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Properties of Fluids: Department of Civil Engineering Assam Professional Academy

IT covers the basic concepts of fluid mechanics live density specific volume and other properties which are indicated in basic fluid mechanics.

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Dipankar borah
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
141 views

Properties of Fluids: Department of Civil Engineering Assam Professional Academy

IT covers the basic concepts of fluid mechanics live density specific volume and other properties which are indicated in basic fluid mechanics.

Uploaded by

Dipankar borah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING


ASSAM PROFESSIONAL ACADEMY

Vortex shedding off


back of Sorrocco Island

What is a Fluid?
Substances with no strength
Deform when forces are applied
Include water and gases

Solid:
Deforms a fixed amount or breaks completely when a
stress is applied on it.
Fluid:
Deforms continuously as long as any shear stress is
applied.

What is Mechanics?
The study of motion and the forces which cause (or
prevent) the motion.
Three types:
Kinematics (kinetics): The description of
motion: displacement, velocity and acceleration.
Statics: The study of forces acting on the particles
or bodies at rest.
Dynamics: The study of forces acting on the
particles and bodies in motion.

Introduction
Field of Fluid Mechanics can be divided into three
branches:
Fluid Statics: mechanics of fluids at rest
Kinematics: deals with velocities and streamlines
w/o considering forces or energy
Fluid Dynamics: deals with the relations between
velocities and accelerations and forces exerted by or
upon fluids in motion

Continuum view of Fluids


Convenient to assume fluids are continuously

distributed throughout the region of interest. That is,


the fluid is treated as a continuum
This continuum model allows us to not have to deal
with molecular interactions directly. We will account
for such interactions indirectly via viscosity
A good way to determine if the continuum model is
acceptable is to compare a characteristic length ( L ) of
the flow region with the mean free path of molecules,
If L , continuum model is valid

Density of a fluid
The density of a fluid is defined as mass per unit
volume.
Density (mass per unit volume): m

Where m=mass and v=volume of the fluid.


Liquids densities do not vary much with pressure

and temperature
Gas densities can vary quite a bit with pressure and
temperature
Density of water at 4 C : 1000 kg/m3
Density of Air at 4 C : 1.20 kg/m3

Unit of Density
Units of density:

[m ]
kg
[]
3
[V ] m

(in S I u n its )

Dimensional unit of Density:

[M][L]^-3

Specific Weight
The specific weight of fluid is its weight per unit

volume.

g = local acceleration of gravity, 9.807 m/s2


Specific weight characterizes the weight of the fluid

system
Specific weight of water at 4 C : 9.80 kN/m3
Specific weight of air at 4 C : 11.9 N/m3

Unit of Specific Weight


Units of specific weight:

kg m
N
[ ] [ ][ g ] 3 2 3
m s
m

(in S I u n its )

Dimension of specific weight:

{M}{L}^-2{T}^-2

Specific Gravity of Liquid (S)


The specific gravity of fluid is the ratio of the density of

the fluid to the density of water @ 4 C.

liquid liquid g liquid


S

water water g water


Gases have low specific gravities
A liquid such as Mercury has a high specific gravity, 13.2
The ratio is unit less.
Density of water at 4 C : 1000 kg/m3

Viscosity: Introduction
The viscosity is measure of the fluidity of the fluid

which is not captured simply by density or specific


weight. A fluid can not resist a shear and under
shear begins to flow. The shearing stress and
shearing strain can be related with a relationship of
the following form for common fluids such as water,
air, oil, and gasoline

du

dy

Viscosity
Mu is the absolute viscosity or dynamics viscosity of

the fluid, u is the velocity of the fluid and y is the


vertical coordinate as shown in the schematic below:

Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids


A Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which the viscous

stresses arising from its flow, at every point, are


linearly proportional to the local strain rate (the rate
of change of its deformation over time).
Examples :water, air and thin motor oil.
In a Non-Newtonian fluid, the relation between
the shear stress and the shear rate is different and
can even be time-dependent. Therefore, a constant
coefficient of viscosity cannot be defined.
Examples:Ketchup,custard,toothpaste,starch.

Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids

Kinematic Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio between dynamic

viscosity and density.

Where = dynamic viscosity (N s/m2)


= density (kg/m3)
The units are of L2/T or m2/s and ft2/s
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity is the tangential force per
unit area required to move one horizontal plane with
respect to an other plane - at an unit velocity - when
maintaining an unit distance apart in the fluid.

Newton's law of Viscosity


It states that the shear stress is directly proportional

to the rate of shear strain or velocity gradient


(du/dy).

du

dy

=coefficient of viscosity
du/dy=rate of shear strain.

Surface Tension
At the interface between a liquid and a gas or two

immiscible liquids, forces develop forming an


analogous skin or membrane stretched over the
fluid mass which can support weight.

Surface Tension
R is the radius of the droplet, is the surface

tension, p is the pressure difference between the


inside and outside pressure.
The force developed around the edge
due to surface tension=Fsurface 2R
This force is balanced by the pressure
2
difference p= Fpressure pR
Equating the Surface Tension Force to the Pressure
2

Force, we can estimate p = pi pe: p

Capillary Action
Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary

motion, or wicking) is the ability of a liquid to flow in


narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in
opposition to, external forces like gravity.

Adhesion and Cohesion


Cohesion is the property of like molecules (of the

same substance) to stick to each other due to mutual


attraction
Adhesion is the property of different molecules or
surfaces to cling to each other.
solids have high cohesive properties so they do not
stick to the surfaces they come in contact
gases have weak cohesion
Water has both cohesive and adhesive properties.

Capillary rise and fall


It is caused due to surface tension. The fluid is either

drawn up the tube or pushed down.

Compressibility
All fluids compress if pressure increases resulting

in an increase in density.
Compressibility is the change in volume due to a
change in pressure.
A good measure of compressibility is the bulk
modulus.
Compressibility is inversely proportional to the
bulk modulas of elasticity.

Compressibility and bulk modulas


Compressibility: (1/bulk modulas)

dp

d

( s p e c ific v o lu m e )

p is p r e s s u r e
So,

fin a l

in itia l )

in itia l

(p

fin a l

p in itia l )
E

Water may be treated as incompressible (density is

constant)

Vapor Pressure
Evaporation

occurs in a fluid when liquid


molecules at the surface have sufficient momentum
to overcome the intermolecular cohesive forces and
escape to the atmosphere.
Vapor Pressure is that pressure exerted on the
fluid by the vapor in a closed saturated system where
the number of molecules entering the liquid are the
same as those escaping.
Vapor pressure depends on temperature and type of
fluid.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1)FLUID MECHANICS
BY Dr. R.K BANSAL
2)MAE3130
(Department of
aerospace and
engineering)
3)Basics of Fluid
Mechanics(IIT
AHMEDABAD)

ANY QUERIES?

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