litera” na ang kahuluga’y “letra” o titik.
 Ayon kay Hno. Azarias, sa kanyang aklat na “Pilosopia ng Literature”, ang Panitikan ay
pagpapahayag ng mga damdamin ng tao hinggil sa mga bagay-bagay sa daigdig, sa pamumuhay,
sa lipunan at pamahalaan, at sa kaugnayan ng kaluluwa sa Bathalang lumikha.
 “Nasusulat na tala ng pinakamabuting kaisipan at damdamin ng tao.” (W.J. Jong)

Anyo ng Panitikan
 Tuluyan (prosa) – maluwag na pagsasama-sama ng mga salita sa katutubong takbo ng
pangungusap. Halimbawa, anekdota, alamat, maikling katha, kathambuhay, sanaysay,
talambuhay, dula, at iba pa.
  Patula – pagbubuo ng pahayag sa pamamagitan ng salitang binilang sa pantig (6, 8, 12, 16, o 18 sa
taludtod) at pinapagtugma-tugma sa mga dulo ng mga taludtod sa loob ng isang estropa (stanza).
Halimbawa, liriko, oda, pastoral, kurido, tulang pasalaysay, tulang padula, soneto, at iba pa.
Matandang Panitikan
Ang matandang panitikan ay inuuri sa dalawa:
 Pasalita – kabilang sa panitikang hindi nakasulat ang mga pahayag na binubuo ng maiikling
taludturan tulad ng salawikain, kasabihan, bugtong, mga talinghaga at mga awiting-bayan.
 Pasulat – sa paglipas ng panahon, ang panitikang ito’y nagpasalin-salin sa bibig ng mga
mamamayan; ito ay napagyaman, hanggang sa naging maunlad ang panulatan at palimbagan at
napatala na sa mga aklat – mga akdang kababakasan ng nakalipas na panahon..
Salawikain o Sawikain at Kasabihan – karamihan sa mga ito ay may impluwensya ng Arabe, Malay at ng
Indo-Tsina.
Salawikain o Sawikain – nagtataglay ng talinghaga. Nagsisilbing mga panuntunan sa buhay – mga bata
ng kaugalian at patnubay ng kagandahang-asal. Binubuo ito ng mga taludtod na karaniwa ay dadalawa,
may sukat at tugma at nagbibigay-aral.
Halimbawa:
Ang bato sakdal man ng tigas
Tubig na malambot ang nakaaagnas.
Di man makita ang apoy
Sa aso matutunton.
Ang inahing mapagkupkop
Di man anak isusukob.
Sabi o Kasabihan – hango sa karunungan ng matatandang may mga karanasan sa buhay. May himig
paalaala, kung minsa’y parang nanunudyo, ang mga ito’y hindi gumagamit ng malalalim na mga
talinghaga. Payak lamang ang kahulugan ng mga ito na kasasalaminan din ng gawi at ugali ng tao.
Halimbawa:
Anak na di paluhain Walang sumisira sa bakal
Ina ang patatangisin. Kundi kanya ring kalawang.
Nasa banig Ang maniwala sa sabi
Lumipat sa sahig. Walang bait na sarili.
Kuwalta na
Naging bato pa.
Bugtong, Talinghala, Tanaga – sa aklat na Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (1754) nina Padre Juan de
Noceda at Pedro de San Lucar, maraming maiikling matulaing pagpapahayag na kinabibilangan ng
bugtong, talinghaga, at tanaga.
Bugtong – tugmang naghahamon sa tao na mag-isip nang madalian nang walang pagbabatayan kundi ang
inilalarawan ng mga salita. May layunin itong mapasigla ang guniguni at mapatalas ang isip.
Halimbawa:
Di matingalang bundok Kinalag ang balangkas
Darak ang nakakamot. Sumayaw nang ilagpak.
(BALAKUBAK) (TRUMPO)
Kakabiyak na niyog Isang balong malalim,
Magdamag inilibot. Punung-puno ng patalim.
(BUWAN) (BIBIG)
Talinghaga – isang payak na metaporang may walong pantig sa bawat taludtod. Ito ay may sukat at tugma.
Halimbawa:
Labong ng kawayang bagong tumutubo
Langit na mataas ang itinuturo;
Kapag tumanda na at saka lumago,
Lupang pinagmulan, doon din ang yuko.
Tanaga – ayon kina Noceda at Sanlukar, isang tulang may apat na taludtod na pipituhing-pantig at
naghahamon din sa isip.
Halimbawa:
Ang tubig ma’y malalim Baging akong kalatkat
Malilirip kung lipdin Kaya ako nataas
Itong budhing magaling Sa balite kumalat
Maliwag paghanapin. Nakinabang ng taas.
Bulong – tulang ginagamit sa panggagamot o pang-iingkanto.
Halimbawa:
Huwag magagalit, kaibigan, Tabi po, tabi po
Aming pinuputol lamang Huwag pong manununo.
Ang sa ami’y napag-utusan.
Awiting-bayan – tulad ng alinmang tula, ang mga ito ay may sukat at tugma. Di nakilala ang mga kumatha
ng maraming awiting bayan.
Itinala ni Epifanio de los Santos Cristobal ang sumusunod na awiting-bayan:
1. suliranin (awit sa paggaod)
2. talindaw (awit sa pamamangka)
3. diona (awit sa panliligaw at pagkakasal)
4. oyayi o ayayi (awit sa paghehele)
5. kumintang (awit sa pakikidigma; nang lumao’y naging awit sa pag-ibig)
6. sambotani (awit sa pagtatagumpay)
7. kundiman (awit ng pag-ibig)
8. dalit (himno)
Epiko – mga tulang-salaysay tungkol sa mga bayani at sa kanilang kabayanihan. Ang mga bayaning ito ay
tila mga bathala sa pagtataglay ng kapangyarihan. Ang mga epiko ay paawit kung isalaysay. Sinasabing
ang mga epiko ng mga Bisaya, Tagalog, Iluko, Ifugao, at Bikol ay napasulat sa Alibata, samantala ang epiko
ng Mindanao ay nakasulat sa Sanskrito.
Halimbawa:
1. Hudhud (Ifugao)
2. Ibalon (Bikol)
3. Biag ni Lam-ang (Ilokano)
4. Maragtas (Hiligaynon-Iraya)

