Authentication/Authorization

What is AspNet Identity? why to use?

ASP.NET Identity is a framework for building identity and access control into ASP.NET
applications. It provides a set of APIs and classes for managing user accounts, roles, and claims,
as well as supporting external authentication providers such as Microsoft, Google, and Facebook.
ASP.NET Identity can be used to manage user accounts and authentication in any ASP.NET
application, including web applications, web APIs, and mobile applications. It supports both
local accounts (where the user's credentials are stored in the application's database) and external
accounts (where the user's credentials are stored with an external provider such as Microsoft,
Google, or Facebook).
Using ASP.NET Identity can help you build secure applications by providing a robust
authentication and authorization system. It also simplifies the development process by providing
a set of ready-made APIs and classes that can be easily integrated into your application.
ASP.NET Identity is built on top of the ASP.NET Core Identity framework, which is a
membership system that provides a set of APIs and classes for managing user accounts, roles,
and claims in ASP.NET Core applications. It is designed to be flexible and extensible, so you can
customize it to meet the needs of your application.
How to intergate Identity in aspnet core application, step by step
Define Authentication and Authorization
Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, device, or system. It typically involves
checking the credentials (such as a username and password) of the entity attempting to access a system
or resource.

Authorization is the process of granting or denying access to a system or resource based on the
permissions of the entity attempting to access it. Permissions may be granted or denied based on the
entity's role, privileges, or other attributes.
In general, authentication is used to verify the identity of an entity, while authorization is used to
determine what actions the entity is allowed to perform. For example, a user might be required to
authenticate themselves (e.g., by providing a username and password) before they are allowed to access
a certain resource. Once authenticated, the user's permissions would then be checked to determine
what actions they are allowed to perform on the resource (e.g., read, write, delete).

In the context of web applications, authentication is often used to verify the identity of users, while
authorization is used to determine what resources and actions a user is allowed to access and perform.

⮚ In .NET, authentication and authorization are provided by the security frameworks that are
available for different types of applications.
For example, ASP.NET provides a set of authentication and authorization frameworks for web
applications, including:
ASP.NET Identity: A membership system that provides a set of APIs and classes for managing user
accounts, roles, and claims in ASP.NET applications. It supports both local accounts (where the
user's credentials are stored in the application's database) and external accounts (where the
user's credentials are stored with an external provider such as Microsoft, Google, or Facebook).
Windows Authentication: A authentication method that uses the Windows security system to
authenticate users. It is typically used in enterprise environments where all users are part of a
Windows domain.
Forms Authentication: A authentication method that uses cookies to store the authenticated
user's credentials and allow the user to remain authenticated across multiple requests.
In .NET, authorization is typically implemented using role-based security, where permissions are
granted or denied based on the user's role. The user's role can be determined by their Windows
domain group membership, or it can be stored in the application's database and managed
through the application's user interface.
In addition to these frameworks, .NET also provides support for other types of authentication
and authorization methods, such as OAuth and OpenID Connect for external authentication, and
claims-based security for more fine-grained authorization controls.

What is JWT? Advantages?

JSON Web Token (JWT) is a JSON-based open standard (RFC 7519) for creating access tokens that assert
some number of claims. JWTs are often used to authenticate users and authorize access to APIs and
resources.

JWTs are composed of three parts: a header, a payload, and a signature. The header specifies the
algorithm used to generate the signature, while the payload contains the claims (i.e., the information
being asserted). The signature is used to verify that the sender of the JWT is who it claims to be and to
ensure that the message wasn't changed along the way.

JWTs have several advantages:

 ⮚ They are self-contained: The claims contained in a JWT are encoded as a JSON object, so all the
necessary information is contained in the token itself. This means that the server doesn't need to
store any additional state or make additional requests to validate the token.
⮚ They are stateless: Since the server doesn't need to store any additional state to validate the
token, JWTs are often referred to as being "stateless." This can be useful in distributed systems
where it's important to minimize the amount of state that needs to be stored and replicated
across multiple servers.
⮚ They are secure: JWTs are signed using a secret key or a public/private key pair, which makes
them difficult to forge. Additionally, they can be encrypted to further protect the claims they
contain.
⮚ They are widely supported: JWTs are supported by a wide range of languages and platforms,
making them a convenient choice for authentication and authorization in distributed systems.

