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Python XI Chapter 5

The document discusses Python fundamentals including character set, tokens, variables, literals, operators, and input/output. It defines that the character set includes letters, digits, symbols, and whitespace. Tokens are the smallest units and include keywords, identifiers, literals, operators, and punctuators. Variables are named locations that can be assigned values of different data types. Literals represent fixed values like strings, numbers, Booleans. Operators are used in expressions, and input/output functions allow receiving and displaying data.

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syeda taiba noorani
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
12 views

Python XI Chapter 5

The document discusses Python fundamentals including character set, tokens, variables, literals, operators, and input/output. It defines that the character set includes letters, digits, symbols, and whitespace. Tokens are the smallest units and include keywords, identifiers, literals, operators, and punctuators. Variables are named locations that can be assigned values of different data types. Literals represent fixed values like strings, numbers, Booleans. Operators are used in expressions, and input/output functions allow receiving and displaying data.

Uploaded by

syeda taiba noorani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5

Python Fundamentals
➢ Python Character Set
➢ Tokens
▪ Keywords
▪ Identifiers
▪ Literals
▪ Operators
▪ Punctuators
➢ Variables and Assignments
➢ Input and Output
Definition : Character set is a set of valid
characters that a language can recognize.
Python Character Set:
 Letters -> A-Z, a-z
 Digits -> 0-9
 Special Symbols -> + - * & = etc.
 White Spaces-> Blank Space,tab,new line etc.
 Other Characters-> ASCII and Unicode
Characters
Tokens/ Lexical Units /Lexical Elements
Definition: The smallest Individual unit in a
program is know as a Token
Python Tokens
✓ Keywords
✓ Identifiers
✓ Literals
✓ Operators
✓ Punctuators
Definition: Keywords are Reserved words that
convey special meaning to the language
compiler/interpreter.
Eg: for if else def elif import while
Definition: Names given to different parts of a
program.
Eg: Variable name, Class Name, Function name
etc.
Rules for Identifier formation
 First character must be a letter or an underscore (_)
 Upper and lower case letters are different(Case
Sensitive)
 Must not be a keyword
 Cannot contain any special characters except
underscore
Definition:Data items that have a fixed value.
Python Literals:
▪ String Literals
▪ Numeric Literals
▪ Boolean Literals
▪ Special Literal
▪ Literal Collections
Definition: Sequence of characters surrounded
by quotes
Eg: ‘a’, ‘abc’, “abc”
Types:
▪ Single Line String: must terminate in one line
Text = ‘hello’
▪ Multiline String: Multiple lines can be used
Text= ‘hello\
world’
Text = ‘’’hello
world’’’
 int (Integers) : Positive or Negative whole
numbers with no Decimal Point.
Eg: 1234, 45, -52

 float (Floating Point Real numbers) : Real


numbers written with a decimal point.
Eg:2.5,-13.56

 Complex (Complex Numbers): In the form


a+bj. Where ‘a’ is the real part of the number
and ‘b’ is the imaginary part.
 Integer literals are whole numbers without any
fractional part.
 It may contain either (+) or (-) sign. A number
with no sign is assumed to be positive.
 Python allows three types of integer literals:
◦ 1.Decimal Integer literals: 0-9
◦ 2.Octal Integer literals: represented by 0o
Eg: 0o8
◦ 3.Hexadecimal Integer literals: represented by 0x
Eg: 0xC
Note: Binary Literals are also possible in python,
represented by 0b. Eg: 0b11
 Floating point literals are also called as real literals.
Real literals are numbers having fractional part.
 Floating point literals can be of two forms
◦ 1. Fractional Form: Consist of signed and unsigned digits
including a decimal point. Eg: 3.5
◦ 2. Exponent Form: having two parts-mantissa and
exponent. Eg: 6.5 X 102 =6.5E2
◦ Here 6.5 is mantissa and exponent part is 2
◦ Mantissa can e an integer or floating point value
 Used to represent one of the two boolean
values i.e True or False.
 A boolean literal can either have value as True
or as False.

Special Literal
None: Used to indicate absence of value.

Literal Collections: It include Tuples


and Lists
 Definition: Operators are tokens used for some
computation in an expression.
Operators used in Python
❖ Unary Operator ( Require only one Operand)
Unary Plus (+), Unary Minus(-), Bitwise Complement(~),
Logical Negation (not)
❖ Binary Operator ( Require two Operands)
• Arithmetic Operators : +, -, *, /, %, **, //
• Relational Operators : <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
• Logical Operators : and, or
• Assignment Operators : =,/=, +=, *=, %=,-=, **=, //=
• Bitwise Operators : &, ^, |
• Shift Operators: <<, >>
• Identify Operators: is, is not
• Membership Operators : in, not in
 Definition: Symbols used to organize
sentence structures in a programming
language.

Eg: ‘ “ # [] {} () @ , :
➢ Expressions : Any legal combination of
symbols that represent a value
➢ Statements: Programming instructions
➢ Comments : Additional readable information
to clarify the source code.
• Single line comment – by using #
• Multiline Comment – by using Triple Quotes(‘’’)
➢ Functions: Named code section and can be
reused
➢ Blocks or Suite : Group of statements which
are part of another statement or function.
Definition: Variable is a named storage
location, whose values can be used during
the program run.
To create a variable , just assign to its name
the value of appropriate type.
Eg: City= ‘Bhopal’
Age = 20
Mark = 95.5
City ‘Bhopal’

Age 20

Mark 95.5
Lvalue: expression that can come on the
lhs(left hand side) of an assignment
Rvalue: expressions that can come on the
rhs(right hand side) of an assignment.
A=30
F=45
Illegal assignments
20=a
35=b
a+2=d
❖ Assigning same value to multiple variables
Eg: a=b=c=10

❖ Assigning multiple values to multiple


variables
Eg: a,b,c=10,20,30
Definition: A variable pointing to a value of a
certain type, can be made to point to a value
of a different type. This is called Dynamic
Typing.
Eg: a=10
print (a)
a=‘hello’
print (a)
a =10
Loc:2000
a 10

a = ‘hello’
Loc:2000
10
a

Loc:2006
‘hello’
 Input :To get input from the user, input()
function can be used.
Syntax:
Variable_name = input(<Prompt>)
Eg:
name = input(“What is your name?”)
➢ The input() function always returns a value of
string type
➢ Int() and float() functions can be used along
with input() function to convert the values to
integer and float types.
Output:
print() function is used to send output to the
output device.
Syntax:
Print(*objects,[sep=‘’or<seperator-string>end=‘\n’ or <end_string>])

*objects means it can be one or multiple comma separated objects to


be printed.
Eg:
print(“hello”)
a=10,b=20
print(a,b)
 A print() statement without any value or name
or expression prints a blank line.
 A print statement auto converts the items to
strings
 A print() statement inserts spaces between
the items automatically because by default
the value of sep argument is space.
 It appends a newline character at the end of
the line unless you give your own end
argument
Output
Output

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