Akdang Panrelihiyon
1. Doctrina Cristiana – Ito ang kauna-unahang aklat na nilimbag sa Pilipinas. Nilimbag ito sa
pamamagitan ng silograpiya noong 1593.
2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario – sinulat ito at inilimbag ni Pari Blancas de San Jose, O.P., noong 1602
sa Imprenta ng Santo Tomas.
3. Barlaan at Josaphat – sinulat ito ni Pari Antonio de Borja, S.J., at inilathala noong 1708 at muli
noong 1712. Ito ay batay sa sa mga salaysay mula sa Bibliya. Ipinalalagay na ito ang kauna-
unahang nobelang Tagalog kahit salin lamang.
4. Pasyon – sa panahon ng kuwaresma, ang buhay at pagpapakasakit ng Panginoong Hesukristo ay
inaawit.
 5. Mga Dalit kay Maria – sabayang inaawit bilang handog kung buwan ng Mayo sa pag-aalay ng
bulaklak sa Mahal na Birhen.
Pari Modesto de Castro – dahil sa kanyang Urbana at Feliza, tinagurian siyang “Ama ng Tuluyang Klasika
sa Tagalog.”
Ang Dula
Panunuluyan – isang uri ng dulang pangrelihiyon na namalasak noong panahon ng Kastila. Ang
pinakadiwa nito ay ang paghahanap ng bahay na matutuluyan ng mag-asawang San Jose at Birheng Maria
noong bisperas ng Pasko.
Senakulo – isang uri ng dulang makarelihiyon na ang pinakamanuskrito ay ang pasyon. Itinatanghal ito
kung Mahal na Araw, kadalasa’y nagsisimula sa Lunes Santo at nagtatapos ng Biyernes Santo, kung minsan
pa’y umaabot ng Linggo ng Pagkabuhay. Ito ay itinatanghal sa entablado. Tinatawag din itong “pasyon sa
tanghalan”.
Moro-Moro – itinatanghal sa entablado. Dalawang pangkat ang naghaharap dito: ang mga Kristiyano at
ang mga moro. Tinawag itong comedia de capa y espada na sa kalauna’y naging kilala sa palasak na tawag
na “moro-moro”. Nasusulat sa anyong tula, pumapaksa sa paglalaban ng mga Kristiyano at mga di-
Kristiyanong tinawag ng mga Kastilang “moro”. Laging magtatagumpay ang mga Kristiyano sa mga
paglalaban.
Tibag – ito ay may kaugnayan sa senakulo sapagkat ito ay nauukol sa paghanap sa krus na kinamatayan ni
Kristo sa bundok ng Kalbaryo. Ang mga tauhan dito ay sina Emperatris Elena at ang kanyang anak na si
Emperador Constantino. Tinawag na tibag sapagkat ito ay nauukol sa pagtibag ng bundok ng Kalbaryo sa
paghanap ng krus.
Mga Unang Tula
Ang unang tula sa Tagalog ay sinulat ni Tomas Pinpin at kasamang inilimbag sa kanyang aklat na Librong
Pag-aaralan nang manga Tagalog sa Uicang Castila. Ang tula ay binubuo ng magkasalit na taludtod sa
Tagalog at Kastila sa layuning matutuhan ang Kastila.
Felipe de Jesus – ipinalalagay ng mga mananaliksik na ang kritikong si Felipe de Jesus ng San Miguel,
Bulakan, ang unang tunay na makatang Tagalog.
Mga Tulang Romansa
Kurido - tulang pasalaysay na may sukat na walong pantig sa taludtod at may mga paksang kababalaghan
at maalamat (karamiha’y halaw at hiram sa paksang galing sa Europa) na dala rito ng mga Kastila. Inaawit
ito nang mabilis o “allegro”. May walong pantig ang taludturan. (Halimbawa: Ibong Adarna).
Awit – isang uri ng tulang binubuo ng labindalawang pantig bawat taludtod ng isang saknong at kung
inaawit ay marahan o “andante”. (Halimbawa: Florante at Laura)
Mga Manunulat ng Kurido at Awit
Ananias Zorilla – may akda ng awit na Dama Ines at Prinsipe Florinio.
Jose de la Cruz (1740 – 1829) – kilala sa sagisag na Huseng Sisiw. Siya ang kauna-unahang mag-aayos ng
tula. Tinawag siyang Huseng Sisisw sapagkat sisiw ang karaniwang pabuya na ibinibigay ng nagpapagawa
sa kanya ng mga tula ng pag-ibig at ng mga nagpapaayos sa kanya ng tula. Kumatha ng Historia Famosa
ni Bernardo Carpio, Doce Pares de Francia,Rodrigo de Villas, Adela at Floranteat Flora at Clavela.
Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas) 1788 -1862 – Isinilang sa Panginay. Bigaa, Bulacan noong ika-2 ng Abril, 1788.
Sumulat ng Florante at Laura na inialay niya sa kanyang iniibig na si Maria Asuncion Rivera (M.A.R.) na
tinawag niyang si “Celia” sa akda.
Karagatan – isang paligsahan sa tula na nilalaro bilang parangal sa isang namatay. Ang mga kasali rito ay
umuupo nang pabilog at nasa gitna ang hari.
Duplo – isa pang paligsahan sa pagtula na karaniwang ginaganap sa bakuran ng namatayan, sa ikasiyam
na gabi matapos mailibing ang namatay, bilang panlibang sa mga naulila.
Ensilada – isa pang paligsahan sa pagtulana ginagawa bilang pang-aliw sa namatayan. Ito ay ginagawa
gabi-gabi habang nagsisiyam ang namatay.
Panahon ng Pagbabago at Paghihimagsik
Herminigildo Flores – isang manunulat sa panhon ng himagsikan. Sa kanyang mga sinulat ay lalong bantog
ang mahabang tulang may pamagat na, “Hibik ng Pilipinas sa Inang Espanya”.
Mga Pangunahing Manunulat-Propagandista
Jose P. Rizal (1861 – 1896) – Naipalimbag niya sa Berlin ang nobelang Noli Me Tangere (1887). Noong
1890, tinapos niya ang ikalawang nobela, ang El Filibusterismo sa Ghent, Belgium. Gumamit si Rizal ng
mga sagisag na “Dimas-Alang” at “Laong-Laan”. Si Rizal ay nakapagsasalita ng dalawampu’t dalawang
wika.
Marcelo H. del Pilar – bilang pangunahing pinuno ng Kilusang Propaganda, ipinakita niya kaagad ang
pagtutol sa mga pamamalakad ng mga Kastila. Lantad ang gayon niyang damdamin sa pahayagang
Diariong Tagalog, na itinatag at pinamatnugutan niya noong 1882. Noong Nobyembre 15, 1889, napasalin
sa kanya ang pagiging patnugot ng La Solidaridad. Gumamit siya ng mga sagisag tulad ng “Dolores
Manapat”, “Piping Dilat”, “Maitalaga”, “Kupang”, “Carmelo”, “L.O. Crame” at “Pupdoh”.
Mga Akda ni del Pilar:
1. “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa” – salin ng tulang “Amor Patrio” ni Rizal.
2. Caiigat Cayo (1888)
3. Dasalan at Tocsohan (1888)
4. Ang Kadakilaan ng Dios
5. Sagot ng Espanya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas (1889)
6. Dupluhan…Dalit…mga Bugtong…
Graciano Lopez Jaena (1856-1896) – itinatag niya sa Espanya ang Circulo Hispano-Filipino; sumulat ng mga
ulat para sa Circulo. Noong 1889, itinatag niya ang La Solidaridad at naging unang patnugot nito. Nang
mapalipat kay M. del Pilar ang tungkulin ng patnugot, naging manunulat na lamang siya ng pahay agan.
Nagkubli siya sa pangalang “Diego Laura”. Sa kanyang panahon, higit siyang kinilalang orador kaysa
manunulat. Sinulat niya ang Fray Botod, isang maikling nobelang mapang-uyam na naglalarawan sa
“kasibaan ng mga prayle”. Ang Fray Botod ay prayleng napakalakas kumain.
Mariano Ponce (1863-1899) – gumamit ng mga sagisag na “Naning”, “Tikbalang”, “Kalipulako”. Kabilang
sa mga akda niya ang “Mga Alamat ng Bulakan”, at ang dulang “Pagpugot kay Longino”.
Antonio Luna (1866-1899) – parmasyutikong gumamit ng sagisag na Taga-ilog sa kanyang pag-akda.
Marami siyang naiambag sa La Solidaridad. Kabilang sa mga akda niya ang “Noche Buena”, “La Tertulia
Filipina”, “La Maestra de Mi Pueblo” at ang “Impresiones”.
Pedro A. Paterno (1858-1911) – may-akda ng Ninay isang nobelang sosyolohiko. Ito ang unang nobelang
sinulat sa Kastila ng isang Pilipino.
Pascual Poblete (1858-1921) – nobelista, makata, mananalaysay at tinaguriang “Ama ng Pahayagan”. Siya
ang nagtatag ng mga pahayagang El Resumen, El Grito del Pueblo at Ang Tinig ng Bayan. Siya rin ang
kauna-unahang nagsalin sa Tagalog ng Noli Me Tangere.
Jose Maria Panganiban (1865-1895) – sumulat ng mga sanaysay, lathalain at mga talumpati sa ilalim ng
sagisag na Jomapa.
Pedro Serrano Laktaw – leksikograpo at manunulat; isa ring pangunahing Mason. Siya ang unang sumulat
ng Diccionario Hispano-Tagalog (1889).
Isabelo delos Reyes – nagtatag ng “Iglesia Filipina Independente”; nagtamo ng gantimpala sa Exposisyon
sa Madrid, sa sinulat na “El Folklore Filipino”.
Fernando Canon – kaklase ni Rizal sa Ateneo. Sumulat siya ng tula ukol kay Rizal. Sa mga tulang pang-
Rizal nagsimula ang kanyang katanyagan.
Kapwa pintor naman sina Juan Luna at Felix Resureccion Hidalgo.
Mga Akdang Mapanghimagsik
Ang paghihimagsik laban sa mga Kastila ay pinagtampukan ng mga akda nina Bonifacio at Emilio Jacinto,
mga akdang nasulat sa Tagalog, ang wikang opisyal ng Katipunan. Samantala, ang paghihimagsik laban sa
mga Amerikano ay tinampukan naman ng mga akda nina Apolinario Mabini at Jose Palma.
Andres Bonifacio (1863-1897) – kinilalang “Ama ng Demokrasyang Pilipino” kinilala rin siyang “Dakilang
Plebyo”. Siya ay kasal kay Gregoria de Jesus, ang tinaguriang “Lakambini ng Katipunan”. Si Bonifacio ay
gumamit ng mga sagisag na “Agap-ito Bagumbayan” at “May Pag-asa”.
Mga Akda ni Bonifacio:
1. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa (tula)
2. Sampung Utos
3. Pahimakas (salin ng Mi Ultimo Adios ni Rizal)
4. Mga Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan (dekalogo ng Katipunan)
5. Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog (sanaysay)
6. Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas (tulang tugon sa tula ni del Pilar na Sagot ng Espanya sa Hibik ng
Pilipinas)
Emilio Jacinto (1875-1899) – kinilalang “Utak ng Katipunan” dahilan na rin sa kanyang katalinuhan.
Sumulat ng Kartilya ng Katipunan. Ginamit niya sa pagsulat ang sagisag na “Dimas-Ilaw”; ginamit naman
niyang pangalan bilang kasapi ng Katipunan ang “Pingkian”.
Mga Akda ni Jacinto:
1. A La Patria (tulang hawig sa Mi Ultimo Adios ni Rizal)
2. A Mi Madre (isang oda)
3. Liwanag at Dilim (katipunan ng mga sanaysay)
4. Ang Tao ay Magkakapantay
5. Kalayaan
Apolinario Mabini (1864-1903) – kilala sa bansag na “Dakilang Lumpo”. Tinaguriang siyang “Utak ng
Himagsikan”. Bilang manunulat, marami siyang akda sa Kastila – mga akdang pampolitika, sosyolohiko,
pampamahalaan at pilosopiko.
Mga Akda ni Mabini:
1. La Revolucion Filipino
2. El Verdadero Decalogo (Ang Tunay na Dekalogo)
Jose Palma (1876-1903) – kabilang sa mga manunulat sa panahon ng rebolusyon laban sa mga Amerikano.
Ang tulang “Filipinas” ang makabuluhan niyang ambag sa panitikan. Ito ang naging titik ng musikang
nalikha ni Julian Felipe.
Pag-unlad ng Tula
Unang Hati. Sa mga unang tatlumpu hanggang apatnapung taon ng pananakop ng mga Amerikano, ang
mga makatang Pilipino ay mapapangkat sa dalawa: nakatatanda at nakababata.
1. Nakatatanda – kabilang sa nakatatanda sina Lope K. Santos, Pedro Gatmaitan, at Iñigo Ed.
Regalado. Ang unang pangkat na ito ay aral sa Kastila.
2. Nakababata – sa nakababata naman ay sina Jose Corazon de Jesus, Teodoro Gener, Ildefonso
Santos, Cirio H. Panganiban, Aniceto F. Silvestre at Amado V. Hernandez.
Lope K. Santos (1879-1963) – tinatawag na “Ama ng Balarilang Pilipino”. May-akda ng Banaag at Sikat.
Bilang makata, laging mababanggit kaugnay ng pangalan niya ang mga tulang “Ang Pangginggera”, “Puso’t
Diwa”, “Mga Hamak na Dakila,” at “Sino Ka – Ako’y Si…”
Pedro Gatmaitan – Ang kanyang mga tula ay napatanyag dahil sa hindi malayong paggunita sa mga
kabayanihan ng mga bayani ng digmaan at ng himagsikan 1896. Nagkubli siya sa mga sagisag na “Pipit-
Puso”, “Dante”, “Ernesto Salamisim” at “Alitaptap”. Nakilala ang kanyang “Tungkos ng Alaala”, isang
katipunan ng kanyang mga natatanging tula.
Ikalawang Hati. Sa panahong ito namayani ang mga nakababatang Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Batute),
Cirio Panganiban, Deogracias A. Rosario, Ildefonso Santos, Benigno Ramos at Aniceto Silvestre.
“Ilaw at Panitik” – isang tanyag na samahang pangwika na natatag noon. Ang unang pangulo ng samahan
ay si Jose Esperanza Cruz, naging patnugot ng Liwayway. Panahon din ito ng mga patimpalak sa pagtula
at pagsulat ng tula, at sa mga ganitong pagkakataon ang mga makatang kasapi ng “Ilaw at Panitiki” ay
naghali-halili sa pagkakamit ng unang gantimpala.
Balagtasan – supling ng matandang duplo. Abril 6, 1924, idinaos ang kauna-unahang balagtasan. Ginanap
iyon sa bulwagan ng Instituto de Mujeres, sa Kalye Tayuman, Tondo, Maynila. Ang pamagat ay “Bulaklak
ng Lahing Kalinis-linisan”. Si Jose Corazon de Jesus ang lumagay na “Paruparo” at si Florentino Collantes
naman ang sa “Bubuyog”. Si Sofia Enriquez naman ang mabangong “Kampupot” o Bulaklak ng Kalinisan,
samantala si Lope K. Sntos ang siyang nag-lakandiwa. Si Jose Corazon de Jesus ang nanalo sa labanang
iyon, ayon sa pasiya ng hurado. Naging unang Hari ng Balagtasan si Batute.
Jose Corazon de Jesus – naging “Makata ng Pag-ibig” sa halalan ng mga mambabasa ng pahayagang Mithi
noong 1916. Isa sa mga tanyag niyang tula ang “Isang Punongkahoy”.
Florentino Collantes – naging katunggali ni Batute sa mga pagbabalagtasan. Naibigay sa kanya ang
karangalang “Makata ng Bayan” kapanabay ng pagbibibay kay Lope K. Santos ng karangalang “Paham ng
Wika”. Kabilang sa mga tula niya ang sumusunod: Ang Sawa, Sa Dakong Silangan, Ang Lumang Simbahan
at Ang Tulisan.
Iba Pang Makata
Teodoro E. Gener – pangunahing tula niya ang “Subo ng Sinaing”, “Guro” at “Pag-ibig”.
Aniceto F. Silvestre – makata ng damdamin. Ang kanyang tulang “Filipinas” ay ipinagwagi niya ng
gantimpala sa tula sa isang patimpalak na Surian ng Wikang pambansa noong 1946.
Teo S. Baylen – ang mga tula niya sa loob ng tatlumpung taon ay isina-aklat niya sa kanyang Tinig na
Darating.
Ang Pag-unlad ng Dula
 Ang dula ay isang sangay na panitikang naglalahad ng isang pangyayari o mga pangyayaring
kinasasangkutan ng isa o dalawang pangunahing tauhan at ng iba pang mga katulong na tauhan
na itinatanghal sa isang dulaan.
Sarsuwela – bilang panooring panlibangan, ay ipinakilala ng mga Kastila noong mga taong 1878-1879
ngunit di nagkaroon ng sapat na panahon upang umunlad at lumaganap. Kaagaw pa nito ang moro-moro
na mas dinudunog ng mga mamamayan.
Mga Nakilalang Mandudula
Severino Reyes (1861-1942) – pangunahing manunulat ng sarsuwela si Severino Reyes. Kilala rin siya sa
sagisag na “Lola Basyang” dahil sa kanyang mga kuwentong-bayan na inilathala sa Lingguhang Liwayway.
Ang kanyang sarsuwelang Walang Sugat ang itinuturing na kanyang obra-maestra. Noong 1922, naging
patnugot siya ng Liwayway.
Patricio Mariano – isang mandudula, peryodista, kuwentista, nobelista at makata. Marami siyang nasulat
na dula na kinabibilangan ng Anak ng Dagat, Ang Tulisan, Ang Dalawang Pag-ibigi, Ako’y Iyo Rin, at iba
pa. Siya ng tinaguriang Dekano ng mga Mandudulang Tagalog.
Hermogenes Ilagan – siya ang masasabing kaagaw ni Severino Reyes sa kasigasigan sa paglikha at
pagtatanghal ng sarsuwela. Ang pinakatanyag niyang dula ay ang Dalagang Bukid.
Julian Cruz Balmaseda – namumukod ang kanyang aral sa pag-iimpok sa sulang Ang Piso ni Anita. Ito ang
dulang nagtamo ng unang gantimpala sa timpalak ng Kawanihan ng Koreo; sa kanyang Sa Bunganga ng
Pating, binaka niya ang sakit na nililikha ng salaping patubuan.
Aurelio Tolentino (1868-1913) – dalubhasa sa paggamit ng tatlong wika, Pampango, Tagalog at Kastila.
Maraming dula siyang nasulat tulad ng Bagong Kristo, isang sulang sosyolohiko; Sumpaan, isang
romantikong sarsuwelang may tatlong yugto. Ngunit higit sa lahat ng mga dula niya, ang nakilala’y ang
kanyang Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas. Isang alegoriya ang dulang ito ay naglalahad sa pamamagitan ng
mga simbolikong tauhan na pinagdadaanan ng Pilipinas.
Juan K. Abad – nang magsimula ang himagsikan sinunog ng lahat ni Abad ang kanyang mga akdang
nanunuligsa sa pamahalaan at sa mga prayle at pagkaraa ay umanib siya sa Katipunan. Hinarap ni Abad
ang pagbaka sa comedia sa paniniwalang ito ay nakakalason sa isipan ng mga Pilipino.
Ang Pag-unlad ng Nobela
 Ang kauna-unahang nobelang Tagalog na ipinalimbag sa anyong aklat ay ang Nena at Neneng ni
Valeriano Hernandez Peña; inilimbag ito noong 1905. Isusunod na sana ang Banaag at Sikat ni Lope
K. Santos, na labis na pinananabikang mabasang muli, subalit dahilan sa kakapalan nito, nauna ang
Miminsan Akong Umibigi ni Valeriano Hernandez Peña na lumabas noong 1906. Sumunod na rin nang
taon din iyon ang Banaag at Sikat ni Santos.
 Ang Kathambuhay o nobela ay isang sangay ng panitikang naglalahad ng maraming pangyayaring
kinasasangkutan ng isa o dalawang pangunahing tauhan at iba pang katulong na mga tauhan at ang
buong pangyayari ay sumasaklaw nang higit na mahabang panahon kaysa maikling katha.
Ang Panahong Ginto ng Nobelang Tagalog
 Panahong saklaw ng unang dalawampung taon, nasulat ang mga nobelang nagtataglay ng mga
katangiang kasalaminan ng panahon at umayon sa layuning “makapagturo ng mabuti,
makapaghimaton ng pag-iwas sa mga sakuna at kasawian sa buhay, makapagbinhi ng mabuting
kaugalian at makapagpaunlad ng isip.” Sa palagay ni Regalado, “hindi maitatanggi ng sino man na
ang nobekang Tagalog ay nagkaroon ng Panahong Ginto…at ang panahong iyon ay sumasaklaw sa
mga taong buhat sa 1905 hanggang 1921.”
Ang Maikling Kuwento
 Ang anyo ng maikling kuwento ay nakilala lamang sa Pilipinas ng mgaunang taon ng ika-20 siglo nang
narito na ang mga Amerikano. Ang mga unang anyo ng maikling kuwento ay ang (1) dagli, na ang
himig ay nangangaral. Ang mga ito’y namumuna at nanunuligsa, at (2) pasingaw o munting
kasaysayan na nagpapahayag ng pag-ibig sa mga nililigawan o hinahangaang paraluman.
 Ang maikling kuwento ay isang sangay ng panitikang naglalahad ng isang natatangi at mahalagang
pangyayari sa buhay ng isang pangunahing tauhan s aisang takdang panahon.
Sangkap ng Maikling Kwento:
1. Paksang-diwa o tema – pangunahing kaisipan ng kuwento, ng isang pangkalahatang pagmamasid sa
buhay ng may-akda na nais niyang ipabatid sa mambabasa.
2. Banghay – balangkas o istruktura ng mga pangyayaring kinapapalooban ng mga kilos, pagkahubog ng
tauhan, tunggalian at mga hadlang, at mga detalye na buhat sa simula ay mabilis sa pag-akyat sa
kasukdulan. Ito ay mabilis na sinusundan ng wakas.
3. Katimpian – higit na masining ang matimping paglalarawan ng damdamin.
4. Paningin – pananaw na pinagdaraanan ng mga pangyayari sa isang katha. Ito ang kahulugan ng
paningin.
Apat na paraan ng pagsasalaysay ng kuwento ayon sa paningin ng nagpapahayag:
a. Paningin sa Unang Panauhan – sumasanib ang may-akda sa isa sa mga tauhan na siyang
nagsasalaysay sa unang panauhan.
b. Paningin sa Pangatlong Panauhan – pangatlong panauhan ang ginamit ng manunulat sa
pagsasalaysay ng mga pangyayari sa kuwento. Ang isipan at damdamin ng mga tauhan ay
maaari niyang utusan.
c. Itinakdang Obhetibong Paningin – maaaring ang pangunahing tauhan o ang alin man sa mga
katulong na tauhan ang tauhang nagsasalaysay.
d. Obhetibong Paningin – ang tagapagsalaysay ay nagsisilbing isang kamera na malatang
nakalilibot subalit maitatala lamang nito ang tuwirang nakikit at naririnig.
5. Pahiwatig – nagiging malikhain ang mga mambabasa sapagkat naiiwan sa kanyang guniguni o
imahinasyon sa mga pangyayaring nagaganap o maaaring maganap sa kuwento.
6. Simbolo – ito ang mga salita na kapag binanggit sa isang akda ay nag-iiwan ng iba’t ibang
pagpapakahulugan sa mambabasa. Halimbawa, ang puti ay kumakatawan sa kalinisan o kawagasan.
Deogracias A. Rosario – Ama ng Maikling Kuwentong Tagalog
Sanaysay
 Naglalarawan ng mga kuru-kuro at pansariling kaisipan ng isang manunulat. Ang sanaysay ay
maaaring maanyo (pormal) at maaari namang malaya (di-pormal o personal).
 Ang salitang sanaysay ay salitang-likha ni Alejandro G. Abadilla (AGA). Ayon sa kanya, ito ay pinagsanib
na mga salitang pagsasalaysay ng isang sanay o nakasulat na karanasan ng isang sanay sa
pagsasalaysay. Di gaya ng maraming salitang-likha, ang sanaysay ay dagling tinanggap ng bayan.
Dalawang uri ng Sanaysay:
1. maanyo o pormal – tanging layunin nito ay magbigay ng kaalaman
2. malaya o di-pormal – higit na kaaliw-aliw na basahin dahil sa ang mga salitang ginamit ay madaling
maintindihan at ang paksa ay karaniwan.
Talambuhay
 Naglalahad ng mahahalagang pangyayari sa buhay o kasaysayan ng isang tao. Kapag ang talambuhay
ay nauukol sa taong siyang sumulat, ito ay tinatawag na pansariling talambuhay (autobiography).
Pangulong Tudling
 Naglalahad ng kuru-kuro ng patnugot ng isang pahayagan. Ang mga pitak ng mga kolumnista ay
kahawig ng pangulong tudling, lamang, ang kuru-kuro ng patnugot ay higit na matimbang o may bigat
at siyang kuru-kuro na ng pahayagan.
Panahon ng Hapones (1942-1944)
 Marami ang nagsasabing “gintong panahon” daw ng maikling kuwento at ng dulang Tagalog ang
panahong ito. Sa panahong ito, halos ipinagbawal ang Ingles ng mga mananakop kung kaya’t naging
luwalhati naman ng wikaing Tagalog ang pangyayaring ito.
 Sa pangangasiwa ng Surian ng Wikang Pambansa, ang pinakamahusay na maikling kuwento ng
panahong iyon ay pinili. Ang tatlong kuwentong nanguna ay ang mga sumusunod: “Lupang Tinubuan”
ni Narciso G. Reyes, “Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa” ni Liwayway Arceo, at “Lunsod, Nayon at Dagat-
dagatan” ni N.V.M. Gonzales.
 Tatlong uri ng tula ang namalasak noong panahon ng Hapon: Karaniwang anyo, malayang taludturan,
na ang pinakamarami ay haiku at tanaga.
Tanaga – isang uri ng tulang Tagalog noong unang panahon na sa katipiran ng pamamaraan ay
maihahalintulad sa Haiku ng mga Hapones, bagamat lalong maikli ang haiku. Ang tanaga ay may sukat at
tugma. Ang bawat taludtod ay may pitong (7) pantig.
Halimbawa:
Palay
Palay siyang matino
Nang humangi’y yumuko,
Ngunit muling tumayo;
Nagkabunga ng ginto.
Gawad Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Panitikan)
Amado V. Hernandez - 1973
Jose Garcia Villa - 1973
Nick Joaquin - 1976
Carlos P. Romulo - 1982
Francisco Arcellana - 1990
Levi Celerio - 1997 (Musika at Panitikan)
N.V.M. Gonzalez - 1997
Edith L. Tiempo - 1999
F. Sionil Jose - 2001
Virgilio S. Almario - 2003
Alejandro R. Roces - 2003
Mga Teorya/Pananaw Pampanitikan
Teorya
 Ito ang pormulasyon ng palilinawing mga prinsipyo ng mga tiyak na penomena, paniniwala, o
ideya upang makalikha ng isang sistematikong paraan ng pagpapaliwanag ng mga ito.
Teoryang Pampanitikan
 Ang pagbabalangkas ng mga prinsipyo na magpapaliwanag sa pinagmulan at kalikasan ng
panitikan, ano ito ngayon at ano dapat ito, papaano ito nalikha at papaano ito nagagamit ng
lipunan.
 Isang sistema ng mga kaisipan at mga kahalagahan na nagbibigay-kahulugan sa kalikasan at
tungkulin ng panitikan pati na sa proseso ng paglikhang masining, at mga layunin ng may -akda at
ng tekstong pampanitikan.
Teoryang Klasisismo
 Pagtuklas at pagtanaw sa katotohanan, kagandahan, at kabutihan ang nilalayon ng klasisismo.
Hinahangad nito na palawakin ang pananaw at pang-unawa ng matwid na tao, at makamtan
yaong tinatawag na grandeur d’ame o pagkadakila ng pagkatao. At dahil ang tao ay sadyang may
katutubong karupukan, kinakailangan din na ang panitikan ay makatulong sa paglilinis o
pagpupurga sa kalooban at niloloob upang lalong makatulong sa pagkakamit ng kadakilaan ng
katauhan.
Teoryang Humanismo
 Walang higit pang kawili-wiling paksa kaysa tao. Kung pumasok man ang kalikasan sa sining ay
upang lalong mapalitaw ang mga katangian ng tao. Ang Diyos man ay nagiging makabuluhan sa
daigdig dahil sa tao sapagkat kung walang tao sa daigdig, walang makakaisip ng anuman tungkol
sa Diyos. Hindi nito sinasabi na higit na dakila ang tao kaysa Diyos. Isinesentro lamang nito sa
daigdig ang tao.
Teoryang Romantisismo
 Higit na pinahahalagahan ang “damdamin” kaysa ideyang siyentipiko o may batayan. Nananalig
ang mga romantisista sa Diyos; naniniwala sila sa katwiran, siyensya, eksperimento at
obserbasyon (empirisismo); materyal din ang tingin nila sa kalikasan at santinakpan. Ngunit para
sa kanila, kulang pa at hindi maipaliliwanag o nasasagot ng mga ito ang mga tanong at mga
karanasan tungkol sa puso.
Teoryang Realismo
 Higit na mahalaga ang katotohanan kaysa kagandahan. Hinahangad nito ang katotohanan at ang
makatotohanang paglalahad at paglalarawan ng mga bagay, mga tao at lipunan, at alin pa mang
maaaring mapatunayan sa pamamagitan ng ating mga sentido. Ang paraan ng paglalarawan ang
susi, at hindi ang uri ng paksa. Naniniwala ang realismo na ang pagbabago ay walang hinto.
Teoryang Naturalismo
 Pinalawak ng naturalismo ang saklaw ng realismo. Tinangka kasi ng naturalismo ang mas
“matapat, di-piniling representasyon ng realidad, isang tiyak na hiwa ng buhay na ipinakita nang
walang panghuhusga”. Dahil sa walang muwang na “scientific determinism,” binigyang-diin ng
naturalismo ang namana (o aksidente) at pangpisikal na likas ng tao kaysa mga katangian niyang
pangmoral o rasyonal. Naipakitang ang mga indibidwal ay produkto ng pinanggalingan at
kapaligiran.
Teoryang Formalismo
 Ang isang akda ay may sariling buhay at umiiral sa sarili nitong paraan. Nasa porma o kaanyuan
ng isang akda ang kasiningan nito. Ang porma ay binubuo ng imahe (gamit ng lengguwahe na
kumakatawan sa mga bagay, aksiyon at mga ideyang abstrakto), diksiyon (pagpili ng mga salita at
paraan ng pagkakaayos nito), sukat, tugma, at iba pa. Kailangang magkasama ang porma at ang
nilalaman upang magkaroon ng buong kahulugan ang isang akda.

