Fluid Mechanics

(Approved by:AICTE & Affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology)
Campus: Bishnupur, Dist.: Bankura, WB
CA2 Technical Report Writing
on
Properties of Fluid
Academic Year: 2022-2023
Student’s Full Name: MILAN GHOSH
University Roll Number: 15801322067
University Registration Number: 221580120083
Department: CIVIL ENGINEERING
Paper Name: INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS
Paper Code: CE (ES) 401
Semester: 4TH
Year: 2ND
E-mail id: milanghosh8348@gmail.com

FLUID:
A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously under the action of a
shear stress, however small magnitude present. It means that a fluid deforms under
very small shear stress, but a solid may not deform under that magnitude of the
shear stress.
PROPERTIES OF FLUID:
Some of the basic properties of fluids are discussed below:
1. Mass density (ρ):
Specific density or specific mass or mass density is the mass per unit volume of
the fluid. If mass is M and volume of the fluid is V then,
ρ=M/V
With the increase in temperature volume of fluid increases and hence mass density
decreases. In case of gas, as the pressure increases volume decreases and hence
mass density increases.
Dimension- ML-3
Unit- kg/m3
Typical values:
water- 1000 kg/m3 at 4oC temperature
Air- 1.23 kg/m3 at standard pressure and temperature
Mercury-13600 kg/m3
2. Specific weight (γ):
As we express a mass M has a weight W=Mg. The specific weight of the fluid can
be defined similarly as its weight per unit volume.
γ = ρg
Dimension: ML-2T-2
Unit: N/m3
Typical values:
Water- 9810 N/m3
Air- 12.07 N/m3
Mercury: 133416 N/m3
3. Relative density or Specific gravity (S):
Specific gravity is the ratio of fluid density (or specific weight) to the fluid density
(or specific weight) of a standard reference fluid. For liquids water at 4°C is
considered as standard fluid.
Sliquid = ρliquid / ρwater at 4°C
Units: It is pure number having no units.
Dimension: Dimensionless
Typical vales: Mercury-13.6
4. Specific Volume:
Specific volume of a fluid is mean volume per unit mass i.e., the reciprocal of mass
density.
∀=1/ρ
Dimension: L3M-1
Units: - m3/kg, cm3/g
Typical values:
Water - 0.001m3/kg
Air - 1.23×10-3 m3/kg
5. Cohesion:
The force of attraction between the molecules of a liquid by virtue of which they
are bound to each other to remain as one assemblage of particles is known as the
force of cohesion. This property enables the liquid to resist tensile stress.
The cohesive forces are associated with Van der Waals forces and hydrogen
bonding that cause liquids such as water to resist separation.
6. Adhesion:
The force of attraction between the molecules of different liquids or between the
molecules of a liquid and those of a solid body when they are in contact with each
other, is known as the force of adhesion. This force enables two different liquids
to adhere to each other or a liquid to adhere to a solid body or surface.
The adhesion forces can be one of the results of electrostatic forces which
are exerted on different substances.
7. Surface Tension:
Surface tension is the force by virtue of which a liquid has a tendency to shrink
into the minimum surface area possible.
There are two primary mechanisms in play. One is an inward force on the
surface molecules causing the liquid to contract. Second is a tangential force
parallel to the surface of the liquid. The net effect is that, the liquid behaves as if
its surface were covered with a stretched elastic membrane.
Surface tension is measured by the force acting per unit length of the line
drawn on a liquid surface and acting along the plane of the surface normal to the
line.
Surface tension allows insects (e.g., water striders), usually denser than
water, to float and slide on a water surface.
Also, due to surface tension only a drop of blood forms a hump on a
horizontal glass; a drop of mercury forms a near-perfect sphere and can be rolled
just like a steel ball over a smooth surface; water droplets from rain falls as
spherical droplets; a soap bubble released into the air forms a spherical shape; and
water beads up into small drops on flower petals.
The SI unit of surface tension is N/m and its dimensional formula is [MT-2].
8. Capillary Rise:
Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, capillary effect, or
wicking) is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance
of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity.
The effect can be seen in the drawing up or down of liquids in a thin tube.
As a result, the surface of liquid becomes elevated or depressed within the tube in
relation to the surrounding liquid.
