New

syllabus
2022-23

Chapter 11
SQL

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 SQL
SQL is an acronym of Structured Query Language. It
is a standard language developed and used for
accessing and modifying relational databases.
The SQL language was originally developed at the IBM
research laboratory in San José, in connection with a
project developing a prototype for a relational
database management system called System R in the
early 70s.
SQL is being used by many database management
systems. Some of them are:
➢ MySQL
➢ PostgreSQL
➢ Oracle
➢ SQLite
➢ Microsoft SQL Server
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 SQL

Advantages of using SQL

• High speed.
• No coding needed.
• Well defined standards.
• Portability.
• Interactive language.
• Multiple data view.

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 MYSQL

MySQL is currently the most popular open source

database software. It is a multi-user, multithreaded
database management system. MySQL is especially
popular on the web. It is one of the parts of the very
popular LAMP platform. Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP
or WIMP platform Windows,Apache,MySQL and PHP.
MySQL AB was founded by Michael Widenius (Monty),
David Axmark and Allan Larsson in Sweden in year 1995.

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 MYSQL

MySQL Features
Open Source & Free of Cost:
It is Open Source and available at free of cost.
Portability:
Small enough in size to instal and run it on any types of
Hardware and OS like Linux,MS Windows or Mac etc.
Security :
Its Databases are secured & protected with password.
Connectivity
Various APIs are developed to connect it with many
programming languages.
Query Language
It supports SQL (Structured Query Language) for handling
database.
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 MYSQL

Types of SQL Commands

 DDL (Data Definition Language)
To create database and table structure-commands
like CREATE , ALTER , DROP etc.
 DQL (Data Query Language)
To retrieve the data from database
SELECT
 DML (Data Manipulation Language)
Record/rows related operations.commands like
INSERT..., DELETE..., UPDATE.... etc.
 DCL (Data Control Language)
used to manipulate permissions or access rights to the
tables.commands
like GRANT , REVOKE etc.
 Transactional control Language.
Used to control the transactions.commands like
COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT etc.
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 MYSQL
MySql datatypes
numeric
decimal -decimal(<precision>, [<scale>]) [zerofill] For storing
floating-point numbers where precision is critical.
Int - int(<size>) [auto_increment] [unsigned] [zerofill]
A whole number, 4 bytes, with a maximum range of -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647 (unsigned: 0 to 4,294,967, 295)
string
char-char(<size>) [binary]
Fixed length – for storing strings that won't vary much in size.
Range of 0 to 255, stores that amount in bytes
Varchar-varchar(<size>) [binary]
Variable length – for storing strings that will vary in size.
Range of 0 to 255, stores that amount in bytes, plus 1 byte
date
Date-Format: YYYY-MM-DD ,Example: 2006-09-23,Range of years
1000 to 9999

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 MYSQL
Database Commands in MySql
Getting listings of database and tables
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
Creating a database-
mysql> CREATE database myschool;
Deleting a database mysql> DROP database abc;
to remove table mysql> drop table abctable;
After we have created the database we use the USE statement to
change the current
mysql> USE myschool;
Creating a table in the database is achieved with CREATE table
statement.
mysql> CREATE TABLE student (lastname varchar(15),firstname
varchar(15), city varchar(20), class char(2));
The command DESCRIBE is used to view the structure of a table.
mysql> DESCRIBE student;
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 MYSQL
Database Commands in MySql
To insert new rows into an existing table use the INSERT
command:
mysql>INSERT INTO student values(‘dwivedi’,’freya’,’Udaipur’,’4’);
Similarly we can insert multiple records.With the SELECT
command we can retrieve previously inserted rows:
mysql> SELECT * FROM student;
Selecting rows by using the WHERE clause in the SELECT
command
mysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE class=“4";
Selecting specific columns(Projection) by listing their names
mysql> SELECT first_name, class FROM student;
To modify or update entries in the table use the UPDATE
command
mysql> UPDATE student SET class=“V" WHERE
firstname=“freya";
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Database Commands in MySql
MYSQL
Deleting selected rows from a table using the DELETE
command
mysql> DELETE FROM student WHERE firstname=“amar";
A general form of SELECT is:
SELECT what to select( field name) FROM table(s)
WHERE condition that the data must satisfy;
Comparison operators are: < ; <= ; = ; != or <> ; >= ; >
Logical operators are: AND ; OR ; NOT
Comparison operator for special value NULL: IS
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student WHERE City IS NULL ;
BETWEEN- to access data in specified range
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student WHERE class between 4 and 6;
IN- operator allows us to easily test if the expression in the list
of values.
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student WHERE class in (4,5,6);
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 MYSQL
Database Commands in MySql
Pattern Matching – LIKE Operator
A string pattern can be used in SQL using the following wild card
% Represents a substring in any length
_ Represents a single character
Example:
‘A%’ represents any string starting with ‘A’ character.
‘_ _A’ represents any 3 character string ending with ‘A’.
‘_B%’ represents any string having second character ‘B’
‘_ _ _’ represents any 3 letter string.
A pattern is case sensitive and can be used with LIKE operator.
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name LIKE ‘A%’;
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student WHERE Name LIKE%Singh%’;
mysql> SELECT Name, City FROM Student WHERE Class>=8 AND
Name LIKE ‘%Kumar%’ ;

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 MYSQL

Database Commands in MySql

Ordering Query Result – ORDER BY Clause
A query result can be orders in ascending (A-Z) or
descending (Z-A) order as per any column. Default is
Ascending order.
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student ORDER BY class;
To get descending order use DESC key word.
mysql> SELECT * FROM Student ORDER BY class
DESC;

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 MYSQL
Database Commands in MySql
Creating Table with Constraints
The following constraints are commonly used in SQL:
NOT NULL -It Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value
UNIQUE - It Ensures that all values in a column are different
PRIMARY KEY - A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE.
Uniquely identifies each row in a table
FOREIGN KEY - It Uniquely identifies a row/record in another
table
CHECK - It Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a
specific condition
DEFAULT - It Sets a default value for a column when no value is
specified
INDEX - It is Used to create and retrieve data from the
database very quickly

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 MYSQL
Database Commands in MySql
Creating Table with Constraints
mysql> CREATE TABLE Persons (
ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
City varchar(255) DEFAULT ‘Jaipur',
CONSTRAINT CHK_Person CHECK (Age>=18)
);
mysql> CREATE TABLE Orders (
OrderID int NOT NULL,
OrderNumber int NOT NULL,
PersonID int,
PRIMARY KEY (OrderID),
FOREIGN KEY (PersonID) REFERENCES Persons(ID)
);
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