Teoryang Imahismo
 Malaya ang makatang pumili ng anumang nais na paksain ng kanyang tula. Gumagamit ng wika o
salitang pangkaraniwan. Kailangang angkop at tiyak ang bawat salita, at walang hindi
kinakailangang palamuti. Ang imagism, isang tradisyon ng panulaang modernista na sadyang
tiwalag sa tradisyon ng pangangaral o pang-aliw bilang akdang pansining ay may bukod-tanging
kairalan, at hindi ito kailangang ipasailalim sa anumang layuning hindi makasining. Wika nga, “Art
for art’s sake”.
Teoryang Siko-Analitika
 Masalimuot ang teorya ni Freud. Sa pinakamadaling sabi, ang panitikan sa kanya ay ang kabuuan
ng kamalayan at di-kamalayan: lumalabas dito ang mga bagay na di masasabi o maisusulat ng
makata nang tuwiran sa harap ng ibang tao.
Arketipal na Pananaw
 o mitolohikal na oryentasyon. Ito ay isa pang pagdulog na tila kawangis ng sikolohikal na
pananaw. Tulad ng sikolohikal na pananaw, nakapako ang atensiyon nito sa paraan ng paglikha
at ang epekto nito sa mambabasa. Subalit waring higit na malawak ang larangang sinusuyod ng
arketipong pananaw sapagkat buong kalipunan ng mga sagisag at imaheng palagiang lumilitaw sa
mga teksto ng pandaigdigang kultura ang pinagpapakuan nito ng masusing pansin.
Teoryang Eksistensiyalismo
 Tulad ng romantisismo, ito ay mahilig sa eksperimentasyon tungo sa “tunay” na buhay at
pananalita o ekspresyon. Sinusuri nito ang lahat ng bagay bilang “lived facts”; wala itong dini-
diyos at itinuturing na dapat igalang (sacred) maliban sa kalayaan, pagka-responsable at
indibidwalismo ng bawat tao – ng manunulat o ng mambabasa. Walang makapagsasabi ng kung
alin ang tama o mali, totoo o malikmata, importante o walang silbi, maliban sa taong nakararanas
sa pinag-uusapan.

Teoryang Istrukturalismo
 Iisa ang simulain ng teoryang ito: ang pagpapatunay na ang wika o lengguwahe, ay hindi lamang
hinuhubog ng kamalayang panlipunan kundi humuhubog din sa kamalayang panlipunan.
Nakabaon ang panlipunang kamalayan sa paggamit ng wika (social discourse) o paggamit sa mga
salita ayon sa mga kinikilalang tuntunin at pagsasapraktikang panlipunan (social conventions).
Teoryang Dekonstruksiyon
 Binibiyang-diin sa teoryang ito ang kamalayan ng manunulat at ng mambabasa bilang mga
produkto ng social discourse na nakasulat. Ito ay naangkop sa panitikang nakasulat bil ang
produkto ng isang tiyak na may-akda na tagapagdala o tagapagingat ng isang tradisyong pang-
intelektuwal at pampanitikan. Ang kahulugan ng isang tekto ay nasa kamalayang gumagamit sa
teksto, at hindi sa teksto mismo.
Teoryang Moralistiko
 Pinalalagay na ang akda ay may kapangyarihang maglahad o magpahayag hindi lamang ng literal
na katotohanan kundi ng mga panghabambuhay at unibersal na mga katotohanan at mga di-
mapapawing pagpapahalaga (values). Pinahahalagahan ang panitikan di dahil sa mga partikular
na katangian nito bilang likhang-isip na may sinusunod na sariling mga batas at prinsipyo sa
kanyang pagiging malikhain, kundi dahil sa mga aral na naidudulot nito sa mga nakikinig o
bumabasa.
Teoryang Historikal/Sosyolohikal
 Di teksto bilang teksto ang lubusang pinagtutuunan ng pansin kundi ang kontekstong dito’y
nagbigay-daan; hindi ang partikular na kakanyahan lamang ang sinusuri kundi ang mga
impluwensiyang dito ay nagbigay-hugis—ang talambuhay ng awtor, ang politikal na sitwasyon sa
panahong naisulat ang akda, ang mga tradisyon at kombensiyon na maaaring nakapagbigay sa
akda ng mga katangian.
Marxistang Pananaw
 Ang panitikan ay tinitignan bilang instrumento ng pagbabago, o bilang behikulo na magagamit
upang mabuksan ang isipan ng tao sa kanilang kalagayang api.
Feministang Pananaw
 Pinagtutuunan ng pananaw Feminismo ang kalagayan o representasyon ng kababaihan sa isang
akda. Layunin nito na baguhin ang mga de-kahong imahen o paglalarawan sa kababaihan sa
anumang uri ng panitikan. Layunin ng pananaw na ito na masuri ang mga akdang pampanitikan
sa paningin o perspektiba ng babae. Dahil sa matagal na panahon, halos mga lalaki ang nagsusuri
kung kaya hindi man maka-lalaki ang pananaw, ay nagtatanghal lamang ng mga nagawa ng
kalalakihan.

Mga Tayutay o Mga Salitang Patalinghaga

Tayutay (Figures of Speech)
 Nagpapaganda sa akda, nagpapalalim sa kaisipan at nagpapayaman sa guniguni ng bumabasa.
Ang mga tayutay ay madalas na gamitin sa mga akdang pampanitikan.
1. Patulad o Simile – paghahambing ng dalawang bagay na magkaiba ng uri (ginagamitan ng
salitang para, gaya, katulad, kaparis, at iba pa).
Halimbawa:
Para ng halamang lumaki sa tubig,
Daho’y nalalanta munting di madilig.
2. Pawangis o Metapora – paggamit ng salitang nangangahulugan ng isang bagay sa pagpapahayag
ng ibang bagay.
Halimbawa:
Sapagkat ang haring may hangad sa yaman
Ay mariing hampas ng langit sa bayan.
3. Sinekdoke – gumagamit ng bahagi sa halip ng kabuuan o ng kabuuan sa halip ng bahagi.
Halimbawa:
At ang balang bibig na binubukalan
Ng sabing magaling at katotohanan.
4. Pangitain o Vision
Halimbawa:
Sa sinapupunan ng Konde Adolfo’y
Aking natatanaw si Laurang sinta ko.
5. Panawagan o Apostrophe – kagyat na pagtutol sa naunang pagpapahayag at pananawagan sa
tao o bagay na wala roon.
Halimbawa:
Kamataya’y nahan ang dating bangis mo?
6. Pabaligho o Paradox – pahayag na wari’y salungat o laban sa likas na pagkukuro ngunit
nagpapakilala ng katotohanan.
Halimbawa:
Ang matatawag kong palaya sa akin
ng ama ko’y itong ako’y pagliluhin
agawan ng sinta’t panasa-nasaing
lumubog sa dusa’t buhay ko’y makitil.
7. Padamdam o Exclamation – pagbubulalas ng masidhi o matinding damdamin.
Halimbawa:
Nanlilisik ang mata’t ang ipinagsaysay
Ay hindi ang ditsong nasa orihinal,
Kundi ang winika’y ikaw na umagaw
Ng kapurihan ko’y dapat kang mamatay!
8. Pandiwantao o Personification – binibigyang-katauhan ang isang bagay na walang buhay o
kaisipang basal (abstract).
Halimbawa:
Parang walang malay hanggang sa magtago’t
Humilig si Pebo sa hihigang ginto.
9. Pahalintulad o Analogy – tambalang paghahambing, pagkakawangki ng mga pagkakaugnay.
Halimbawa:
Inusig ng taga ang dalawang leon,
si Apolo mandin sa Serpyente Piton.
10. Enigma – naikukubli ang kahulugan sa ilalim ng malabong pagtukoy.
Halimbawa:
Tapat ang puso ko’y di nagunamgunam
Na ang paglililo’y nasa kagandahan.
11. Papanuto o Aphorism – maikling paglalahad ng isang tuntuning pangkaasalan.
Halimbawa:
Kung ang isalubong sa iyong pagdating
ay masayang mukha’t may pakitang-giliw
pakaingatan mo’t kaaway na lihim,
siyang isaisip na kakabakahin.
12. Tanong na Mabisa o Rhetorical Question– tanong na naglalayong magbunga ng isang tanging
bisa at hindi upang magtamo ng kasagutan.
Halimbawa:
Anong gagawin ko sa ganiton bagay
ang sinta ko kaya’y bayaang mamatay?
13. Pagmamalabis o Hyperbole – pahayag na ibayong maindi kaysa katotohanan o lagpas sa
maaaring mangyari.
Halimbawa:
Bababa si Marte mula sa itaas,
Sa kailalima’y aahon ang parkas.
14. Aliterasyon – paulit-ulit na tunog ng isang katinig na ginagamit sa mga magkakalapit na salita o
pantig.
Halimbawa:
At sa mga pulong dito’y nakasabog, nangalat, nagpunla.
Nagsipanahanan, nangagsipamuhay, nagbato’t nagkuta.
15. Asonansya – inuulit ang tunog ng isang patinig sa halip ng katinig.
Halimbawa:
Ang buhay ng tao at sa taong palad,
Nasa ginagawa ang halaga’y bigat.
16. Onomatopeya – pagkakahawig ng tunog ng salita at ng diwa nito.
(1) Tuwirang onomatopeya – kapag ginagagad ng ga tunog ng patinig at katinig ang tunog ng
inilalarawan ng taludtod.
Halimbawa:
Ikaw’y iniluwal ng baha sa bundok
Hahala-halakhak at susutsut-sutsot.
(2) Pahiwatig na onomatopeya – kapag ang mga tunog ng patinig at katinig ay hindi gumagagad kundi
nagpapahiwatig lamang ng bagay na inilalarawan.
Ayon kay Lope K. Santos, ang ating mga titik ay nag-aangkin ng sari-sariling pahiwatig na kaisipan.
Ang A ay nagpapahiwatig ng kalakhan, kalinawan, kalawakan, kalantaran, samantalang ang I ay
nagtataglay ng diwa ng kaliitan, labuan, karimlan, kalaliman, kalihiman, at iba pa.
a – araw, buwan, ilaw, buwan, linaw, tanghal
i – gabi, lilim, lihim, kulimlim, liit, unti, itim
 i - Ang suot ay puti’y may apoy sa bibig,
Sa buong magdamag ay di matahimik,
Ngunit ang hiwagang di sukat malirip,
Kung bakit sa gabi lamang namamasid.
Mga Uri ng Matalinghagang mga Pananalita
Pahayag Idyomatiko (Idiomatic Expression)
 Isang pariralang ang kahulugan ay di mahahanago sa alinmang bahagi ng pananalita.
 Ang kahulugan ng mga ito ay di bunga ng pagsasama ng kahulugan ng mga salitang bumubuo sa
mga ito kundi isang natatanging kahulugang naiiba sa mismong parirala.
 Malayo ang kahulugang literal o tuwirang kahulugan sa kontekstuwal o tunay na kahulugan.
 Matatag na ang pagiging gamitin ng mga pahayag idyomatiko dahil ginagamit na sa mahabang
panahon at bahagi na ng talaslaitaan ng bayan.
 Nagpasalin-salin ito sa bibig ng mg tao.
Halimbawa:
alagang ahas – taksil, walang utang-na-loob, kalawang sa bakal
gagapang na parang ahas – maghihirap ang buhay, maghihikahos, magiging miserable ang buhay
parang ahas na kuyog – galit na lahat ang buong angkan sa kagalit ng isa sa kanila
bagong ahon – baguhan sa pook, bagong salta
alanganin – bakla, tomboy
lumilipad sa alapaap – walang katiyakan, alinlangan
inalat – minalas, inabot ng alat
pinakain ng alikabok – tinalo sa isang karera ng takbuhan
nasagap na alimuom – nakuhang tsismis, sabi-sabi, bali-balita, alingasngas

Patayutay na Pananalita ((Figurative Word or Phrase)

 Isang salita o parirala na ang kahulugan ay ipinahihiwatig ng salita o ilan sa mga salita sa parirala.
 Nasisinag ang kontekstuwal na kahulugan sa mga salitang ginagamit.
Halimbawa:
magulo pa sa sangkuwaltang abaka – masalimuot, napakagulo, nakalilito, walang-walang kaayusan
abo ang utak – walang pang-intindi, bobo, tanga, mahina ang ulo
anay – lihim na kaaway
anak sa labas – anak sa di tunay na asawa, anak sa ibang babae
parang iniihan ng aso – di mapakali, di mapalagay, balisa
buhol-babae – mahina o madaling makalas ang pagkakatali, di matatag/matibay
agawin ang buhay – iligtas ang buhay sa kamatayan
mag-alsa ng boses – sumigaw (sa galit), magtaas ng tinig
mabigat ang katawan – masama ang pakiramdam o di maganda ang pakiramdam, tamad
Eupemistikong Pananalita (Euphemistic Expression)
 Pananalitang ipinapalit sa mga salita o pariralang kapag ipinahayag sa tuwirang kahulugan ay
nagdudulot ng pagkalungkot o pagdaramdam, pagkarimarim, pagkalagim o ibang di kanais-nais
na damdamin sa pinagsasabihan o nakakarinig.
 Ginagawa ang ganitong pagpapalit upang maging kaaya-aya sa pandinig ang pahayag at nang
maiwasan ang makasugat ng damdamin ng iba.
 Madalas na ginagamit ang mga eupemistikong pananalita sa mga pahayg kaugnay ng kamatayan,
maseselang bahagi ng katawan ng tao at sa malalaswang gawain.
Halimbawa:
Eupemistikong Pananalita Kahulugan
sumakabilang buhay
o binawian ng buhay namatay
pagsisiping o pagtatalik pag-aasawahan
SCIENCE
1. What trait of a scientist does Student A seem not have – a. Open-mindedness
2. Student B and C display which trait of scientist – c. Truthfulness
3. Why can Student D be said to have the bearing of a scientist.

A. He/She can relate to people C. He/She has a critical mind.

B. He/She is objective D. He/She is open-minded

4. Marco is always interested in asking questions. He is also very eager to find the answers to
his questions. What scientific attitude is he displaying?

A Curiosity C. Absence of prejudice

B. Rationality D. Wonder
5. Monica respects the ideas of her colleagues even if they are very much contrary to her own
beliefs. What important scientific attitude is seen in her actions?
A. Honesty C. Open-mindedness
B. Absence of prejudice D. Acceptance

6. Carlito weighs evidences dutifully before making any conclusions or decisions. He dissects
the information individually before coming to a final conclusion. What scientific attitude is he
displaying?

A. Carefulness C. Precision
B. Rationality D. Accuracy

7. While performing an experiment, Mico expresses his opinions and tries new ideas even at the
risk of failure or criticism. What scientific trait is displayed in this situation?

A. Curiosity C. Diligence
B. Risk-taking D. Absence of ambiguity

8. Paul admits that he is not free from committing errors. He recognizes that there may be better
ideas and realizes that there are individuals whom he may have to consult to arrive at correct
observations and conclusions. What scientific trait is he displaying?

A. Open-mindedness C. Rationality
B. Objectivity D. Humility

9. While performing research for a pharmaceutical company, Melanie gave a truthful report of
observations. She did not withhold important information just to please herself or her company.
What scientific attitude did she display?

A. Absence of bias C. Intellectual honesty

B. Faith in God D. Critical mindedness

10. Chona actively participates in a task and also dutifully performs tasks assigned to her. What
scientific attitude is displayed in this situation?

A. Camaraderie C. Being a team player

B. Responsibility D. Unity
11. Fernan always seeks to think outside the box. He always aims to generate new and original
ideas. What scientific attitude is he displaying?

A. Inventiveness C. Indifference
B. Nobility D Absence of prejudice

12. Adolfo does not allow his feelings and biases to influence his recording of observations,
interpretation of data, and formulation of conclusions. What scientific attitude is reflected in his
actions?
A. Absence of bias C. Rationality
B. Concern for the environment D. Objectivity
13. Dennis bases suggestions and conclusions on evidences. When in doubt, he questions the
veracity of a statement in relation to the evidences presented. What scientific attitude is seen in
his actions?

A. Firm set of beliefs C. Critical-mindedness

B. Absence of bias D. Intellectual honesty

14. Jose believes that everything that happens in this world has a cause or reason. What
scientific attitude is seen in his actions?