JWTs are commonly used as a means of authentication and authorization in modern web applications
and APIs. They can be used to grant access to resources, services, and APIs based on the claims
contained in the token. They are also often used as a way to securely exchange information between
parties, as they can be signed and/or encrypted to ensure their integrity and confidentiality.

Authentication flows in .NET?

There are several authentication flows that are commonly used in .NET applications:

⮚ Server-based authentication: In this flow, the user's credentials are sent to the server, which
checks them against a database or some other form of credential store. If the credentials are
valid, the server returns an access token that can be used to access protected resources. This is
the most common type of authentication flow in traditional web applications.
⮚ Single sign-on (SSO): SSO allows users to authenticate once and then access multiple
applications without having to re-enter their credentials. This is typically achieved using an
external identity provider, such as Microsoft, Google, or Facebook, which handles the
authentication process and returns an access token that can be used to access multiple
applications.
⮚ Two-factor authentication (2FA): In this flow, the user is required to provide an additional form of
authentication in addition to their usual credentials. This might be something like a security
token, a one-time password (OTP), or biometric authentication.
⮚ Token-based authentication: In this flow, the user's credentials are sent to the server, which
returns an access token that can be used to access protected resources. The access token is
typically a JSON Web Token (JWT), which is a self-contained token that contains the user's claims
and can be used to authorize access to resources.
 ⮚ Implicit flow: This is a flow that is commonly used in single-page applications (SPAs) and native
mobile apps. In this flow, the user is redirected to an external identity provider, which handles
the authentication process and returns an access token directly to the client application. The
client application can then use the access token to access protected resources.

These are some of the most common authentication flows in .NET applications. The choice of flow will
depend on the requirements and constraints of the application, as well as the security needs of the
organization.

How to handle authorization? Explain?

There are several ways to handle authorization in .NET applications:

1. Role-based authorization: In this approach, permissions are granted or denied based on the
user's role. The user's role can be determined by their Windows domain group membership, or it
can be stored in the application's database and managed through the application's user
interface. To implement role-based authorization, you can use the built-in Authorize attribute,
which allows you to specify which roles are allowed to access a particular action or controller.

2. Claims-based authorization: In this approach, permissions are granted or denied based on the
claims contained in the user's identity. Claims are pieces of information about the user, such as
their name, email address, or role. To implement claims-based authorization, you can use the
AuthorizationPolicyBuilder class to create a policy that specifies which claims are required for
access.

3. Resource-based authorization: In this approach, permissions are granted or denied based on the
user's access to a particular resource. For example, a user might be granted read-only access to a
file, while another user might be granted read-write access. To implement resource-based
authorization, you can use the IAuthorizationService interface and the AuthorizeAsync method
to check the user's permissions for a particular resource.

4. Custom authorization: In some cases, you might need to implement custom authorization logic
that doesn't fit neatly into one of the above categories. In this case, you can create a custom
authorization handler by implementing the IAuthorizationHandler interface and registering it
with the DI container. You can then use the Authorize attribute to specify that your custom
authorization handler should be used for a particular action or controller.

These are some of the most common approaches to handling authorization in .NET applications. The
choice of approach will depend on the requirements and constraints of the application, as well as the
security needs of the organization.

Different Authorization option available in AspNet Core?

ASP.NET Core provides several options for implementing authorization in your applications:
 1. Role-based authorization: In this approach, permissions are granted or denied based on the
user's role. The user's role can be determined by their Windows domain group membership, or it
can be stored in the application's database and managed through the application's user
interface. To implement role-based authorization, you can use the built-in Authorize attribute,
which allows you to specify which roles are allowed to access a particular action or controller.

2. Claims-based authorization: In this approach, permissions are granted or denied based on the
claims contained in the user's identity. Claims are pieces of information about the user, such as
their name, email address, or role. To implement claims-based authorization, you can use the
AuthorizationPolicyBuilder class to create a policy that specifies which claims are required for
access.

3. Resource-based authorization: In this approach, permissions are granted or denied based on the
user's access to a particular resource. For example, a user might be granted read-only access to a
file, while another user might be granted read-write access. To implement resource-based
authorization, you can use the IAuthorizationService interface and the AuthorizeAsync method
to check the user's permissions for a particular resource.