It can also be seen in the narrow passages between the hairs of a paint-brush,
in porous materials such as paper and plaster etc. Such narrow passages or confined
flow channels are called capillaries. The capillary effect is also partially
responsible for the rise of water to the top of tall trees.
The curved free surface of a liquid in capillary tube is called the meniscus. It
is commonly observed that water in a glass container curves up slightly at the edges
where it touches the glass surface; but the opposite occurs for mercury: it curves
down at the edges.
9. Bulk Modulus (K):
It is defined as the ratio of volumetric stress to volumetric strain of a body. In
hydraulics volumetric stress is equivalent to the hydrostatic pressure, because, in
a fluid at each point hydrostatic pressure is same in all direction.
Let’s suppose, the volume V of a given mass of fluid will be reduced to (V -
ΔV) when the force per unit area or the hydrostatic pressure increases from p to (p
+ Δp) on the fluid. So, the bulk modulus can be expressed as,
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 (𝐾) = change in volumetric stress or pressure (𝛥p)
Volumetric strain
Now,
Volumetric strain = change in volume (𝛥V)/Original volume (V)
Therefore,
change in volume (𝛥V)/Original volume (V) = change in pressure (𝛥p)/Bulk
modulus (K)
i.e.,
- 𝛥V/V = 𝛥p/K ……. (i)
Negative sign for ΔV indicates the volume decreases as pressure increases.
10. Compressibility (β):
It is defined as the variation of volume or density with respect to volumetric stress
pressure on a fluid mass.
Mathematically compressibility (β) is defined as the reciprocal of bulk
modulus (K) of elasticity. That is,
β = 1/K
Thus, from eq.(i) of bulk modulus, compressibility can be expressed as,
β = 1/K = - 𝛥V/V𝛥p
Thus, in the limiting case, one can write the differential equation, β = 1/VXdV/dP
For liquids, the changes in pressure occurring in many fluid mechanics
problems are not sufficiently great to cause appreciable changes in volume. It is
therefore usual to ignore such changes and consider liquids as incompressible.
For gasses, variation of volume with respect to pressure is high. So,
compressibility is high.
In general, compressibility becomes important when the velocity of the fluid
exceeds about one-fifth of the velocity of a pressure wave (velocity of sound) in
the fluid.
Typical values of Bulk Modulus: K = 2.05×109 N/m2 for water, K =
1.62×109 N/m2 for oil.
11. Viscosity (μ):
Fluids resist the relative motion of immersed objects through them as well as the
motion of different layers with different velocities within them. Viscosity is the
quantity that describes fluid's such resistance to flow. Viscosity is also called as
fluid friction.
According to the Newton’s law, viscosity can be calculated by the ratio of
the shearing stress acting between the layers of a fluid to the velocity gradient in a
fluid.
Suppose, the shear stress in between any two layers in a fluid is τ. The
velocity gradient at that layer is assumed du/dy, where, u denotes the velocity of the
layer and y is the height of the layer. Then, viscosity or coefficient of viscosity (μ)
can be calculated from the equation,
μ= τ/(du/dy)
μ is called as the coefficient of dynamic viscosity.
Dimensional formula of μ is = FL-2/(LT-1/L) = MLT-2/(LT-1/L) = ML-1T-1.
The SI unit of coefficient of viscosity is Poiseuille (Pl) or Pa – s or N-s/m2 or
kg m-1 s-1. Though, the unit Poiseuille has never been widely accepted.
The most common unit of viscosity is dyne-s/cm2, which is given the name
Poise (P).
As the viscosity of water at 20°C is 0.01 Poise, that is 1 centipoise, the unit
cP is also very popular.
Now, 1 Poise = 1 dyne-s/cm2 = 10-5×104 N-s/m2 = 0.1 Pa-s or Poiseuille.
12. Kinematic Viscosity (v):
It is defined as the ratio between dynamic viscosity and mass density of the fluid.
It is denoted by ν.
So, v = Dynamic viscosity/mass density = μ/ρ
The dimensions of v = ML-1T-1/ML-3 = L2T-1. In fact, it is called the kinematic
viscosity because the force term F is absent in it.
Units of Kinematic viscosity:
In SI system: m2/s
In CGS: cm2/s, which is also known as Stoke
1 stoke = 10-4 m2/s.

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(Approved by:AICTE & Affiliated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology)

Campus: Bishnupur, Dist.: Bankura, WB

CA2 Technical Report Writing

Student’s Full Name: MILAN GHOSH

University Roll Number: 15801322067

University Registration Number: 221580120083

Department: CIVIL ENGINEERING

Paper Name: INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

Paper Code: CE (ES) 401

E-mail id: milanghosh8348@gmail.com

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