A. Curiosity C. Honesty
B. Firm set of beliefs D. Critical-mindedness

15. Pepita believes that God is the ultimate source of all scientific wisdom. She also upholds
that it is through God's grace the she is able to discover the mysteries of God's creations. What
scientific attitude is she displaying?

A. Faith in God C. Curiosity

B. Fatalism D. Concem for the environment

16. Alice does not allow her judgment to be influenced by her likes or dislikes. What scientific
attitude is seen in her actions?

A. Prejudice C. Honesty
B. Critical thinking D. Absence of bias
17. Miguel only creates inventions that respect and help conserve natural resources. He is an
advocate against pollution and illegal logging. What scientific attitude is seen in his actions?
A. Concern for the environment C. Belief in evolution
B. Love for nature D. Conservativism

18. Nicolaus Copernicus believed that the Church was wrong about the Sun revolving around
the Earth. Advancing his theory that the Earth revolved around the Sun eventually cost him his
life. What scientific attitude is seen in his actions?

A. Egotism C. Revolutionary
B. Selflessness D. Positivism
 2. Use scientific inquiry to investigate materials

19. If two variables X and Y arc directly related, which of these is NOT true?

A. As X increases, Y also increases,

B. A high Y is associated with a high X.
C. When X increases, Y decreases
D. When X is low, Y also is low.
Situation: Read the following, then answer questions f#20-22.

Beda wants to find out if different types of wood soak up the same amount of water when wet. She
plans to do the following:

I. Weigh a dry block of each type of wood

II. Put each block into a container full of water
III. Leave the wood in the water.
IV. Take the wood out, dry the outside of each block and reweigh.
V. Calculate the amount of the water soaked up.

20. To be a fair test, what variables should she control?

I. Size of each block

II. Time left in water
III. Type of wood
IV. Amount of water
A. I and III C. I and II
B. III and IV D. II and IV
21, In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?
A. Type of wood used C. Time left in the water
B. The amount of water soaked up D. Dry weight of each block
22. What is the independent variable?

A. Type of wood used C. Amount of water soaked up

B. Dry weight of each block D. Time left in the water
Read the following, then answer questions #23-27.

The class was asked to design an experiment to test the effect of detergent on fish. One group came
up with this experimental design.

For detergent they got Tide, Surf and Champion. For fish, they had tilapia fingerling, goldfish and
baby janitor fish contained in different sizes and shapes OT bottles. To the tilapia fingerling, they put1
tbsp of Tide. To the goldfish, they put 1 tbsp of Surf and to the baby janitor fish, I tbsp of Champion.
23. What is the control group?

A. The tilapia with 1 tbsp of Tide

B. The baby janitor fish with 1 tbsp of Champion
C. The goldfish with 1 tbsp of Surf
D. Cannot be determined
24. What is the experimental group?

A. Cannot be determined
B. The baby janitor fish with 1 tbsp of Champion
C. The goldfish with 1tbsp of Surf
D. The tilapia with 1 tbsp of Tide
25. What is the dependent variable?

A. The brand of detergent

B. The effect of detergent on fish
C. The amount of detergent
D. The amount of water
26. Is there any defect in the experimental design?

A. None, it is a simple yet perfect design.

B. Yes, not only one but several.
C. Yes, there is, but was remedied by the fact that 3 kinds of detergents
D. Yes, there is but was compensated by the use of not only one type of
27. If you were to improve on the experimental design what should you do?

I. Just focus on one independent variable at a time, e.g. brand of detergent.

II. Make use of the same type and size of fish.
III. Increase the number of fish and reduce the number of detergent brands involved.
A. I and II
B. II only
C. I and III
D. I only

28. Printed on the label of a bottle of cough medicine is the following instructions: "Store away
from light, below 30 degrees C." What can you infer about the cough medicine?

A. It should be hidden away from children.

B. It should be stored in the refrigerator.
C. It is in a dark, light-proof bottle.
D. It is affected by heat and light.
29. It is commonly observed that most respondents to survey questionnaire checklists just
check answers without really reading them. What conclusion can be derived from the common
observation?
 A. Data gathered by way of questionnaire checklists are not very reliable.
B. Respondents need to be convinced of the importance of research data.
C. Researchers resort to questionnaire checklists for data-gathering because it is the
easiest method.
D. Good survey questionnaires are not easy to make.

30. Teacher M showed the class the potted plants placed on the window sill. She asked them to
observe the direction of their growth. The pupils observed that the plants tended to grow
outward. Then Teacher M asked the class this question: "Why do you think they tended to grow
outward? What was teacher M engaging the pupils to do?

A. Formulate hypothesis C. Design an experiment

B. Draw conclusion D. Observe

31. The existence of extraterrestrial life may never be proven, but this idea will become more
scientifically acceptable over time if

A. hypotheses are made related to the idea.

B. no one disputes this idea in a scientific forum.
C. alternative hypotheses are proposed and confirmed.
D. increasing scientific evidence supports the idea.
32. Which comes ahead in the scientific method-observation or defining the problem?

A. Observation so that you can come up with a scientific problem.

B. Defining a problem so that your observation becomes focused.
C. No definite answer. What you observe makes you think of a problem and a problem
makes you observe.
D. They happen at the same time. Both are steps of the scientific method.

33. You like to know how many of your pupils have mothers and/or mothers who are presently
employed as OCWs. What is/are the most reliable way to gather data?

I. Interview the pupils.

II. Give questionnaire checklist to selected pupils.
III. Study the grades of the pupils because those performing poorly usually have parents
who work as OCWs.

A. I only C. II only
B. I and I D. I, II and III
34. Which of the following has the smallest mass when measured in an equal arm balance?

A. 1/8 sheet of pad paper C. 1/4 sheet of pad paper

B. 1/3 sheet of pad paper D. 1/2 sheet of pad paper

35. In computing data, Student F computes up to the second decimal place. As a researcher or
scientist, what trait/s do/es Student F possess?

I. Accuracy III. Objectivity

II. Critical-mindedness IV. Truthfulness
 A. I and IV C. I and II
B. II and m D. III and IV

36. Which does NOT belong?

A. Conclusion C. Hypothesis
B. Surmise D. Conjecture

For numbers 37-41, refer to the scientific case described below. Choose the best answer to the
questions that follow.

Nancy wanted to find out if virgin coconut oil can be used as a preservative for peanuts. She placed
10 peanuts each in 2 glasses. In one glass, she added enough virgin coconut oil to cover the
peanuts completely. She did not put any liquid on the other glass. She then kept the two glasses on a
shelf and observed them for two weeks.

37. Which among the following statements is the best problem statement in Nancy's
experiment?

A. Is virgin coconut oil useful as a preservative for peanuts?

B. How many peanuts can be preserved using virgin coconut oil?
C. How long can virgin coconut oil act as a preservative?
D. Is virgin coconut oil better than formaline as a preservative?
38. Which among the following is NOT a controlled variable in this experiment?
A. Number of peanuts C. Amount of virgin coconut oil
B. Type of glass used D. Two-week observation period
39. Which among the following is an observation that may be derived from this experiment?

I. Only four peanuts dried up in the glass without virgin coconut oil because of room
temperature.
II. Six peanuts did not dry up in the glass with virgin coconut oil.
III. The duration of 2 weeks for this experiment is too long.
IV. Peanuts did not wither in virgin coconut oil because of the presence of stearic acid.

A. I only C. II and IV
B. I and II D. IV
40. How many manipulated variables are present in this experiment?

A. One C. Three
B. Two D. Four

41. What is a suitable null hypothesis for this experiment?

A. If virgin coconut oil is used, peanuts will be well-preserved.
B. Virgin coconut oil is equally effective as commercial nut preservatives.
C. The threshold for preservative effect is 10 peanuts only.
D. Virgin coconut oil has no significant preservative effect on peanuts.
 3. Use scientific knowledge to explain natural phenomena and protect earth’s resources.

42. During periods of increased global temperatures, which of the following is most likely to
occur?

A. An increase in atmospheric CO2

B. A decrease in atmospheric CO2
C. A decrease in earthquakes
D. An increase in earthquakes
43. Why is the Philippines much hotter than Canada? The Philippines __________________.

A. receives sun rays closer to vertical position

B. has more vegetation to absorb sunlight
C. has days with more hours of light
D. has a denser population than Canada
44. Geothermal energy, an energy resource in the country, is based on which phenomenon?

A. Earth's internal energy heats its surface more than the sun does.
B. There are concentrations of heat in some places of earth's crust.
C. Heat energy from the sun penetrates deep into the earth.
D. Human activity is the largest source of heat energy on earth.

45. Which of these effects generally occurs as a result of warm air mass and a cooler air mass
converging at earth's surface?

A Stormy weather patterns develop. C. Winds die down.

B. The sky becomes clear. D. Cloud formation decreases.
46. Why do fisherfolks catch more fish during the new moon than during the full moon?
A. Fishes are more active during the new moon because the salt content of water is just
right

B. Fished look for mates during the new moon.

C. Fishes go near the surface during the new moon because the water is warmer
D. Fishes are attracted to the light from the fishing boat which fisherman makes use of
during the new moon.
47. Bagoong smells because ______________.

A. air and volatile particles from bagoong mix and get spoiled further
B. that is the natural scent of bagoong
C. molecules from bagoong spread in air
D. it uses spoiled fish ingredients
48. Every morning when the sun shines through the glass jalousies of Maria's window, she sees
a rainbow on her wall. Which could explain this?

A. The glass jalousies break up the beam of sunlight into the colors of the rainbow
B. The glass jalousies cast colored shadows.
C. In the morning, sunlight shines on the wall painted with rainbow colors.
D. There are water droplets on the glass that act like a prism.
49. Which of the following is TRUE about light and seeing?
A. Light hits an object, bounces, and then enters the eyes.
B. Light goes out from the eyes, hits an object, and then returns to the eyes.
C. Light rays coming from an object meets light coming from a light source, and then
enters the eyes.
D. Light enters the eyes enabling people to see objects.
50. Why do leaves with green color look green in the sunlight?
A. The blue and yellow bounces off from the leaves.
B. They absorb the blue and yellow object and yellow light.
C. They absorb the green light.
D. They reflect green light.
51. Why does the level of water in a beaker rise after a stone is placed in it?
A. The stone takes the place occupied by water.
B. The stone has more mass than the water.
C. The water weighs less than the stone.
D. The stone and the water occupy the same space.
52. Why do people feel their ears pop or crack when they are up in the air?

A. There are less air particles. C. Air is cooler.

B. There are more air particles. D. Air is cleaner
53. Which of the following activities help reduce water pollution?

A. Cleaning of soap instead of detergents.

B. Treating wastewater before it is discharged.
C. Throwing only liquid wastes.
D. Using organic fertilizers in farms.

54. The manager of textile factory considers it too expensive to treat liquid wastes so he
suggested digging a hole near the factory where the wastes can be stored. Is this
environmentally safe?

A. No, the liquid can be recycled.

B. No, the liquid wastes will seep to the groundwater
C. Yes, the liquid will pass through the layers of soil and becomes clean.
D. Yes, the liquid can be recycled.
55. Why are nights cooler when the sky is clear than when it is overcast?
 A. Rain falls when water vapor condenses above freezing point
B. Cooler air holds less vapor
C. The sun is hidden during the night.
D. There is no cloud cover to prevent heat from escaping,
56. Water covers about 75% of the Earth's surface and yet some people still do not have
enough water to drink. Why?

I. Most of world's water is salty.

II Most of our bodies of water are polluted by chemicals.
III. Most freshwater are frozen in ice caps.

A. I and II C. II and III

B. I. II and III D. I and II
57. Children born with a deficiency of thyroxin _______________ if deficiency is not checked.

A. lose their hair C. grow too rapidly

B. have weak bones D. become mentally retarded
58. The correct way of eating fruits is when eaten __________________.

A. with an empty stomach C. before sleeping at night

B. after meals D. during snacks.
59. An eclipse of the sun throws the shadow of the _________________.

A. moon on the earth C. earth on the sun

B. moon on the sun D. earth on the moon
60. The following are effects of global warming EXCEPT __________________________.

A. thinning of the ozone layer

B. extreme weather events
C. changes in the aiming of seasonal patterns in ecosystem
D. expansion of tropical diseases.

61. John experienced a lack of growth hormone (GH) as a child. Now that John is an adult, it is
likely that he __________________________.

A has cognitive and emotional problems as a result of his hormone deficiency.

B. has normal adult body proportions, but an extremely short stature.
C. is of normal height, but has child-like body proportions.
D. has developed a physique similar to that typically seen in females.
62. Which among the following represents the smallest unit of life?
A. Embryo
B. Organelle
C. Cell
D. Atom
63. Which of the following statements about living things is FALSE?

A. All living things use energy to function,

B. All living things are composed of cells.
C. All living things have a nervous system.
D. All living things are capable of reproduction.

64. Which of the following best describes a group of cells that work together to perform a
function?
A. Tissue
B. Organ system
C. Organ
D. Organism
65. Which among the following are duplicated during the process of mitosis?
A. Centromeres
B. Chromosomes
C. Chloroplasts
D. Centrosomes

66. Plants create their own food by absorbing and processing sunlight. The ability to produce
one's own food source is a metabolic process known as _______________.
A. Heterotrophy
B. Autotrophy
C. Homotrophy
D. Ditrophy
67. Fungi absorb the nutrients from dead organisms. In an ecosystem what roles do they play?

A. Producers C. Saprophytes
B. Carnivore D. Epiphytes
68. Which among the following cell organelles does NOT participate in cellular division?

A. Ribosomes C. Mitotic spindle

B. Chromosomes D. Cytoplasm
69. Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship?
A. Wolves working together to hunt in a pack
B. Plants growing in the same rolling meadow
C. Different kinds of fishes living in one aquarium
D. Weeds clinging to the roots of trees in your backyard
70. Which of the following is NOT an example of a naturally-occurring sugar?
 A. Sucrose C. Glucose
B. Mitose D. Galactose
71. Which of the following is a proper example of natural selection?
A. Human beings continue to get taller because of thousands of proper nutrition
B. A community of lady bugs begins having offspring with darker shells, in
order to hide from their predators.
C. Albino rodents die off quickly in a community, being more vulnerable to
certain pancreatic diseases.
D. Seagulls begin to eat so many fish so that only those with dark blue scale color
survive.
72. What is the main difference between prokaryotes and the eukaryotes?
A. The eukaryote has a nucleus, but the prokaryote does not have.
B. The prokaryote has a nucleus, but the eukaryote does not have.
C. The eukaryote is always larger than the prokaryote.
D. The eukaryote is the only type of cell than is capable of photosynthesis.

73. Which of the following statements is TRUE about parasites and their relationships with their
hosts?
A. The parasite and the host enjoy a mutual relationship, where both organisms benefit.

B. The parasite enjoys the benefits of a relationship in which the host is harmed or killed.
C. The host enjoys the benefits of a relationship in which the parasite is harmed or killed.
D. Neither the parasite nor host is really harmed in their symbiotic relationship
74. Vascular tissue that transports water in leaves connects directly to which of the following?
A. Meristems in the root tip C. Root hairs in the epidermis
B. Pistils in the flower D. Xylem in the stem

75. One immediate cause of a decrease in the rate of photosynthesis is a reduction in the
availability of which of the following substances?
A. Carbon dioxide C. Hydrogen
B. Carbon monoxide D. Oxygen
76. Which type of digestion occurs in the mouth when an individual chews a piece of bread?
A. Mechanical digestion only C. Both mechanical and chemical digestion
B. Chemical digestion only D. Neither mechanical nor chemical digestion
77. Which among the following gases is yellow-green in color?
A. Krypton C. Radon
B. Neon D. Chlorine
78. What does a pH below 7 indicate?
A. Presence of ions C. Alkalinity
B. Purity of the sample D. Acidity

79. Which of the following best describes the amount of energy required to remove an electron
from a gaseous atom?
A. Activation energy C. Ionization energy
B. Electronegativity D. Lattice energy
80. Which among the following has the most polar bond?
A. N2 B. HF C. F2 D. HCI
81. A molecule or an ion is classified as a Lewis base if it has which of the following properties?
A. Donates a proton to water C. Has resonance structures
B. Accepts a pair of electrons D. Donates pair of electrons

82. Which among the following elements can be drawn into thin wires and hammered into thin
sheets?
A. Ag B. Na C. Cu D. Sn

83. Alchemists in ancient Egypt tested gold for purity by remelting it and heating it. If the gold
became whiter, it contained
A. copper B. lead C. silver D. tin
84. Salts of which of the following metals are added to fireworks to make them brilliant red?
A. Copper C. Potassium
B. Barium D. Strontium
85. What intermolecular forces do geckos and other lizards use to stick to walls and ceilings?
A. Van der Waals forces C. hydrogen bonding
B. static ionic attractions D. dipole-dipole attractions
86. If no more solute can be dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature, then that solution is
called
A. saturated B. unstable C. saturable D. dispersed
87. A horizontal row of elements in periodic table is known as - d. Period or series
88. Chemical property of the elements are periodic functions of their - c. Atomic number
89. The amount of substance having 6.02 by 1023 of any kind of chemical unit - b. Mole
90. Breaking up solid speeds dissolving in a liquid by - C. increasing surface area
91. Fats do not dissolve in water because fats – c. Are nonpolar and water is polar
92. Location on the Earth’s surface that is directly above the place where an earthquake
originates – b. Epicenter

93.If there are several earthquake in a row, what is the name of these earthquakes? – c.
Mainshock
94. Partially molten layer of the earth – a. Asthenosphere
95. Part of earth is thought to be composed of iron and nickel – D. Core
96. Numerical value for the hardest mineral on the Mohs hardness scale – A. 10

