Chapter 1 - Ac Circuit

AC CIRCUITS
WHAT IS AC???
 AC is called as an alternating current
 Alternating Current  The current which changes periodically both in magnitude and direction
*AC voltage may be generated by rotating a coil in a magnetic field/rotating a magnetic field
within a stationary coil
* Sinusoidal voltage is an oscillating voltage that can be described mathematically using a sine
function
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GENERATION OF AC VOLTAGE
The coil is rotated in anticlockwise direction. While rotating, the conductors ‘ab’ and ‘cd’ cut
the lines of flux of the permanent magnet. Due to Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction,
an emf gets induced in the conductors. The emf drives a current through resistance, R
connected across the brush P and Q. The magnitude of the induced emf depends on the
position of the coil in magnetic field.
The operation of The instantaneous value of the

electromagnetic induced emf in any conductor as
induction it rotates from 0 ֯to 360֯
Differences of Signal Waveform
Other Forms of an AC Signal
Sinusoidal
Square wave
wave
Triangular wave
Instantaneous and Average Value
 instantaneous value  the value of an

alternating quantity at a particular
instant of time in the cycle
Eg : V1 =instantaneous voltage at time=1
 average value  the average of all

instantaneous values during one
alternation
...
Eg : 𝑉
RMS and Peak Value
 RMS value  square root of the mean

(average) value of the squared
function of the instantaneous values.
1
𝑉 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝜔𝑡
𝑇
 peak value  maximum value

𝑉
𝑉
2
Phasor Diagrams
a graphical way of representing the
magnitude and directional relationship
between two or more alternating quantities
lagging value
of 𝜃 01
TYPES OF PHASOR
DIAGRAM
02 leading value
of 𝜃
Types of AC Response
1. Resistor AC Response
Impedance
𝑽
𝑰
𝑹
𝒁 𝑹 Ω
means purely resistive load
2. Inductor AC Response
Impedance
𝑽
𝑰
𝑿𝑳
𝑿𝑳 𝝎𝑳 Ω
means inductive load
3. Capacitor AC Response
Impedance
𝑽
𝑰
𝑿𝒄
𝟏
𝑿𝒄 Ω
𝝎𝑪
means capacitive load
AC Circuit Components
Transform a sinusoid to and from

1 the time domain to the phasor
domain
But remember in calculation, if

2 the signal is in sinusoidal
signal, it must be transform
into cosine signal
What is Impedance?
ratio of the phasor
voltage V to the
phasor current I and
measured in ohms Ω
resistance
𝒋𝑿𝑳 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
reactance
𝒋𝑿𝑳 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫
Example 1 (Question)
Example 1 (Solution)
COMPARE
Phasor
domain
Power in AC Circuits
1. Apparent power, S(VA)
• The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent power, and it is the
product of a circuit’s voltage and current, without reference to phase angle.
• Apparent power is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA) and is symbolized by the capital
letter S.
• 𝑆 𝐼𝑉
2. Real power, P (W)

• The actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit is called true power, and it is
measured in watts (symbolized by the capital letter P, as always)
• 𝑃 𝐼𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝜃
3. Reactive power, Q (vars)

• The power which flows back and forth that means it moves in both the directions in the circuit
or reacts upon itself, is called Reactive Power.
• The reactive power is measured in kilo volt-ampere reactive (kVAR) or MVAR.
• 𝑄 𝐼𝑉 sin 𝜃 𝜃
Power in AC Circuits
• Power factor, pf is the cosine of

• Apparent Power,|S| is the product the phase difference between
of the r.m.s. values of voltage and the voltage and current
current. • cosine of the angle of the load
• measured in volt-amperes or VA impedance.
• 3 types of power factor :
a) pf unity 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎° 𝟏
b) pf lagging 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒗𝒆
c) pf leading 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒗𝒆
Power Triangle of AC Power
From power triangle,

𝑸
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
|𝑺|
𝑷
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 𝒑𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽𝒗 𝜽𝒊
|𝑺|
𝑸
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽
𝑷
Power factor Correction
the process of
increasing the power
factor without altering
the voltage or current
to the original load.
Advantages of pf correction :
 Reduction of power consumption due
to improved energy efficiency
 Reduction of electricity bills
 Extra kVA available from the existing
supply
 Reduction of I2 R losses in
transformers and distribution
equipment
 Reduction of voltage drop in long
cables
 Reduced electrical burden on cables
and electrical components
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How to improve pf??
ADDITION
CAPACITOR IN
PARALLEL WITH THE
LOAD
Phasor Diagram for pf correction
𝜃 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Calculating Capacitance value
By consideration power triangle,
𝑸𝒄 𝑸𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝑸𝒏𝒆𝒘
𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐
𝑸𝒄
𝑿𝒄 𝟏
𝝎𝑪
𝑸𝒄 𝑽𝟐 𝝎𝑪
So ,
𝑸𝒄
𝑪
𝝎𝑽𝟐
Substitute
𝑸𝒄
𝑪
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝟐
EXAMPLE:
Calculate the capacitor value to increased the power
factor to lagging 0.95 pf. The frequency of the supply is
50Hz.
Step 2: Calculate P, Q and S.
𝑃 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃 120 ∗ 4.8 cos 0 30 498.83𝑊
𝑄 𝑉𝐼 sin 𝜃 120 ∗ 4.8 sin 0 30 𝑗288 𝑣𝑎𝑟
𝑆 𝑉𝐼 120 ∗ 4.8 576 𝑉𝐴
Step 1: Calculate the total current, Is Step 3 : Compare old pf with the given new pf
𝜃 30°
𝑃𝐹 cos 𝜃 cos 30 0.87 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑃𝐹 0.95 lagging
𝜃 cos 0.95 18.19°
Step 4: Find the new Q using new pf. Step 5 : Find the capacitance value
Real power is always the same
𝑃 𝐼𝑉 cos 𝜃 𝑆 cos 𝜃
So,
𝑃
𝑆
cos 𝜃
Example 2 (Question)

Chapter 1 - Ac Circuit

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AC CIRCUITS

The operation of The instantaneous value of the

 instantaneous value  the value of an

 average value  the average of all

 RMS value  square root of the mean

 peak value  maximum value

means inductive load

means capacitive load

Transform a sinusoid to and from

But remember in calculation, if

2. Real power, P (W)

3. Reactive power, Q (vars)

• Power factor, pf is the cosine of

From power triangle,

𝑄 𝑉𝐼 sin 𝜃 120 ∗ 4.8 sin 0 30 𝑗288 𝑣𝑎𝑟

𝑆 𝑉𝐼 120 ∗ 4.8 576 𝑉𝐴

Real power is always the same

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