COMPRESSION STRENGTH AND

REBOUND HAMMER TEST

MOHAMMAD AFIQ HAZIQ BIN MOHD NIZAM (DF210056)

MUHAMMAD SHAMER AIMAN BIN SAMSUDIN (DF210053)

ISMA NUR HAFIZAN BIN ISMAIL (DF200002)

MUHAMMAD FAKHRULLAH BIN AZIZAN (DF210033)

MOHAMAD SYAZANI BIN ZAMRI (DF210042)

8
COMPRESSION STRENGTH AND
REBOUND HAMMER TEST

MOHAMMAD AFIQ HAZIQ BIN MOHD NIZAM

DF210056

8
COMPRESSION STRENGTH AND
REBOUND HAMMER TEST

MUHAMMAD SHAMER AIMAN BIN SAMSUDIN

DF210053

8
COMPRESSION STRENGTH AND
REBOUND HAMMER TEST

MOHAMAD SYAZANI BIN ZAMRI

DF210042

8
COMPRESSION STRENGTH AND
REBOUND HAMMER TEST

ISMA NUR HAFIZAN BIN ISMAIL

DF200002

8
COMPRESSION STRENGTH AND
REBOUND HAMMER TEST

MUHAMMAD FAKHRULLAH BIN AZIZAN

DF210033

8
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 2
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 3
LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 4
METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................................5
RESULT, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ..................................................................8
CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................13
 ABSTRACT

Because of its strength and durability, concrete is a popular building material.

However, it is critical to ensure the quality and structural integrity of the concrete. The
compression strength test and the rebound hammer test are two common non-destructive
testing methods used to evaluate the properties of concrete. The purpose of this research is to
compare and contrast the effectiveness and limitations of these tests in determining the
compression strength of a concrete mix. Concrete specimens are subjected to progressively
increasing compressive loads until failure occurs in the compression strength test. It provides
a direct measurement of the concrete mix's maximum load-bearing capacity. The rebound
hammer test, on the other hand, employs the rebound principle to estimate compressive
strength by measuring the rebound velocity of an impact hammer striking the concrete
surface.
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Concrete is a popular building material due to its strength, durability, and versatility.
To ensure the structural integrity and quality of concrete, its compressive strength, which is a
measure of its ability to withstand applied loads, must be evaluated. The compression
strength test and the rebound hammer test are two common methods for determining the
compressive strength of concrete mixes. The compression strength test is a destructive testing
method in which concrete specimens are subjected to increasing compressive loads until
failure occurs. It is carried out using a hydraulic testing machine, which gradually increases
the load on the specimen until it fractures. The rebound hammer test, on the other hand, is a
non-destructive testing method that estimates the compressive strength of concrete by
measuring the rebound velocity of an impact hammer striking the concrete surface.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

The rebound hammer, also known as the Schmidt hammer, is a widely used non-
destructive testing device in civil engineering for assessing the compressive strength of
concrete structures. A comprehensive literature review on the rebound hammer entails
examining a range of research studies and publications related to this testing method. The
review discusses the development and principles of the rebound hammer, explores the
historical background of the device, and explains the underlying principles that enable it to
estimate concrete strength based on the rebound values it measures. Measurement techniques
and calibration methods are important aspects of using the rebound hammer effectively. Factors
that can influence rebound hammer measurements are critical to consider for accurate and
reliable results, and the review summarizes research findings on the impact of variables such
as surface conditions, moisture content, temperature, and concrete mix design. Different
studies may suggest methods to account for these factors or propose correction factors to
improve the accuracy of rebound hammer measurements.

Rebound hammer test also can examines the accuracy and reliability of the rebound
hammer in estimating concrete strength. It presents the advantages and limitations of the
rebound hammer method and discusses its complementary nature when combined with other
testing methods. It also highlights case studies and research projects where the rebound
hammer has been used to assess concrete strength and evaluate the condition of existing
structures. These examples showcase the practical utility of the rebound hammer in real-world
scenarios. The study of the literature summarises the key findings from the emphasises the
rebound hammer's strengths and limitations as a non-destructive testing method for concrete
strength assessment. It also identifies research gaps or areas that need to be investigated further
to improve understanding and application of rebound hammer testing. This review adds to the
body of knowledge about the rebound hammer and helps shape future advances in this field of
non-destructive testing.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

Procedure

REBOUND HAMMER TEST

1. Draw a regular grid of line 30 mm apart and take the intersection of line as test point.
2. Twelve reading s are needed at a location

3. Press the rebound hammer to the test location until the mass hammer impact against
the surface through the plunger.

4. Write the rebound hammer reading in the form provided

NORMAL CONCRETE MIX DESIGN G30 DOE

1. Collected project information. Gathered all the necessary information about the
project, including the required strength, exposure conditions, durability requirements,
and any specific project specifications.
2. Conducted material characterization. Conducted laboratory tests to determine the
properties of the materials used in the concrete mix, including the cement, aggregates
(both fine and coarse), and supplementary cementitious materials, if applicable.
3. Determined the target strength. Based on the project requirements and specifications,
determined the target compressive strength of the concrete.
4. Selected the water-cement ratio (W/C). Chose an appropriate W/C ratio based on the
target strength and the exposure conditions of the concrete. Considered the durability
requirements and any specific guidelines or standards.
5. Calculated the water content. Determined the water content required for the mix based
on the chosen W/C ratio and the properties of the materials. This was done by either
using empirical relationships or conducting specific tests.
6. Determined the aggregate proportions. Selected suitable aggregate proportions (both
fine and coarse aggregates) based on considerations such as workability, grading
requirements, and strength.
7. Adjusted the mix proportions. Adjusted the mix proportions to account for moisture
content in the aggregates and any variations in specific gravity.
8. Considered admixtures. If required, determined the appropriate dosage of admixtures
such as water reducers, air entraining agents, or superplasticizers, based on the project
specifications and laboratory tests.
9. Prepared trial mixes. Mixed and tested trial batches of concrete to evaluate their fresh
and hardened properties, including workability, setting time, and compressive
strength.
10. Fine-tuned the mix design. Analyzed the test results from the trial mixes and made
necessary adjustments to the mix proportions, water content, or admixture dosage to
meet the desired specifications and strength requirements.