97. Which among the following properties is a measure of how easily a mineral can be
scratched?
A. Streak B. Specific gravity C. Luster D. Hardness
98. Rock fragments thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption are called
A. Tephra B. Extrusive C. Granite D. Lava
99. What is a pyroclastic flow?
A. When lava comes out of a volcanic vent
B. A mixture of volcanic gas, ash, and other tephra
C. Poisonous gas of a volcano
D. Lava that hardens into a batholith
100. What type of clouds produce thunderstorms?
A. Cirrus B. Cumulonimbus C. Cumulus D. Stratus
101. What is an example of natural air pollution?
A. Smoke from forest fires C. Dust from desertification
B. Carbon monoxide from engine exhaust D. Acid precipitation
102. How is oxygen released into the Earth's atmosphere?
A. Burning forests C. Burning fossil fuels
B. Photosynthetic plants D. Volcanic eruptions
103. Which is TRUE of the earth throughout geologic time?
A. Always colder than the present C. Only warmer than the present
 B. Warmer and colder than the present D. A steady temperature
104. Where are most asteroids located?
A. Orbiting all planets C. Between Earth and Venus
B. Outside of Pluto's orbit D. Between Mars and Jupiter

105. Before metamorphism, marble was what type of rock?

A. Schist B. Rock salt C. Siltstone D. Limestone
106. What type of lens is a magnifying glass?
A. Convex C. Plane-Concave
B. Concave D. Plane Glass
107. What is the name of the point where light rays from infinity converge after passing through
a lens?
A. Parabola B. Center C. Focus D. Infinity
108. Which of the following is NOT a good heat insulator?
A. Wood B. Wool C. Feathers D. Iron
109. Bending of light rays when they enter a different medium is known as ______.
A. reflection B. refraction C. convection D. radiation
110. When a spring is released, its potential energy is converted to ____ energy.
A. magnetic B. mlectrical C. light D. kinetic
111. A car is travelling in a circle with a constant speed. Which statement is TRUE?
A. The car has constant velocity but changing acceleration.
B. The car has changing velocity but constant acceleration.
C. The car has changing velocity and changing acceleration.
D. The car has constant velocity and constant acceleration.
112. A rock is dropped out of the window of a moving car. At the same time a ball is dropped
from rest from the same height. Neglecting air resistance, which will reach the ground first?
A. Rock will hit the ground first.
B. Ball will hit the ground first.
C. Both will hit at the same time.
D. Neither will hit the ground.
113. A boy and a girl are riding on a merry-go-round which is turning at a constant rate. The boy
is near the outer rim and the girl is closer to the centre of rotation. How do the magnitudes of
their accelerations compare?
A. The girl's acceleration is greater.
B. The boy's acceleration is greater.
C. The boy and the girl both have zero acceleration.
D. They both have the same non-zero magnitude acceleration.
114. A piece of mud flies off the rim of a bicycle wheel. In what direction will it be going
immediately after leaving the wheel?
A. On a line directly away from the center of the wheel.
B. On a line at a tangent to the edge of the wheel.
C. On a curyed path moving around the wheel.
D. On a straight line directed somewhere between the center and the edge.
115. A golf ball is fired at a bowling ball initially at rest and bounces back elastically. Compared
to the bowling ball, the golf ball after the collision has
A. lower magnitude momentum and less kinetic energy
B. lower magnitude momentum but more kinetic energy
C. greater magnitude momentum but less kinetic energy
D. greater magnitude momentum and more kinetic energy
116. A boy and a girl are riding on a merry-go-round that is turning. The boy is twice as far as
the girl from the merry-go-round's center. If the boy and the girl are of equal mass, which
statement is true about the boy's moment of inertia with respect to the axis of rotation?
A. It is four times the girl's. C. It is the same for both.

B. It is twice the girl's. D. The boy has greater moment of inertia but it is
impossible to determine how much more than the girl's itis.

117. Some children are riding on the outside edge of a merry-go-round. At the same time, the
children all move towards the center of the merry-go-round. When they do this, which among
the following happens?
A. The angular momentum of the system stays constant.
B. The moment of inertia of the system stays constant.
C. The angular velocity of the system stays constant.
D. The merry-go-round slows down.
118. A convex mirror has focal length f. An object is placed between f and 2f from the mirror.
The image formed is
 A. virtual and enlarged C. real and enlarged
B. virtual and reduced in size D. real and reduced in size
119. Rays that pass through a lens very close to the principle axis are more sharply focused
than those that are very far from the axis. This spherical aberration helps us understand which
of the following phenomena?
A. We become more far-sighted as we become older.
B. We become more near-sighted as we become older.
C. We can only see in black and white in dim light.
D. It is easier to read in bright light than it is in dim light.
120. If you lower the frequency of a wave in a string you will
A. shorten its period B. lower its speed C. increase its wavelength D. lower its amplitude

121. Which is the method that uses organisms to clean up toxic waste?
A. Bioremediation B. Carrying capacity C. Deforestation D. Monoculture

122. The process of restoring mined land to its original contours and vegetation is called _____.
A. bioremediation C. reclamation
B. recycling D. reforestation
123. Which is NOT an effect of increased urbanization?
A. Increase of flooding C. Decrease of wetlands
B. Increasing volumes of solid waste D. Preservation of natural habitats
124. Why are ecosystems with high biodiversity more stable than those with fewer species?
A. They have a higher carrying capacity.
B. They have a higher number of species.
C. They recover from negative events more quickly.
D. They have a higher growth rate.
125. What combine with atmospheric moisture to create acid precipitation?
A. Carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide C. Carbon dioxide and ozone
B. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide D. Nitrogen oxides and methane
126. Which one CORRECTLY explains global warming?
A. An increase in the concentration of ozone
 B. A decrease in the amount of deforestation
C. A decrease in Earth's average surface temperature
D. An increase in Earth's average surface temperature
127. Which is an example of a way to improve efficiency in transportation?
I. Use of fuel-efficient, hybrid, or electric cars
II. Carpooling
III. Use of public transportation
A. I, II and III B. I and II C. II and III D. I and III
128. What is the production of two usable forms of energy at the same time from same
process?
A. Sustainable energy B. Energy efficiency C. Conservation D. Cogeneration
129. How is biogas produced?
A. Conversion of plant and animal waste in a digester
B. By mixing methane and oxygen
C. Using fertilizer in a digester container
D. Conversion of anaerobic bacteria to carbon dioxide gas
130. What is the process in which a heavy nucleus divides to form smaller nuclei, one or two
neutrons, and a large amount of energy?
A. Radioactive decay C. Nuclear fission
B. Nuclear reaction D. Nuclear fusion
131. Iodine is a mineral found in seafood and iodized salt. Which gland in the human body
needs iodine for the regulation of growth?
A. Pancreas C. Kidneys
B. Pituitary gland D. Thyroid gland
132. Scurvy is caused by the lack of
A. Vitamin B C. Vitamin C
B. Vitamin E D. Vitamin A
133. Which of the following parts of the digestive system is CORRECTLY paired with its
function?
A. Esophagus - digests carbohydrates C. Small intestine - absorbs water
B. Stomach - digests fats D. Liver - produces bile
134. A food label on a cereal box gives you the following information: a serving size equals one
cup and there are 110 Calories per serving. You measure the amount of cereal you plan to eat
and find that it measures 1/2 cups. How many calories will you consume?
 A. 110 Calories C. 220 Calories
B. 165 Calories D. 1,100 Calories
135. Which blood type is regarded as the universal donor?
A. Type AB C. Type O
B. Type A D. Type B
136. What is the largest organ in the human body?
A. Skin C. Heart
B. Liver D. Brain
137. Osteoporosis is a disease that results in weak bones. What foods would you need to eat to
help prevent this disease?
A. Vegetables C. Root crops
B. Dairy products D. Fish
138. What do you call the device used to measure the blood presure of a person?
A. Seismograph C. Stethoscope
B. Thermometer D. Sphygmomanometer

139. The process that most living organisms perform to obtain energy from sugar and oxygen is
called ____________.
A. breathing C. digestion
B. respiration D. glycolysis
140. Breathing is controlled by the part of the brain called the
A. cerebrum C. medulla oblongata
B. pons D. spinal cord
141. Why do seasons occur on Earth?
A. The sun rotates on its axis. C. Earth's axis is tilted.
B. Earth revolves on its axis D. Earth rotates on its axis.
142. Which part of the flower develops into fruits?
A. Ovule C. Petal
B. Ovary D. Anther
143. Trace the energy transformation when a flashlight is on.
A. chemical light electrical
B. electrical chemical light
 C. chemical electrical light
D. electrical light chemical
144. Which of the following is the unit of structure in all living things?
A. Tissue C. Cell
B. Organ D. Muscle
145. Which is the correct sequence of the stages of mitosis?
A. Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase
B. Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Prophase
C. Anaphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase
D. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
146. The propulsion of jets and rockets is based on Newton's Law of
A. Acceleration C. Inertia
B. Interaction D. Gravitation
147. Why are shadows formed?
A. Light travels through opague objects. C. Light is refracted.
B. Light is reflected. D. Light travels in a straight line.
148. What produces the tremendous energy of the sun?
A. Nuclear disintegration C. Nuclear fusion
B. Nuclear fission D. Nuclear decomposition
149. Which has a higher specific heat?
A. Sand C. Soil
B. Water D. Wood
150, Sound travels fastest in
A. gas C. solid
B. liquid D. air
151. Which explains the absence of weather on the moon?
A. Moon rotates on its axis fast. C. Moon's gravity is high.
B. Moon revolves very fast. D. Moon has no atmosphere.
152. Which Law states that heat flows from bodies at high temperature to one at low
temperature?
A. Thermodynamics C. Transformation of Energy
B. Energy change D. Retention of Energy
153. Which atomic particle determines the isotope of an element?
A. Positron C. Electron
B. Proton D. Neutron
154. Who proposed the theory of evolution that is based on natural selection?
A. Watson C. Lamarck
B. Darwin D. Mendel
155. What gas is released during photosynthesis?
A. Carbon dioxide C. Nitrogen
B. Oxygen D. Hydrogen
156. Which instrument is used to detect earthquake intensity?
A. Anenometer C. Seismograph
B. Barograph D. Clinometer
157. Which of the following radioactive emissions are arranged in the order of increasing
penetrating power?
A. Alpha, Gamma, Alpha C. Gamma, Beta, Alpha
B. Alpha, Beta, Gamma D. Beta, Gamma, Alpha

158. When light falls on soap bubbles, the band of seven colors seen is due to

A. Difraction C. Scattering

B. Reflection D. Interference

159. Why can mirrors form clear images?

A. Light is regularly refracted. C. The angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.

B. Light is irregularly reflected. D. The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of refraction.

160. Why do we see the sun rising in the east?

A. Earth rotates from west to east. C. Earth rotates from east to west.

B. Earth revolves from east to west. D. Earth's axis is tilted.

161. A community of living organisms interacting with their nonliving environment constitutes a/an

A. population C. species

B. ecosystem D. biosphere

162. Choose a possible food chain.

 A. Corn ---- rat ---- cat C. Rice ---- rat ---- man

B. Corn ---- man ---- cat D. Rice ---- cat ---- rat

163. In the energy pyramid which is at the highest point?

A. Second order producers C. First order consumers

B. Producers D. Third order consumers

164. Which of the following pairs demonstrates mutualism?

A. Man and lice C. Chick and corn plant

B. Monkey and banana D. Butterfly and bean flower

165. The zigzag road to Baguio represents which kind of simple machine?

A. Lever C. Wedge

B. Wheel and axle D. Inclined Plane

166. Why does mercury in a thermometer rise when in contact with hot water?
A. Heat increases the number of molecules.
B. Heat makes molecules become bigger and farther apart.
C. Heat makes molecules move faster and farther apart.
D. Heat makes the molecules move slower.
167. Which blood type is a universal donor?
A. A B. O C. AB D. B
168. Which nerve transmits the message received to the center of hearing in the brain?
A. Sensory C. Olfactory
B. Optic D. Auditory
169. Which disease affects the air sacs of the lungs and is common among cigarette smokers?
A. Asthma C. Emphysema
B. Tuberculosis D. Tracheal disorder
170. What type of joint is responsible for bending our arms and legs?
A. Hinge C. Ball and socket
B. Pivot D. Sliding
171. Which protein found in the plasma is responsible for blood clotting?
A. Globulin C. Serum
B. Albumin D. Fibrinogen
172. Which part of the brain is responsible for memory and intelligence?
A. Cerebellum C. Medulla
B. Cerebrum D. Thalamus
173. The Philippines belong to a type of biome called
A. decidous forest C. tropical rainforest
B. taiga D. grassland
174. The factors that significantly contribute to an increase in human population are
A. immigration and natality C. immigration and mortality
B. emigration and natality D. emigration and mortality
175. What is the common cause of the temporary wilting of plants at noon?
A. Increased condensation C. Rapid transpiration
B. Rapid respiration D. Increased oxidation
176. How can we identify a dicot leaf from a monocot leaf?
A. A dicot leaf has a smooth surface. C. A dicot leaf has parallel venation.
B. A dicot leaf has netted venation. D. A dicot leaf has a wide margin.

177. When the stems of vines grow around poles of fences, what kind of response is exhib ited?
A. Geotropism C. Hydrotopism
B. Thigmotropism D. Phototropism
178. Which of the following is the greatest contributor to our "greenhouse effect?”
A. Increase of Oxygen C. Increase of herbivores
B. Leaching of the soil D. Cutting Forest trees
179. Why does a tree slowly die when its bark all around it is removed?
A. The cambium is injured. C. The tree cannot manufacture food.
B. The phloem vessels are cut. D. Its protective layer is cut.
180. Which is the method of growing vegetables and low plants in a nutrient-packed, aerated solution
with no soil at all?
A. Vegetative cultivation C. Hydroponics
B. Natural farming D. Aerial cultivation
181. When you carry a heavy load with one arm, you tend to hold your free hand away from your body
in order to _____________.
 A. change the weight of your body and load C. be ready to grab something in case you fall
B. change the mass of your body D. change the center of gravity of your body and load
182. Why are door knobs placed at the edge of a door rather than in the center?
A. To increase the lever arm C. To help give more momentum to the door
B. To increase the force on the door D. Closer to the edge of the doorway
183. Why is a dam built wider at the bottom than at the top?
A. To withstand the greater pressure at the bottom
B. To balance the pressure at the top
C. It holds up the dam better than at the center.
D. It anchors the dam better.
184. Archimedes' principle states that an object is buoyed up by a force that is equal to the
A. volume of the fluid
B. weight of the fluid displaced
C. mass of the fluid displaced
D. mass of the object
185. When an ice cube in a glass of water melts, the water level
A. falls C. rises
B. remains the same D. varies
186. Two pots of the same size are filled with boiling water. One pot is colored white and the other is
black. In which pot will water cool faster?
A. Will cool at the same rate C. In black pot
B. In white pot D. In both pots
187. You inherited tallness from your father. Physical traits are transmi tted from parents to offsprings
through ____________.
A. gametes C. alleles
B. chromosomes D. genes
188. The handle of a spoon dipped in a cup of hot water becomes warm. What is the method of heat
transfer?
A. Condensation C. Convention
B. Radiation D. Conduction
189. The force required to maintain an object at a constant speed in free space is equal to __________.
 A. the weight of the object C. zero
B. the mass of the object D. the force required to stop it
190. Two people pull on a rope in a tug-of-war, each pull with a 400 N force. What is the tension in the
rope?
A. 800 N C. 400 N
B. 600 N D. 200 N
191. Why does a pressure cooker cook food faster?
I. Water boils faster.
II. It raises the boiling point of water.
III. It raises the cooking temperature of food.
IV. It is tightly closed.
A. II and III B. I, II and IV C. I, II and III D. II and IV
192. You noticed that big industries have tower-like tall stacks. What is the structure for?
A. To control emission of hazardous gases
B. To induce rain and air pressure
C. To get enough air from the atmosphere
D. To make the interior cool
193. Steam burns are more damaging than burns caused by boiling water because steam ________.
A. has a higher temperature than boiling water
B. has more energy per kilogram than boiling water
C. is vapor of water molecules during boiling
D. occupies more spaces that water during boiling
194. The removal of broken pieces of rocks from the parent rock by the action of wind or water is
termed ___________.
A. erosion C. weathering
B. deposition D. silting
195. The voltage across a transformer primary coil that has 100 turns is 10 V. What is the voltage across
the secondary coil which has 20 V turns?
A. 100 V C. 2 V
B. 10 V D. 20 V
196. Trace the conversion of energy that occurs when plants manufacture food.
 A. Radiant energy to chemical energy
B. Radiant energy to kinetic energy
C. Mechanical to potential energy
D. Light energy to kinetic energy
197. Riders in a bus are pushed forward during a sudden stop. Which law of motion provides an
explanation?
A. Law of Inertia C. Law of Universal Gravitation
B. Law of Interaction D. Hooke's Law
198. What type of eclipse occurs when the moon is directly between the sun and the earth?
A. Partial Lunar C. Stellar
B. Lunar D. Solar
199. In our daily weather forecast, the region where two tropical wind systems converge, characterized
by showers and widespread thunderstorm is called ____________.
A. warm and cold fronts C. Stellar
B. intertropical convergent zone D. local disturbance zone
200. While traveling at night, you lost direction. Which star should you look for and in what
constellation?
I. Polaris III. Ursa Minor
II. Rigel IV. Ursa Major
A. I and IV B. I and III C. II and III D. II and IV
201. At present, a patient fights cancer either by surgery or by drug treatment called
A. irradiation C. chemotherapy
B. viral treatment D. immune therapy
202. The U.S. was able to produce a test-tube baby through a process called
A. gene pairing C. protoplast fusion
B. internal fertilization D. in vitro fertilization
203. Patients suffering from malfunction of the kidney are now assisted by a machine that serves as
artificial kidney called _______________.
A. hemoscope C. hemodializer
B. pacemaker D. homeostatic machine
204. The sun appears more reddish at sunset than at noon. Which of the following phenomena is
responsible for this effect?
 A. Dispersion C. Scattering
B. Reflection D. Interference
205. Why do we hear thunder some seconds after seeing lightning?
A. Light travels faster than sound. C. Sound is released later actually.
B. Sound travels at 1,331 m/s. D. Light appears brighter in the sky.

