Microprocessor and its

Applications
1. R.S. Gaonkar: “Microprocessor architecture, Programming and
Applications with 8085/8080”, Penram Publication.
2. B.Ram : “ Fundamental of Microprocessor and Microcomputer”,
Dhanpat Rai Publication, 4th edition.
3. R. Singh and B.P. Singh: “ Microprocessor Interfacing and its
application”, New Age International Publishers, 2nd Edition.
4. D.V. Hall: “ Microprocessor Interfacing”, TMH ( Revised 2nd
Edition).
5. R. Singh and B.P. Singh: “Advanced Microprocessor and Micro-
controllers”, New Age International Publishers, 2nd Edition
 UNIT 1

Category of Memory, Microprocessor,

Microcontroller, Buses, machine Language,
Assembly Language, High Level Language,
Assembly Language Program Development Tool.
8085 Microprocessor:
Architecture, Pin diagram, Instruction Type,
Instruction Cycle, Timing Diagram, Addressing
Modes, Instruction Set. Assembly Programming
based on 8085, Interrupt and Interrupt Service
Routine.
 What is Memory?
Computer memory is any physical device
capable of storing information temporarily or
permanently.
• Electronic components that store instructions,
data, and results.
• Each byte stored in unique location called an
address, similar to seats in a concert hall
MEMORY CAPACITY
CLASSIFICATION OF MEMORY
 INTERNAL PROCESSOR MEMORY
• A small high speed memory inside the
processor.
• Temporary storage of instruction and data.
• Example: Registers, built-in cache.
• Like in Intel 8085 Microprocessor there are 6,
8-bit Registers (B,C,D,E,H,L)
 MAIN MEMORY
• It is relatively large memory placed outside
the processor.
• Data and instruction storage for the operation
of the processor.
• Can be accessed directly and rapidly by the
CPU.
• Example: RAM, ROM
IMAGES OF MAIN MEMORY
 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
• A temporary storage that can be read from or
written into by the user.
• Volatile memory.
• Every location can be accessed independently.
• Access time for every location is constant and
independent of it’s position.
Two types of RAM
 DYNAMIC RAM

• DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM.

• Relatively slower and low cost memory.
• Used for main memory.
• Contents are constantly refreshed 1000 times
per second
• Access time 60 – 70 nanoseconds
TYPES OF DYNAMIC RAM
 STATIC RAM

• SRAM stands for static RAM.

• Characterized by high speed and high cost.
• Use six transistors to store data.
• Access time 60 – 70 nanoseconds
• Can accept one command and transfer one
word of
• data per clock cycle.
 READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
• A class of storage used in computer and other electronic
• devices.
• Data stored in it cannot be modified
• Non-volatile memory.
• In modern PCs, ROM is used to store the basic
bootstrapping
• firmware for the main processor, as well as the various
firmware
• needed to internally control self-contained devices such as
graphics card, hard disks, DVD drives, etc.
 SECONDARY MEMORY
• Much larger in capacity but slower than main
memory.
• Permanent storage of data and instruction.
• Example: Hard disk, CD, Floppy etc.
 MEMORY HIERARCHY
• In computer architecture the memory
hierarchy is a concept used to discuss
performance issues in computer architectural
design, algorithm predictions, and lower level
programming constructs.
• Involving locality of reference. The memory
hierarchy in computer storage separates each
of its levels based on response time
Memory Hierarchy
 Cache Memory

• System performance suffers when processor

waits for data from slow memory device.
• Cache memory is introduced between the CPU
and the main memory.
• Cache is a high speed memory for holding
recently accessed data in main memory.
• The amount of cache memory has a
tremendous impact on the computer's speed.
AT A GALNCE
Buses
 Computer Languages
Human languages are known as natural
languages. Unfortunately, computers can not
understand natural languages, as a result we
must communicate with computers using
computer languages. These languages are:
• High Level Languages
• Low Level Languages
• Assembly Language
• Machine Language
• There are many high level languages
– Some Examples:
– COBOL Business applications
– FORTRAN Engineering & Scientific Applications
– PASCAL General use and as a teaching tool
– C & C++ General Purpose - currently most popular.
– PROLOG Artificial Intelligence
– JAVA General all purpose programming
– .NET General or web applications
 Advantages of High level language
over low level language
• They are near to English language, that is they are
easier to read, write and maintain.
• High-level languages make complex programming
simpler.
• High level languages is portable, i.e., they can
work on different operating system.
• Length of the program is also small compared
with low level.
• Many real time problems can be easily solved
with high level language.
 Disadvantages of High level language
over low level language
• They need to be translated for the computer
to understand, hence work slower than
machine code.
 Low Level language
• A computer low level language that deals with
hardware registers by name is known as
assembly language.
• Assembly language is the best example of low
level language, it is in between machine
language and high-level language.
• A low-level language does not need a compiler
or interpreter to run the program, the
processor run low-level code directly.
 Assembly languages
• Assembly languages have the same structure and set of
commands as machine languages, but they enable a
programmer to use names instead of numbers.
• In the early days of programming all programs were written
in assembly language but now almost programs are written
in a highlevel language.
• Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer
architecture, in contrast to most high level programming
languages, which are generally portable across multiple
systems.
• *Programmers still use assembly language when speed is
essential or when they need to perform an operation that
isn't possible in a high-level language.
Applications of Assembly Language
• Writing games or simulation program
• Writing operating systems
• Programming robots
• Computers viruses, certain device drivers or
other items very close to the hardware or low-
level operating system.
 Assembly languages Instructions
• It uses mnemonic codes (short forms) for
instructions and allows the programmer to
introduce names for blocks of memory that hold
data.
• Assembly language is designed to be easily
translated into machine language.
• Examples:
– MOV AL, 1h ;
– MVI A, 01
– SUB AX, BX
– MUL AL,02
Conversion of Assembly language to
Machine Language
 Machine language
Machine code or machine language is a
system of instructions and data executed
directly by a computer's CPU. The lowest-level
programming language that only be
understood by computers.
Computer language that is directly executable
by a computer without the need for
translation by a compiler or an assembler.
 Machine language
• The native language of the computer, The set of
symbolic instructions in binary that is used to
represent operations and data in a machine
called machine code
• Machine Language: “0110101100101000”
• machine language is a collection of binary digits
or bits that the computer reads and interprets.
Machine language is the only language a
computer understands. It is almost impossible for
humans to use because they consist entirely of
numbers.
 Assembly Language Program
Development Tools
1. Editor
- An editor is a program which allows you to create a file
containing the assembly language statements for your program.
Example: PC-Write, Wordstar.
- When you have typed in all your program, you then save the file
on the hard disk. This file is called source file and the extension
is .asm.
2. Assembler
- An assembler program is used to translate the assembly
language mnemonics for instructions to corresponding binary
codes. When you run the assembler, it reads the source file of
your program from the disk where you have saved it after editing.
 Assembly Language Program
Development Tools
3. Linker- A linker is a program used to join
several object files into one large object file.
4. Locator - A locator is a program used to assign
the specific address of where the segments of
object code are to be loaded into memory.
5. Debugger-A debugger is a program which
allows you to load your object code program
into system memory, execute the program and
troubleshoot or debug it.