11. Verified the mix design. Once the mix design met the project requirements, further
testing was conducted to verify its compliance with relevant standards and codes.
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Data & Analysis

Compressive strength

Sample Weight (kg) Load (kN) Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

1 2.4 200.1 20.01
2 2.4 101.7 10.17
3 2.44 65.4 6.54
Average = 12.24

Size of concrete blocks = 100mm X 100mm X 100mm

𝑃
Compressive Strength, F =
𝐴
200100
Sample 1: F = = 20.01 N/mm2
10000
101700
Sample 2: F = = 10.17 N/mm2
10000
65400
Sample 3: F = 10000 = 6.54 N/mm2

20.01 + 10.17 + 6.54

Average of Compressive Strength =
3

= 12.24 N/mm2
Rebound Hammer Test

Readings Side 1 Side 2 Side 3

1 25 14 8
2 22 13 8
3 20 9 18
4 18 13 13
5 15 16 17
6 21 14 12
7 20 12 13
8 17 15 12
9 18 16 13
10 18 10 15
11 10 8 11
12 16 14 10
Average = 18.33 12.83 12.5

18.33 + 12.83 + 12.5

Average R value for 3 sides =
3

= 14.55

Based on Appendix I, the value of Wm is 11.9 MPa

 Concrete is made by completely mixing aggregates, asphalt, sand, water, and a variety
of other admixtures. Even with proper mixing, concrete might fail due to microcracks caused
by variations in the thermal and mechanical characteristics of coarse particles and cement
matrix. Since aggregate size is the primary factor affecting compressive strength, concrete
technologists have created scientific theories around it. Because of this, compressive power
grows as the entire size does. This idea was dropped after research revealed that increasing
aggregate size initially increased intensity but ultimately caused it to fall off exponentially. The
only factors contributing to the decrease in strength were a smaller surface area available for
bonding between the cement matrix and aggregates and a weaker transition region.

The rebound hammer is a non-destructive testing device that measures the spring-driven
mass's rebound after it strikes a concrete surface. The rebound number, which corresponds to
the surface hardness of concrete, is the output of the rebound hammer. When determining the
mechanical characteristics of rock material, the Schmidt hammer provides a quick and
inexpensive way to test surface hardness. The theory behind the rebound hammer test is that
the amount of energy an elastic mass returns to the environment depends on how hard the
surface of the rock it strikes is.

Before it has settled, concrete's strength cannot be assessed. After 28 days, concrete
reaches its maximum strength. Because there is a significant financial risk involved, the
concrete strength can be measured after seven days to predict the desired level of construction
activity.

From this experiment, we came to know that our mean slump value is 40 mm which
describes that the shape of slump after the compaction is true slump and its degree of
workability is low. The density does not affect the compressive strength of the concrete. Based
on the data result, the value of average compressive strength of the concrete cubes by applying
load from the compression strength test machine is 12.24 N/mm2 is lower than the standard
value of compressive strength of the concrete for 7 days is 19.5 N/mm2. There are some
precaution or mistakes during the compaction of the concrete in the mould of concrete cubes.
If the compaction not be done effectively, there are some air holes inside the concrete cubes.
There are several factors which could affect the workability and compressive strength of
concrete:

Workability
  Water-cement ratio : The right amount of water-cement ratio is needed for the better
workability.
 Aggregate : This depends on what type aggregate used (coarse and fine aggregate).
 Admixture : Implies whether it is in the form of liquid or powder.
 Fineness of cement : Fineness of cement will produced a better workability.
 Time and temperature : Higher temperature will harden the concrete mix much faster
and the longer time of the concrete cubes are immersed into the water, the higher the
workability.

Compressive Strength

 Water-cement ratio : To make the mixture workable enough to be put into the forms,
the more water must be added. This additional water should, however, be used
sparingly. The strength of the concrete will be reduced if there is an excessive usage of
water.
 Compaction factor : Compaction is necessary to guarantee that hardened concrete meets
the requirements for strength, permeability and durability. Eliminating trapped air and
compacting the particles together are the two steps in the compaction process.
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, based on this experiment, we are able to understand the actual

circumstances surrounding the preparation and testing of fresh and hardened concrete. We can
also identify the most appropriate techniques for determining the strength of concrete and
determine the compressive strength of the hardened concrete seven days after casting.

The concrete slump test gauges how fluid new concrete is before it hardens. It is done
to examine whether freshly poured concrete is workable and, consequently, how easily it flows.
It can also be used as a sign of a batch that was not properly blended. Due to the straightforward
gear and straightforward process, the test is well-liked. Under real-world circumstances, the
slump test is utilised to guarantee homogeneity for various concrete loads. The average value
of compressive strength for the three cubes of concrete at 7 days is 12.24 N/mm2 respectively.
While, the average value of compressive rebound hammer test for the concrete after 7 days is
14.55 N/mm2 respectively. Hence, the objectives are achieved.
MOHAMMAD AFIQ HAZIQ BIN MOHD NIZAM 018-3688774
MUHAMMAD SHAMER AIMAN BIN SAMSUDIN 013-6045591
ISMA NUR HAFIZAN BIN ISMAIL 011-11124710
MUHAMMAD FAKHRULLAH BIN AZIZAN 012-4044065
MOHAMAD SYAZANI BIN ZAMRI 017-4191731