4. Analyze advantages and disadvantages of different solutions to particular problems

206. Which is/are (an) advantage/s of the coming of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) ?
I. Improved resistance of plants to diseases, pests and herbicides
II. Increased maturation time of fruits
III. Enhanced taste and quality
A. II and III B. I and III C. I and II D. I only
207. Which is one disadvantage of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) ?
A. Potential human health impact like allergens
B. Reduced maturation time
C. Fast food production
D. High cost of GMO food items
208. In the desire of governments to control population growth, which one is highly promoted?
A. The use of natural birth control methods C. Early marriage
B. The use of artificial birth control methods D. “Balik probinsya” program
209. How may the establishment of housing subdivisions to address housing problem contribute to
decreased food production?
A. Men get occupied with construction and leave their farms untilled.
B. Arable lands are reduced for these are converted into housing subdivisions.
C. Housing divisions become overcrowded.
D. People who flocked to the center where most subdivisions are located have n o skills.
210. The use of plastic bags, disposable cups, plates, spoons, diapers, etc. makes life more convenient.
However, as a result what problems has/have come about?
I. Heaps of solid garbage
II. Floods
III. Epidemic
A. I and IV B. II and III C. I, II and III D. I and II
211. The use of pesticides may increase crop yield but
I. contributes to air pollution
II. cause water pollution
III. brings about pest resistance
A. I, II and III B. II and III C. I and II D. I and III

5. Analyze the impact of technology on living and non-living things.

212. A nuclear power plant may solve perennial brown outs but may bring about problems like
I. thermal pollution
II. water pollution
III. release of radiation
A. I only B. II and III C. I and II D. I and III
213. Endangered species are species which are threatened due to
A. habitat destruction C. mutation
B. extinction of the species D. domestication

214. If we experience greenhouse effect, we shall have

I. warmer climate
II. increase in the level of CO, in the atmosphere
III. cooler climate
IV. increase in the level of o, in the atmosphere
A. I B. I and II C. III and IV D. II
215. One consequence of global warming is coastal flooding because of the which is in turn caused by
A. el niño phenomenon - changed precipitation pattern
B. melting of the ice caps - the rising of the sea level
C. rising of the sea level - the melting of the ice caps
D. la niña phenomenon - changed precipitation pattern
216. The contributory factors to acid rain are the use of
A. fossil fuels C. nuclear energy
B. pesticides D. refrigerants
217. The thinning down of the ozone layer is believed to cause
A. heat stroke C. ulcer
B. baldness D. skin cancer
For numbers 218-222, refer to the vignette that follows. Choose the letter of the best answer from the
choices that follow.

At Malaya Farms, a swarm of locusts and insects has been infesting the rice
fields. This has forced some local farmers to stop the farming process until a solution
has been done. Meanwhile, in the adjacent barrio, an outbreak of malaria is ongoing.
With all these insect-borne problems happening in his locale, the city mayor has
decided to initiate a pesticide intervention to solve his town's problems. Considering
their town budget, the city council is contemplating on the use of
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to eradicate the insects plaguing their
municipality.

218. Which among the following is an expected effect of DDT on the insects plaguing the town?
A. DDT will act as a contact poison on the swarming insects.
B. DDT will increase fertility of the soil so that plants can grow,
C. DDT will cause the insects to develop cancer and die.
D. DDT will make the insects infertile and prevent their multiplication.
219. Which among the following is an expected effect of DDT on the natural ecosystem of the town?
A. DDT has no effect on natural wildlife.
B. DDT will cause increased fertility among chickens.
C. DDT is a reproductive toxicant causing ecosystem disruption.
D. DDT will cause pronounced carcinogenicity among the farmers.
220. Which among the following are expected effects of DDT on the health of the people living in the
town?
I. Severe kidney damage
II. Diabetes mellitus
III. Breast cancer
A. I, II and III C. III only
B. I and II D. I only
221. Which alternatives to pesticides may be suggested to eradicate the insects causing malaria in this
region?
A. Cultivation of snails C. Use of insecticide-treated bednets
 B. Eradicating insect breeding pools D. Vaccination against malaria
222. Which alternatives to DDT may be suggested to control the swarm of insects ravaging the rice
fields?
A. Cultivation of frogs C. Relocation of rice plantation sites
B. Fumigation D. Use of malathion or parathion
For numbers 223-227, refer to the vignette that follows. Choose the letter of the best answer
from the choices that follow.

The town of Pulang Bato is experiencing a surge in population growth.

Epidemiologic study has revealed that the rate of teenage pregnancies in their locality
is increasing at an alarming rate. City health officials have expressed concern over this
matter. They intend to launch a safe sex campaign advocating the use of artificial
methods of contraception like condoms and pills. The local Church is vehemently
opposing this move by the city government, advocating only the use of natural
contraception like the rhythm method.

223. Which among the following methods of contraception has the least success rate?
A. Birth control pills C. Rhythm method
B. Condoms D. Intrauterine device

224. Based on cost-benefit analysis, which of the following methods of population control would be
most appropriate if the town only had limited funds?
A. Oral contraceptive pills
B. Barrier contraception
C. Intrauterine device
D. Injectable contraceptives
225. Which intervention should be advocated to address the problem among teenagers?
A. Forums on safe sex and population education in school
B. Conducting a population education seminar for the parents
C. Offering abortion to interested parties
D. Accepting that there is no way to control teenage pregnancies
226. Which among the following is an expected long term complication on women's heal th in the town if
safe sex practices are not initiated?
A. Increased incidence of ectopic pregnancies
B. Increased incidence of suicide among females
 C. Increased incidence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension
D. Increased incidence of cervical cancer
227. Which among the following is the only method of contraception that has 100% success rate?
A. Injectable contraceptives
B. Withdrawal method
C. Abstinence
D. Daily oral contraceptive pills
For numbers 228-232, refer to the vignette that follows. Choose the letter of the best answer
from the choices that follow.

The Bataan Nuclear Power Plant is a nuclear power plant based in in Morong,
Bataan, Philippines. It was commissioned by President Ferdinand Marcos and building
commenced in 1976. The plant's construction was completed in 1984. When Marcos
was overthrown and replaced by Corazon Aquino, the nuclear powerplant project was
scrapped. A major concern is that the nuclear plant is located in an area where
earthquakes are likely to occur. To this day, the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant has
remained unused. Up until April 2007, the Philippine government had to pay 155,000
dollars every day to pay for the loan that funded the power plant's construction.

228. The following are known advantages of the use of nuclear power EXCEPT _____________.
A. decreased release of greenhouse gases
B. increased reliance on fossil fuels
C. astronomical amounts of energy generation
D. decreased cost of energy expenditure
229. Which among the following represents the single most important deterrent for the use of nuclear
power?
A. Disposal of radioactive wastes
B. Possibility of nuclear accidents
C. Scarcity of radioactive elements
D. Time frame needed for formalities, planning and building of a new nuclear plant
230. Nuclear power relies on which of the following chemical reactions?
A. Nuclear fusion C. Chemiosomosis
B. Binary fission D. Nuclear fission
231. Which among the following world events sparked international debate against nuclear power?
 A. Chernobyl accident C. Haiti incident
B. Minamata accident D. Ormoc tragedy
232. Which among the following is the single most important effect of radiation e xposure on human
health?
A. Hypertension C. Heart disease
B. Cancer D. Skin, muscle and bone problems
For numbers 233-237, refer to the scientific case described below. Choose the best answer to
the questions that follow.

Waste disposal is a huge challenge for the urban municipally of Metropolis. It's
expensive and time consuming to collect millions of tons of trash every year, and there
are risks to the environment no matter how waste disposal is done. The city
government is presently determining which method of waste disposal is best suited
for their municipality

233. Which among the following is NOT a suitable option for waste disposal in this city?
A. Vaporization C. Incineration
B. Landfills D. Recycling

234. The following are possible adverse effects of the use of sanitary landfills, EXCEPT __________.
A. pollution of local environment
B. fatal accidents (scavengers buried under waste piles)
C. decreased amount of disease vectors
D. dust, odor and noise pollution
235. Which is the single most important deterrent on the use of incinerators for garbage disposal?
A. Heavy metal toxicity
B. Dioxin and furan emission
C. Highly toxic ashes flying around incinerator site
D. Cost of operations
236. The following are solid waste products which can be recycled, EXCEPT ________.
A. leftover food
B. pet bottles
C. beverage cans
D. pvc materials
237. At the level of people's homes, which among the following interventions can best help in solid
waste management?
A. Backyard burning of trash
B. Composting
C. Four o'clock habit
D. Trash sorting prior to disposal
Dr. JOSE RIZAL (Rizal Works)

1. the gifted physician-novelist of the propaganda?

🌻JOSE RIZAL

2. the number of languages which rizal could speak?

🌻MORE OR LESS 22

3. first written novel of rizal

🌻NOLI ME TANGERE (Touch me Not)

4. place where the novel Noli Me Tangere was published

🌻BERLIN (1887)

5. city where the novel the El Filibusterismo was published

🌻GHENT (1891)

6. the spanish priest who denounced Dr. Rizal's novels as enemies of the
catholic region?
🌻 FR. JOSE RODRIGUEZ

7. a supporter of the propaganda movement and rizal's best friend

🌻DR. FERDINAND BLUMENTRITT

8. the first poem written by rizal

🌻SA AKING MGA KABATA

9. the best poem ever written by Dr. Jose Rizal

🌻MI ULTIMO ADIOS (ang huling paalam)

10. the most cultured of the reformist

🌻 DR. JOSE RIZAL

11. know as "Dimasalang" and " Laon Laan"

🌻Dr. Jose Rizal

12. the book written by Rizal in defence of alleged laziness of the Filipinos
🌻LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (the indolence of filipinos)

13. Pen name used by Rizal in his writings in La Solidaridad

🌻LAON LAAN/ LAONG LAAN

14. spanish governor who SIGNED the death sentence of Dr. Rizal
🌻GEN. CAMILIO G. DE POLAVIEJA

15. a translation of Rizal's farewell poem written by Andres Bonifacio in tagalog

🌻PAHIMAKAS

Review & share to your friends✨🌻

Father of Biology : Aristotle

Father of Modern Biology: Linnaeus
Father of Antibiotics : Alexander Fleming
Father of Taxonomy : Carolus Linnaeus
Father of Immunology : Edward Jenner
Father of Microbiology : Anton van Leuwenhoek
Father of Modern Microbiology : Louis Pasteur
Father of Medical Microbiology : Robert Koch
Father of Pathology : Rudolph Virchow
Father of Bacteriology : Robert Koch
Father of Virology : W.M.Stanley
Father of Embryology : Aristotle
Father of Modern Embryology : Ernst Von Baer
Father of Physiology : Stephan Hales
Father of Modern experimental physiology : Calude Bernard
Father of Genetics : Rev. Gregor Mendel
Father of Modern Genetics : Bateson
Father of Human Genetics/ Biochemical genetics : Arachibald Garrod
Father of Experimental Genetics : T.H. Morgan
Father of Haploid Genetics / Neurospora Genetics : Dodge
Father of Ecology : Theophrastus
Father of Cloning : Ian Willmut
Father of Plant anatomy : Grew
Father of Histology (Microscopic anatomy) : Malpighi
Father of Cytology : Robert Hooke
Father of modern Cytology : Swanson
Father of Paleontology : Leonard da Vinci
Father of modern Paleontology : Cuvier
Father of Concept of Evolution: Empedocles
Father of Botany: Theophrastus
Father of Modern Botany : Bauhin
Father of Zoology : Aristotle
Father of Biochemistry : Liebig
Father of Epidemiology : John Snow
Father of Plant Pathology : de Bary
Father of Modern Pathology : Rudolf Virchow
Father of Genetic Engineering : Paul Berg
Father of Gene therapy : Anderson
Father of Ethology : Konard Lorentz
Father of Endocrinology : Thomas Addison
Father of Eugenics : Galton
Father of Gerantology : Korenchevsk
Father of Palynology : Erdtman
Father of Stress physiology : Hans Selye
Father of Electrocardiography : Einthoven
Father of DNA Fingerprinting : Alec Jeffery
Father of Mycology : Micheli
Father of Bryology : Hedwig
Father of Phycology:Father of ATP cycle: Lipmann
Father of Chemotherapy :Father of Anatomy : Herophilus
Father of Modern Anatomy : Andreas Vesalius
Father of actinobiology / radiation biology : HJVS Muller
Father of Homeopathy : Hahnemann
Father of Ayurveda : Charka
Father of Surgery and Plastic Surgery : Susruta
Father of Blood circulation : William Harvey
Father of Medicine : Hippocrates
Father of Blood Group : Landsteiner
Father of Polio Vaccine : Jonas Salk
Father of Green Revolution: Norman Borlaug

1.The teacher begins to use technology tools to deliver curriculum content to the
system.
a. Transformation
b. Adoption
c. Active
d. Entry🌻
2.The student uses technology tools to collaborate with other rather than working
individually at all times.
a. Collaborative🌻
b. Authentic
c. Goal directed
d. Infusion
3.Students use technology tools to set goals, plan activities, monitor progress,
and evaluation result rather than simply completing assignments without
reflection.
a. Goal directed🌻
b. Constructive
c. Adoption
d. Entry
4.The teacher direct students in conventional and procedural use of technology
tool.
a. Infusion
b. Constructive
c. Entry
d. Adoption🌻
5.The teacher encourage the innovative use of technology tools.
a. Active🌻
b. Transformation
c. Adaptation
d. Adoption
6.Technology tools are used to facilitate higher order learning activities that may
not have been possible without the use of technology.
a. Adaptation
b. Adoption
c. Active
d. Transformation🌻
7.The teacher provides the learning context and the student choose the
technology tools to achieve outcomes.
a. Adoption
b. Adaptation
c. Infusion🌻
d. Entry
8.The teacher facilitates students independently using technology tools.
a. Entry
b. Infusion
c. Adaptation🌻
d. Adoption
9.Students are actively engaged in using technology as a tool rather than
passively receiving information from the technology.
a. Goal directed
b. Authentic
c. Active🌻
d. Collaborative
10.Students use technology tools to link learning activities to the world beyond
the instructional setting rather than working on discontextualized assignments.
a. Entry
b. Infusion
c. Authentic🌻
d. Goal directed
11.Students use technology tools to connect new information to their prior
knowledge rather than to passively receive information.
a. Collaborative
b. Constructive🌻
c. Goal directed
d. Active
12.Teach allows for the creation of new tasks, previously inconceivable.
a. Substitution
b, Redefinition🌻
c. Augmentation
d. Modification
13.Teach acts as a direct tools substitute with functional improvement.
a. Substitution
b, Redefinition
c. Augmentation🌻
d. Modification
14.Teach allows for significant task redesign.
a. Substitution
b, Redefinition
c. Augmentation
d. Modification🌻
15.Teach acts as a direct tools substitute with functional change.
a. Substitution
b, Redefinition
c. Augmentation
d. Modification🌻
16.Is a model designed to help educators infusion technology into teaching and
learning.
a. Infusion
b. SMAR🌻
c. UNESCO
d. NCBTS
17.The Teacher used inferences about student progress to information their
teaching.
a. Assessment OF learning
b. Assessment AS learning🌻
c. Assessment FOR learning
d. Summative assessment
18.Is Commonly known as Formative and Diagnostic Assessment.
a. Assessment FOR learning🌻
b. Assessment AS learning
c. Assessment OF learning
d. Summative assessment
19.The teachers are now afforded the chance to adjust classroom instruction
based upon the needs of the students.
a. Assessment AS learning
b. Summative assessment
c. Assessment OF learning
d. Assessment FOR learning🌻
20.Is Commonly known as Summative assessment.
a. Diagnostic Assessment
b. Assessment AS learning
c. Assessment OF learning🌻
d. Assessment FOR learning
21.When the teacher use evidence of student learning to make judgements on
student achievement goals and standards.
a. Assessment FOR learning
b. Assessment OF learning🌻
c. Summative assessment
d. Assessment AS learning

Oyayi
- Awiting panghele.
Kundiman
-Awit ng Pag-ibig (tagalog)
Dung-aw
-Awit sa Patay ng mga Ilocano
Diyona
- Awit sa kasal at pamamanhikan
Soliranin
-Awit sa pamamangka
Maluway
-Awit sa sama-samang paggawa
Kutang-kutang
-Karaniwang inaawit sa lansangan
Kumintang
-Awit sa pakikidigma
Dalit
-Awit sa pagkilala sa Maykapal
Balitaw
-Awit ng Pag-ibig sa Visayaw.

■LAWS IN EDUCATION
PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for
Professional Teachers
PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing
Teachers
RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works
of Jose Rizal
RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for
Public School Teacher”
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”
RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers
Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or
DepEd Law
RA 9293 – Teachers Professionaliza
tion Act
RA 10533 – K-12 Law
ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 –
“persons in authority”
■KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7
- PILIPINO NatlLng
PROKLAMA BLG 12 - Linggo ng Wika
(Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4)
PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng
Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19)
PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng
Wika (Ramos)
■PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14 –
ESTACS
RA 1079 – no limit of Civil Service
eligibility
RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary
Educ. Act of 1988”
RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government
Assistance to
Students and Teachers in Private
Education
RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD
RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law
(Amendment: RA 9231)
RA 7743 – establishment of public
libraries
RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment
Act of 1995”
RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access
to Education Act”
RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
RA 8187 – Paternity Act
RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying
SB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9 – FILIPINO
(National Language)

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
♣️The first book written in the Philippines was DOCTRINA CRISTIANA.
♣️The Father of Ilocano Literature is PEDRO BUKANEG.
♣️The Father of Tagalog Poetry is FRANCISCO BALTAZAR.
♣️Lola Basyang is the pen name of SEVERINO REYES.
♣️The first and longest running komiks series in the Philippines is
KENKOY(Liwayway Magasin,1929)
♣️The Father of Pampango Literature who wrote There is no God is JUAN
CRISOSTOMO SOTO.
♣️The oldest existing newspaper in the Philippines since the 1900 is MANILA
BULLETIN.
♣️The Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry is ALEJANDRO ABADILLA.
♣️The work of Bonifacio which tells the history of the Philippines ANG DAPAT
MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG.
♣️He wrote the popular fable The Monkey and the Turtle - JOSE RIZAL
♣️This is known as Andres Bonifacio's Ten Commandments of the Katipunan -
THE DECALOGUE.
♣️Rizal's model for Pilosopong Tasyo was PACIANO RIZAL.
♣️The following characters created by rizal reflect his own personality except
SIMOUN (El Filibusterismo)
♣️The line 'whoever knows not how to love his native tongue is worse than any
beast or even smelly fish' TO MY FELLOW CHILDREN
♣️Rizal's pen name - DIMASALANG, LAONG-LAAN
♣️Taga-ilog is JUAN LUNA's Pen name.
♣️The first filipino alphabet was called ALIBATA/BAYBAYIN
♣️the first filipino alphabet consisted of 15 LETTERS
♣️This is a song about love - TALINDAW, awit ng mga taong hindi naimbetahan
sa kainan (COLADO)
♣️He was known for his `Memoria Fotografica` - JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN
♣️He is known as the `poet of the workers or laborers` - AMADO HERNANDEZ
♣️Ilocano balagtasan is called BUKANEGAN
♣️Visayan epic about good manners and right conduct - MARAGTAS
♣️The father of Filipino newspaper is PASCUAL POBLETE
♣️Lupang Tinubuan is considered to be the best story written during Japanese
Period. The author is NARCISO REYES
♣️The original title of Ibong Adarna was CORIDO AT BUHAY NA PINAGDAANAN
NG TATLONH PRINSIPENG ANAC NG HARING FERNANDO AT REYNA
VALERIANA SA CAHARIANG BERBANIA
♣️PANDEREGLA - first filipino bread
♣️The Great Plebian: Andres Bonifacio
♣️The Father of the Katipunan: Andres Bonifacio
♣️Hero of the Tirad Pass Battle: Gregorio Del Pilar
♣️President of the First Philippine Republic: General Emilio Aguinaldo
♣️Brains of the Philippine Revolution: Apolinario Mabini
♣️Martyred Priests in 1872: GOMBURZA
♣️Brains of the Katipunan: Emilio Jacinto
♣️Co-founder of La Independencia: General Antonio Luna
♣️Mother of Balintawak: Melchora Aquino
♣️Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda Movement: Graciano Lopez- Jaena
♣️First Filipino Cannon-maker: Pandar Pira
♣️Managing Editor of La Solidaridad: Mariano Ponce
♣️Lakambini of Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesus
♣️Poet of the Revolution: Fernando Ma. Guerrero
♣️Outstanding Diplomat of the First Philippine Republic: Felipe Agoncill
♣️First University of the Philippines President: Rafael Palma
♣️Greatest Filipino Painter: Juan Luna
Greatest Journalist of the Propaganda
♣️Movement: Marcelo H. del Pilar
♣️First Filipino Poetess: Leona Florentino
♣️Peace of the Revolution: Pedro Paterno
♣️Founder of Philippine Socialism: Isabelo
♣️Delos Reyes Viborra: Artemio Ricarte
♣️Author of the Spanish lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem: Jose Palma
♣️Chief of Tondo: Lakandola
♣️The Last Rajah of Manila: Rajah Soliman
♣️Fiancée of Jose Rizal: Leonor Rivera
♣️Maker of the
First Filipino Flag: Marcela Agoncillo
♣️Co-founder of Katipunan: Galicano Apacible
♣️Leader of the Ilocano Revolt: Diego Silang
♣️First Filipino Hero: Lapu-lapu
♣️Leader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol: Francisco Dagohoy
♣️The Man of Many Talents: Epifanio Delos Santos
♣️Prince of Tagalog Poets: Francisco Baltazar
♣️Visayan Joan of Arc: Teresa Magbanua
♣️Mother of Biak-na-Bato: Trinidad Tecson
♣️Wife of Artemio Ricarte: Agueda
♣️EstebanLeader of the Tarlac Revolt: Gen. Francisco Makabulos
♣️Composer of the Philippine National Anthem: Julian Felipe
♣️Spaniards born in the Philippines: Insulares
♣️Leader of Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo
♣️Leader of Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez
♣️Founder of La Liga Filipina: Jose Rizal
♣️Painter of the Spolarium: Juan Luna

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● IDEALISM 🌻 Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what
we want the world to be
● REALISM 🌻 Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes;
Bacon; Locke
▶ (experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM 🌻 always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to
modify the behavior
● EXISTENTIALISM 🌻 Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"
▶Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM 🌻William James; John Dewey - learn
from experiences through interaction to the environment
▶Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children
● PERENNIALISM 🌻 Robert Hutchins
▶focuses on unchanging/universal truths
● ESSENTIALISM 🌻 William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge
▶ Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM 🌻 Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)
▶focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISM🌻Jean Piaget
▶Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their
experiences and their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an
epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM 🌻 George Counts - recognized that
education was the means of preparing people for creating his new social order
▶highlights social reform as the aim of education
➡ ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and
tradition through interaction and reading.
➡ ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from
one generation to the next generation
➡ Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.
➡ Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage
many answers and generate greater participation of students. Higher order
thinking skills; to think more creatively.

🌻CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT🌻
♥️SABERTOOTH CURRICULUM - responsive to the environment
♥️SPIRALLED CURRICULUM - increasing level of difficulty
♥️CURRICULUM - planning, design, development, implement, evaluation,
engineering
♥️CURRICULUM PLANNING - aligned to mission, vision, goals
🌻TYPES OF LESSON:
🌻• development lesson
🌻• review lesson
🌻• drill lesson
🌻• appreciation lesson
🌻ENCULTURATION TYPOLOGIES
🌻• pre-figurative
🌻• post figurative
🌻• co figurative
🌻ACCULTURATION TYPOLOGIES
🌻• adopted change
🌻• free borrowing
🌻SOCIETAL TRENDS - Alvin Teoffer
🌻• explosion
🌻• implosion
🌻• technoplosion
🌻• dysplosion
♥️PREFIGURATIVE - learn older generation
♥️POST FIGURATIVE - learn younger generation
♥️CO FIGURATIVE - learn same age
♥️ADOPTED CHANGE - acculturation that is imposed
♥️EXPLOSION - influx of people from rural to urban
♥️INPLOSION - influx of information
♥️TECHNOPLOSION - influx of ICT tools and gadgets
♥️DYSPLOSION - deterioration of human values
♥️KNOWLEDGE FOR PRACTICE – malaman | teacher preparation
♥️KNOWLEDGE IN PRACTICE – maranasan | artistry of practice
♥️KNOWLEDGE OF PRACTICE – maunawaan | systematic inquiries about
teaching
🌻CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT - decision making
🌻TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
♥️• content knowledge
♥️• pedagogical knowledge
♥️• technological knowledge
♥️• context knowledge
🌻LEE S. SHULMANS - PCK model
♥️ELEMENT OF TIMELINESS – classic | transcends through generation
♥️ELEMENT OF TIMELESSNESS - can withstand the test of time
🌻TOTAL DEVELOPMENT
♥️• beginner survival
♥️• content survival
♥️• mastery survival
🌻TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT
♥️• social
♥️• economic
♥️• cultural
♥️• political
♥️• technological
♥️• ethico moral
🌻J. ABNER PEDDWELL (1939) - sabertooth curriculum
🌻4 DOMAINS
♥️1. planning and preparation
♥️2. classroom environment
♥️3. instruction
♥️4. professional response
🌻TRIVIUM - rhetoric (speech) | grammar (English) | logic
🌻QUADRIVIUM – arithmetic | geometry | music |astronomy
♥️ARITHMETIC - number itself
♥️GEOMETRY - number in space
♥️MUSIC - number in time
♥️ASTRONOMY - number in time and space
♥️HERACLITUS - one cannot bathe in the same river twice
🌻CURRICULUM - sum total of all the experiences provided by the school to
students for optimum growth and development
🌻HARD SKILLS - what do you want the students to learn?
🌻SOFT SKILLS - why do you want them to learn it?
🌻THEORY OF APPERCEPTION - familiar to unfamiliar
🌻EDUCATIONAL DELIVERY SYSTEM
♥️• instruction
♥️• research & extension library
♥️• communication school guidance
♥️• physical facilities canteen
♥️• curriculum
♥️SERVICE LEARNING - teaching method that combines meaningful service to
the community with curriculum based learning and education in action
♥️CLOZE TEST/ PROCEDURE - every 5th or 7th word is omitted
♥️ARBORESCENT - growth is vertical
♥️RHIZOMATIC - growth is horizontal
♥️PROGRESSIVE LEARNING - in order
♥️RETROGRESSIVE LEARNING - reverse order
♥️ROTE LEARNING - not progressive or retro
🌻5 MAJOR CLUSTERS OF STRATEGIES
♥️• direct instruction
♥️• indirect instruction
♥️• experiential learning
♥️• independent study
♥️• interactive instruction
♥️DIRECT INSTRUCTION - developing skills or providing information
♥️INDIRECT INSTRUCTION - involvement
♥️EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING - process not product
♥️INDEPENDENT STUDY - student initiative
♥️INTERACTIVE INSTRUCTION - social skills
♥️PHILIPS 66 - students group by 6 | 6mins time
🌻MUSIC TYPOLOGIES
♥️• story music
♥️• program music
♥️• pure or absolute music
🌻STORY MUSIC - tells a story
🌻PROGRAM MUSIC - describes
🌻PURE OR ABSOLUTE MUSIC - doesn’t tell or describe
🌻GESSELSCHAFTLICH – market | perspective of schooling | (efficiency,
productivity, competition)
🌻GEMEINSHAFT – community | cultural relationshi p
🌻TECHNOLOGICAL FORCES OF CHANGE
🌻• acceleration- mabilis
🌻• novelty – new
🌻• diversity
🌻MAX SCHELLER - state of valuelessness | anomie
🌻EDUCATION TYPOLOGIES
🌻• formal
🌻• non formal- alternative learning system
🌻• informal - hidden curriculum
🌻STRATIFICATION - divided grouping
🌻PRIMARY GROUP – family |face to face | intimate and personal
🌻SECONDARY GROUP – impersonal | business like | casual
🌻IN GROUP – solidarity | camaraderie | sympathetic attitude
🌻OUT GROUP – indifference | avoidance | hatred
🌻PEER GROUP - same age | social and economic status including interest
🌻CLIQUE - different age | same interest
🌻INDIVIDUAL BENEFITS
🌻• knowledge
🌻• skills
🌻• values
🌻SOCIETAL BENEFITS
♥️• social
♥️• economic
♥️• cultural
♥️• technological
♥️• political
♥️• ethico moral
🌻SOCIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM - belief will determine the
practice
🌻CHARACTERS OF CULTURE
♥️• diverse - environment
♥️• gratifying – needs based
♥️• learned - instruction
♥️• adaptive – borrowed, imposed and invented
♥️• social - contact
♥️• transmitted - language
🌻HOW IS CULTURE LEARNED
♥️• enculturation – learning own culture
♥️• acculturation – Knowing the culture of other people
♥️• inculturation – adapt the culture of other people
🌻CULTURAL COMPONENTS
♥️1. means of living
♥️2. ways of living
🌻TYPOLOGIES OF CULTURE
♥️1. material
♥️2. non material
🌻CULTURAL VIEWS
♥️1. ethnocentrism – my culture is better
♥️2. xenocentrism – your culture is better
🌻THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF CURRICULUM
♥️• traditional – cultural heritage
♥️• experiential – experience for the growth of individual
♥️• structure of discipline – structure of discipline of knowledge
♥️• behavioral -
♥️• constructivist
⭐SCHOOL - a privileged place where cultural transmission occurs
⭐COLONIAL MENTALITY - preference for foreign
⭐CURRICULUM ENGINEERING - comprises all process and activities that are
necessary to keep the school curriculum dynamic and functional
🌻CURRICULUM PERSPECTIVES
🌻1. ideal – represents what scholars say and advocate
🌻2. formal – standards sets by the education agencies
🌻3. instructional – represents the course syllabus / lecture notes used by the
teachers
🌻4. operational – represents the actual teaching learning process
🌻5. experiential – more powerful / what the students think about the lesson
delivered by the teachers
🌻6. hidden – students learned experiences outside the classroom
🌻TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE - Robert Sternberg
ASSURE MODEL
🌻• analyses learners
🌻• state objectives
🌻• select media and materials
🌻• utilize media and materials
🌻• require learner participation
🌻SMITH AND NAGEL PPPF
🌻• prepare yourself
🌻• prepare your student
🌻• present material
🌻• follow up
🌻CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION - process of ensuring that the curriculum
that has been planned or developed is one being actually implemented or taught
by the teacher
🌻CURRICULUM EVALUATION - process of determining the EFFECTIVENESS
of a curriculum and the EFFICIENCY with which it is implemented
🌻INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN
♥️• used to create curricula
♥️• individual learning areas
♥️• instructional materials
🌻CURRICULUM DESIGN -determining the building blocks of curriculum
♥️• LEARNING CONTENT
♥️• LEARNING OBJECTIVES
♥️• LEARNING EXPERIENCES
🌻• LEARNING EVALUATION
🌻DESIGN BACKWARD and DELIVER FORWARD –
🌻• learning outcomes and course outcomes
🌻• program outcomes
• institutional outcomes
🌻PHILOSOPHY -common belief
🌻VISION - future
🌻MISSION - task
🌻STRATEGIES - core areas
🌻SUCCESS FACTORS - metric system
🌻STATEMENT OF PURPOSES
♥️• aim - national level
♥️• goal - school level
♥️• objectives - classroom level
♥️• target - individual
🌻RSEP - revised sec education program
🌻RBEC - restructured basic education curriculum
🌻BEHAVIORIST - correct answer | stimulus response
🌻COGNITIVIST - correct method
🌻CONSTRUCTIVIST - correct meaning thru sense making

1. DOCTRINA CRISTIANA - the first book written in the Philippines.

2. PEDRO BUKANEG - the Father of Ilocano Literature.

3. FRANCISCO BALTAZAR - the Father of Tagalog Poetry

.
4.LOLA BASYANG is the pen name of Severino Reyes.

5. KENKOY - the first and longest-running komiks series in the Philippines.

6. JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO - the Father of Pampango Literature.

7. MANILA BULLETIN - the oldest existing newspaper in the Philippines since

1900

8. ALEJANDRO ABADILLA - the Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry.

9. He wrote the popular fable The Monkey and the Turtle - JOSE RIZAL

10. This is known as Andres Bonifacio's Ten Commandments of the Katipunan -

THE
DECALOGUE.
1. Which is a teaching approach for kindergarten that makes real world
experiences of the child the focal point of educational stimulation?

a. Montessori approach !
b. traditional approach
c. Eclectic approach
d. Situational approach

2. The use of mnemonics helps a pupils ___________ information.

a. analyze
b. understand
c. apply
d. remember !

3. Which program was adopted to provide universal access to basic education to

eradicate illiteracy?
a. “Paaralan- sa- Bawat- Barangay”

b. Education for All !

c. Values Education Framework
d. Science and Education Development Plan

4. Teacher Z instructs her class to refer to the dictionary in correcting their

spelled words.

Which particle is exemplified?

a. Curriculum indigenization
b. Computer- assisted instruction
c. Multi- level instruction
d. Self- evaluation !

5. In research, which is the dependent variable?

a. Stimulus
b. Input !
c. Attribute
d. Predictor

6. What is the mean of this score distribution: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10?

a. 8.5
b. 6
c. 7.5
d. 7 !

7. Which statement correctly applies to student who got a score of 72 in the test?

a. He surpassed the scores of 72 students

b. He correctly answered 72% of the items in the test
c. He obtained a raw score of 72 !
d. He answered only items in the test

8. Which measure (s) of central tendency can be determined by mere

inspection?

a. Median
b. Mode
c. Mean
d. Mode & Median !

9. Teacher C adds the number of cases and 1 over 2 to obtain

a. mode
b. median !
c. median and mode
d. mean

10. It is not wise to laugh at a two- year old child when he utters bad words
because in his stage he is learning to:

a. Consider other’s views

b. Distinguish right and wrong !
c. Socialize
d. Distinguish sex differences

LAWS IN EDUCATION 🌻🌻🌻

PRC BR 435 – Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers

PD 1006 – Decree Professionalizing Teachers
RA NO. 1425 – inclusion of the works of Jose Rizal
RA NO. 4670 – “Magna Carta for Public School Teacher”
RA 7722 – CHED
RA 7796 – “TESDA Act of 1994”
RA 7836 – Phil. Teachers Professionalization Act of 1994
RA 9155 – BEGA (Basic Educ.) or DepEd Law
RA 9293 – Teachers Professionalization Act
RA 10533 – K-12 Law
ACT NO. 2706 – “Private School Law”
COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 578 – “persons in authority”
KAUTUSANG PANGKAGAWARAN BLG 7 - PILIPINO NatlLng
PROKLAMA BLG 12 - Linggo ng Wika (Balagtas,Mr29-Ap4)
PROKLAMA BLG. 186 – Linggo ng Wika (Quezon,Ag13-19)
PROKLAMA BLG. 1041 – Buwan ng Wika (Ramos)
PHIL. CONSTITUTION ACT 14 – ESTACS
RA 1079 – no limit of Civil Service eligibility
RA 6655 – “Free Public Secondary Educ. Act of 1988”
RA 6728 – “Act Providing Government Assistance to
Students and Teachers in Private Education
RA 7277 – Magna Carta for PWD
RA 7610 – Anti-Child Abuse Law (Amendment: RA 9231)
RA 7743 – establishment of public libraries
RA 7877 – “Anti Sexual Harassment Act of 1995”
RA 7880 – “Fair and Equitable Access to Education Act”
RA 8049 – Anti-Hazing Law
RA 8187 – Paternity Act
RA 10627 – Anti-Bullying
SB 1987 ART. 14 SEK. 6-9 – FILIPINO (National Language)

GENED IMPORTANT NOTES 🌻

1. Fr. Pedro Pelaez- Secularization Movement.

2. Limited- Mother Financial Problem.
3. Polka- NOT a folk dance from Mexico.
4. Bodabil- A play NOT from the Spanish Era.
5. Acta de Tejeros- Rejected Aguinaldo as President.
6. Folklore- The Philosophy of oir folks during Pre-hispanic Era.
7. Katalinuhan- Basal o Di-Koncreto.
8. Spanish Surnames- by Narciso Claveria.
9. Leeches:Anticoagulation - Segmented:Worm
10. Biotechnology*
11. Teaching is like... Simile is not in the choices but METAPHOR* is there.
12. Rebirth- Rennaisance
13. Bitterness- Rancor
14. Oxygen- Waste product of photosynthesis.
15. Tissue- Group of cells.
16. Spencer- Survival of the Fittest.
17. Pagsang-ayon- Kasalungat ng pagtugol.
18. In Vitro Fertilization - Test tube babies.
19. Kuwit- Paghihiwalay ng mga sunod-sunod na pangungusap.
20. Pangungusap- Salita o grupo ng mga salit
21. P3,200- Manufactured bed P4,000 less 20%.
22. 20 Times - How many times digit 7 appears between 1-100.
23. Lupang Hinirang- Pamagat ng Nat'l Anthem ng Pilipinas.
24. Balagtasan- Uri ng pagtatanghal na binubuo ng paligsahan ng dalawang
makata.
25. Elements*
26. Oxygen- These are compounds EXCEPT.
27. K-III - Anong grade tinuturo ang mother tongue.
28. Chat room-Science Subject.
29. Learning is an active process - What is violated when Teacher Ivon just
lectures while students listen.
30. Pancreas- Organ who secretes insulin.
31. Multi-grade class- Combining 2-3 grade level
32. K-12- Kindergarten is compulsory before proceed to grade 1.
33. 45,46- Consecutive number whose sum is 91.
34. Developmental Portfolio- Penmanship skills of the students in the biggining,
middle, and after the school year.
35. Persiflage- Praise glowingly.
36. Indefatigable- Tireless.
37. Working- The father finally found the time to rest after_____the whole day.
38. Irrelevant- Impertinent
39. I, II ( I-trial and error, II-stimulus response) - Behaviorism anchored with the
theories related to.
40. 5x3x2x2x2- Prime factor of 120.
41. I, II, III ( I-Participative Learning, II- Constructive planning, III- innovative
Planning) - Formulation of teachers professional development plan.
42. Diksyunaryo- Kahulugan ng mga salita.
43. Routine*
44. Operant Conditioning- Skinner
45. Authentic Assessment- Real-life.
46- Developmental Portfolio- Display the drawings of the childrens.
47. Below 75- Did not meet expectation.
48. Pagkatakot- Gabi na ngunit bakit wala pa siya.
49. Brigada Eskwela- Bayanihan in School.
50. Drive- MotivationMarch 2018
51. Pre-conventional( Mutual Benefit) - reward, star, stamp.
52. Post-conventional(Common Good) - A taxi driver returned the baggage left
by the passenger.
53. Blood Compact- Legazpi and Rajah Sikatuna in Bohol.
54. Sounds- Phonology
55. Socialization- Participafing and functioning members of the society by figting
into organize way of living.
56. Drawing- Visual/Spatial.
57. Heirarchy of Biology Taxonomy - Has 8 levels.
58. Spiral Curriculum- K-12
59. Essentialism- Basic/Essential.
60. "Ganyan lang talaga"- Teacher Mediocrity.
61. Punishment- A quiz NOT as.
62. Should match with the objectives- Criterion reference.
63. Professional Licensed- Signed by the PRC.
64. CPU - brain of the computer.
65. Sa kanyang ama (Padre Damaso) - Saan namana ni Maria Clara ang
kanyang pagka mestiza.
66. Resource Provider- Role of the teachers play when they help their colleagues
by sharing instructional resources.
67. Deductive- From Generalization to Specific.
68. Motivation- Part of lesson developme t is concerned with mood setting.
69. Field Trip - Stimulate more senses.
70. Visual Imagery- Graphic Organizer.
71. Tax reform for Acceleration and INclusion-TRAIN Law means....
72. Archipelago - Philippines is an...
73. Has - Population in the Philippines_____increase tremendously.
74. Conservation- about Mother Earth.
75. Stress the positive aspects of culture- IP ( Indigenous People)
76. Spreadsheet - Performs computation.
77. Biosphere - Air, Water, and Land.
78. Philippine Qualifications Framework- What does PQF means.
79. Reforestation - Solution due to increasing global warming.
80. Long and Dictated - NOT characteristics in giving assignments.
81. Bread Provider- NOT the role of a Mother during Pre-Hispanic Era.
82. 45 units - CPD units need for teachers to renew the license BEFORE
NOW 15 units only (March, 2019)

ANG TANONG🌻 Filipino MAJOR Reviewer

1.Bilang ng hiram na titik sa alpabetong Filipino.

A.5
B.6
C.7
D.8 !

2.Ito ang angkang pinagmulan ng mga wika sa Pilipinas.

A.Astonesyo
B.Indones
C.Malayo Polinesyo !
D.Malay

3.Ayon sa pagtatakda ng batas,ipinag-utos ang paggamit ng Filipino sa mga

sumusunod maliban sa;
A.Pambansang Sentro ng Media !
B.Sertipiko at Diploma
C.Letter Head ng Kagawaran/tanggapan ng pamahalaan
D.Gusali,edipisyo,tanggapan ng pamahalaan

4.Ilang yunits sa Filipino ang kailangang kunin bago makapagtapos sa kolehiyo

noong 1978?
A.6 ! B.10 C.8 D.12

GEN ED DIAGNOSTIC TEST

1. The Philippine General Hospital, doctors reported on the abandoned patients.
This means:
a. The patients do not have permanent address
b. The patients are left behind by relatives
c. The patients cannot afford to pay their bill
d. The patients are left by doctors
Ans: B

2. The death of men in the mine was caused by:

a. Suffocation
b. Lethal smell
c. Erosion
d. Darkness
Ans: A

3. “At time patient is indefatigable in promoting political truth”. The statement

means:
a. A hero practices political truth
b. Patriots forget selves to serve others
c. Patriots are brave and cunning
d. Patriots are rich and truthful
Ans: B

4. Ano ang tawag sa mga titik batay sa bigkas ng Ingles?

a. Alivata or baybayin
b. Alpabetong Filipino
c. Alpabetong Romano
d. Alpabetong Pilipino
Ans: B

5. Ayon kay Romulo: “Ang Pilipino ay dugong maharlika.” Ano ang kahulugan
nito.
a. Ang Pilipino ay sadyang matatag ang budhi
b. Ang Pilipino ay nanggaling sa malayang lahi
c. Ang Pilipino ay madaling maipagbili at mabola
d. Ang Pilipino ay di purong Pilipino
Ans: B

6. Ang Tagalog ang naging opisyal na wika ng Pilipinas dahil sa:

a. Saligang batas ng 1986
b. Saligang batas ng 1973
c. Saligang batas ng 1935
d. Saligang batas ng Malolos
Ans: C

7. Di katakataka na ilang pulis ay hinihinalang kasangkot sa pagpalaganap ng

krimen. Ano ang kahulugan ng kasangkot?
a. Kabalikat
b. Kabilang
c. Kasabwat
d. Kasama-sama
Ans: C

8. Ang di niya makalimutan ay isang ____ ng anak niya bago umalis pa Amerika.
a. Pagaako
b. Pagpako
c. Pinangako
d. Pangako
Ans: D

9. A swimming pool is an equilateral triangle in shape. One side is 11 meters.

How many meters are needed to enclose the pool?
a. 55 meters
b. 45 meters
c. 44 meters
d. 33 meters
Ans: D

10. Water is rationed in a village everyday. The truck tanks deliver 8 tons of
water in 10 hours. How many tons of water was delivered in 4 days to each
house by the agent?
a. 3.2 tons
b. 320 tons
c. 40 tons
d. 80 tons
Ans: A

11. Mrs. Amanda’s bathroom has to be covered with tiles. The edge of the
bathroom needs a rubberize tile. If the tub is 2.3 meters long and 1.8 wide, how
many meters of rubberized tiles are required?
a. 9.2 meters
b. 8.2 meters
c. 4.6 meters
d. 2.3 meters
Ans: B

12. An executive office has to be carpeted. The area is 3m by 4m and the carpet
costs PHP 1,000.00 per square meter. How much will be spent for the purchase
of the carpet?
a. PHP 120,000.00
b. PHP
c. PHP 12,000.00
d. PHP 1,000.00
Ans: C

13. Write this ratio in its simplest form: 3 cm to 20 cm.

a. 20.30
b. 02.30
c. 30.20
d. 03.20
Ans: D

14. The Department of Health allows the sale of drugs and medicines after
thorough laboratory test. Which of these drugs are discouraged for use because
of its component?
a. Bangkok pills
b. Vitamin A and B
c. Tea and sugar syrup
d. None of these
Ans: A

15. Food markets are encouraged to handle cooked foods well. One incident in a
wedding party sent hundreds of guest to the hospital. It was found out that the
food:
a. Was left uncovered
b. Was half cooked
c. Had ptomaine poison
d. Was contaminated with dysentery bacteria
Ans: D

16. Eruptions of volcanoes have affected lives in Zambales during the eruption of
Mt. Pinatubo. Relief and evacuation were managed by the Philippine Red Cross.
Which of the following volcanoes is located in the island of Mindanao?
a. Taal Volcano
b. Mayon Volcano
c. Mt. Hibok-hibok
d. Mt. Halcon
Ans: C

17. Modern science has used technology to help determine illness. A child
bumped and fell his head hitting a concrete pavement. Which medical approach
will determine the status of the cranial accident?
a. Submit the child to chest X-ray
b. Submit the child to cranial X-ray
c. Submit the child to cranial scanning
d. Open up and so surgical operation
Ans: C

18. The city government of Metro Manila had been closing and raiding night
spots. What is the basic reason of the campaign?
a. Many homes are destroyed by these night clubs
b. The values of the young affected by these clubs
c. The fast spread of HIV and AIDS are traced to these places
d. These spots are areas of crimes
Ans: B

19. In the Philippine government, the earliest and smallest service of governance
is the:
a. Municipality
b. Poblacion
c. Barangay
d. Barrio
Ans: C

20. Personal income tax should be paid and filed every year by employees and
corporation. Who among the group are exempt from filling income tax returns,
except:
a. Government employees on daily, contractual and consultation basis
b. Retired government employees receiving only pensions
c. Government employees receiving less than PHP 18,000.00 per year
d. Overseas workers
Ans: A

21. When rainfall attains a pH less than 5.6, it becomes __________.

a. Torrential
b. Tropical
c. Acidic
d. Neutral
Ans: C

22. Philippine eagles are identified as rare species. Lately, in Davao more eagles
were raised through:
a. Eagles, caught in the wild, are raised in cages
b. Artificial insemination through fertilized eggs
c. Incubating eggs from their nests
d. Putting up eagle farms under the Bureau of Wildlife
Ans: B

23. All of the following are substances which may be broken down by the
decomposing action of living organisms like bacteria except:
a. Potato peelings
b. A microchip
c. Onion skin
d. An apple core
Ans: B

24. The proper disposal of garbage has improved the environment. The best
process of handling waste is through:
a. Utilization of organic compounds
b. Burning non-biodegradable waste
c. Dumping soluble waste
d. Recycling non-biodegradable waste
Ans: D

25. The nervous system has its specific function. Which is the closest function?
a. The spinal cord links the finger tips to the brain
b. Impulses transmit messages to the brain by electrical signal
c. Human body activities are all in the nervous system
d. The nervous system defends most on the brain
Ans: C

26. A provincial governor was convicted for using prisoners to build his summer
resort. What should the prisoner demands?
a. The right to refuse the job
b. The right to just compensation
c. The right to suffrage
d. The right to live in standard rooms
Ans: B

27. A priest gave all his possessions to disabled children. What right may they
claim?
a. Right to just treatment
b. Right to proper treatment
c. Right of disable to equal treatment
d. Right to disabled to equal protection
Ans: C

28. The case of farmers in Sumilao, Bukidnon was won by the landowner. How
was the case decided by the Supreme Court?
a. Final judgment was made because of political pressure
b. Final judgment was made after it was established that the farmers were not
legitimate holders of titles of the land
c. The farmers were paid beforehand
d. The farmers were landholders of a farm
Ans: B

29. A peace officer opens the house of a drug pusher. The drug pusher
complained on the police officer’s actuation because he alleged that:
a. He was not around when the incident happened
b. The officer had no warrant of arrest
c. The officer was armed
d. The right for privacy was violated
Ans: D
30. A candidate was detained for working against a dominant political party.
Which right can be invoked?
a. Right to his aspirations
b. Right to his political beliefs
c. Right to seek redress
d. Right to vote according to one’s conscience
Ans: B

31. The entry of data and commands into the computer system is made possible
through the:
a. Keyboard
b. Printer
c. Diskette
d. Monitor
Ans: A

32. Which of the following values is closest to the square root of 4,000?
a. 63
b. 200
c. 22
d. 19
Ans: A

33. The arithmetic mean of a set of 50 meters is 38. If two numbers, 45 and 35,
are discarded. The mean of the remaining set of numbers is:
a. 37.24
b. 37.5
c. 37.91
d. 36.5
Ans: C

34. An example of a civil and political right is the right to _________.

a. Work
b. Life and liberty
c. Social security
d. Education
Ans: B

35. If P is a positive integer in the equation 12p=q, then q must be a:

a. Negative even integer
b. Positive even integer
c. Positive odd integer
d. Negative odd integer
Ans: B

36. Ikaw ba ang dapat sisihin sa nangyari?

a. Pagsasadula
b. Pagbati
c. Pagbibigay ng impormasyon
d. Pakikipagkapwa
Ans: C

37. Alin sa mga sumusunod ang pinakatamang pangungusap?

a. Ang mga kabataan sa lansangan ay naglalaro at nagtatakbuhan sa lansangan
b. Ang mga kabataan ay naglalaro at nagtatakbuhan sa lansangan kung
maliwanag ang buwan
c. Ang mga kabataan ay naglalaro kung maliwanag ang buwan at nagtakbuhan
sa lansangan
d. Ang mga kabataan kung maliwanag ang buwan ay nagtatakbuhan sa
lansangan at naglalaro
Ans: B

38. “Kabaliwan at paglulustay ang iyong ginagawa taun-taon. Higit na marami

ang maralitang nangailangan ng salapi.” Ang nagsasalita ay:
a. Maramot
b. Praktikal
c. Matipid
d. Kuripot
Ans: B

39. Piliin ang gawi ng pagsasalita: “Ayokong sumunod sa mga sinasabi mo.”
a. Babala
b. Pagtanggi
c. Pakiusap
d. Pamungkahi
Ans: B

40. Ikinalulungkot ko ang mga nangyayari.

a. Pagsagot
b. Pagtanong
c. Panghula
d. Paghingi ng paumanhin
Ans: D

41. Ipinagmamalaki mo siya, BAHAG naman pala ANG kanyang BUNTOT. Ang
ibig sabihin ng may malaking titik ay:
a. Mahiyain
b. Traidor
c. Kuripot
d. Duwag
Ans: D
42. What is the range of the following: 86, 70, 83, 90, 85, 78, 79, 81, 87.
a. 12
b. 15
c. 16
d. 20
Ans: D

43. Which of the following audio-visual sets of equipment can best project visual
materials in a classroom that is difficult to darken?
a. Filmstrips
b. Color materials
c. Opaque projector
d. Overhead projector
Ans: C

44. Change the following percents to decimals: 23%, 5%, 3%, 3.5%.
a. 2.3, 500, 0.30, 30.5
b. 0.23, 50, 03, 3.05
c. 0.23, 0.05, 0.03, 0.035
d. 0.023, 5.00, 3.0, 03.5
Ans: C

45. If the scores of 10 students are: 76, 80, 75, 83, 80, 79, 85, 80, 88, 90, the
mode is:
a. 79
b. 85
c. 80
d. 88
Ans: C

46. A vehicle consumes one liter of gasoline to travel 10 kilometers. After a tune-
up, it travels 15% farther on one liter. To the nearest tenth, how many liters of
gasoline will it take for the vehicle to travel 230 kilometers?
a. 23 liters
b. 20 liters
c. 23.15 liters
d. 20.15 liters
Ans: B

47. If each of the five members in a basketball team shakes hands with every
other member of the team before the game starts, how many handshakes will
there be in all?
a. 8
b. 10
c. 6
d. 9
Ans: B

48. How many twenty thousand are there in one million?

a. 500
b. 50
c. 100
d. 1000
Ans: B
49. Why is 1/5 called a unit fraction?
a. The number 5 is the denominator
b. The unit is less than one
c. It is between 0 and 1, the basic unit
d. Unit fractions have 1 as the numerator
Ans: D

50. A rectangle has sides of 10 and 12 units. How can the area of a square be
computed if it has the same perimeter as the rectangle?
a. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, divide by 4, then multiply by 4
b. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, divide by 4, then multiply by 2
c. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, divide by 4, then square the quotient
d. Add 10 and 12, double the sum, then multiply by 4
Ans: C