4. Custom authorization: In some cases, you might need to implement custom authorization logic
that doesn't fit neatly into one of the above categories. In this case, you can create a custom
authorization handler by implementing the IAuthorizationHandler interface and registering it
with the DI container. You can then use the Authorize attribute to specify that your custom
authorization handler should be used for a particular action or controller.

5. Policy-based authorization: In this approach, you define a set of authorization policies that
specify the requirements for accessing a particular resource or performing a particular action.
You can then use the Authorize attribute to specify which policy should be used to authorize
access to a particular action or controller. This approach allows you to reuse authorization logic
across multiple actions and controllers.

These are some of the authorization options available in ASP.NET Core. The choice of option will depend
on the requirements and constraints of the application, as well as the security needs of the organization.

Which one comes first Authorization or Authenticaion?

In general, authentication comes before authorization.

Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user, device, or system. It typically involves
checking the credentials (such as a username and password) of the entity attempting to access a system
or resource.

Authorization is the process of granting or denying access to a system or resource based on the
permissions of the entity attempting to access it. Permissions may be granted or denied based on the
entity's role, privileges, or other attributes.

So, in order to determine what actions a user is allowed to perform, the system first needs to verify their
identity through the authentication process. Once the user's identity has been established, the system
can then check their permissions and grant or deny access to resources and actions based on the
authorization process.

Therefore, in most cases, authentication comes before authorization. However, it's important to note
that this order can vary depending on the specific implementation and requirements of the system.

What is Identity Server? What is its purpose? Where does it fit in application
development?
Identity Server is an open-source framework that provides a secure and scalable way to handle
authentication and authorization in modern applications. It is designed to be flexible and extensible, so it
can be easily integrated into a variety of different types of applications, including web applications, web
APIs, and mobile applications.

Identity Server is often used as a centralized authentication and authorization server that handles the
authentication and authorization process for multiple applications. It supports a wide range of
authentication methods, including username/password, two-factor authentication, and external
authentication providers such as Microsoft, Google, and Facebook. It also supports a variety of
authorization models, including role-based authorization and claims-based authorization.

Identity Server is typically used to secure applications that need to handle sensitive data, such as
personal information, financial transactions, and medical records. It can be used to secure applications
that are built using a variety of different technologies, including .NET, Java, Ruby, and Python.

In terms of application development, Identity Server is typically added as a separate layer in the
application architecture. It is responsible for handling the authentication and authorization process,
while the application itself focuses on its core functionality. This separation of concerns can help to
improve the security and scalability of the application.

How to intergate Third party identity provider?

To integrate a third-party identity provider (IdP) into your application, you will need to follow these
steps:

1. Determine which third-party IdP you want to use. Some popular options include Microsoft,
Google, and Facebook.

2. Register your application with the IdP. This typically involves creating a new application in the
IdP's developer portal and obtaining an application ID and secret.

3. Install the necessary NuGet packages for the IdP you have chosen. For example, if you are using
Microsoft as your IdP, you will need to install the Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.AzureAD
package.

4. Configure the IdP in your application's startup class. This typically involves adding a call to the
AddAuthentication method and specifying the IdP's authentication scheme. You will also need to
provide the application ID and secret that you obtained when you registered your application
with the IdP.
 5. Add the [Authorize] attribute to the actions or controllers that you want to protect with the IdP's
authentication. This will require users to authenticate with the IdP before they are allowed to
access the protected resources.

6. (Optional) Configure any additional options or settings that are specific to the IdP you are using.
This might include things like the scope of the authorization request, the redirect URI, or the
response type.

By following these steps, you should be able to successfully integrate a third-party IdP into your
application. It's important to note that the specific details of the integration process will vary depending
on the IdP you are using and the requirements of your application.

AspNet Interview Questions:

What is dependency injection, and what are its benefits?
Dependency injection (DI) is a design pattern that allows an object to obtain its dependencies from an
external source rather than creating them itself. In other words, it allows an object to have its
dependencies "injected" into it, rather than the object being responsible for creating or managing those
dependencies itself.

There are several benefits to using dependency injection:

1. It promotes loose coupling: By injecting dependencies into an object, the object is less tightly
coupled to its dependencies. This makes easier to change the dependencies of an object without
affecting the object itself.

2. It makes it easier to test: When using dependency injection, it's easier to simulate out the
dependencies of an object for testing purposes. This makes it easier to test the object in
isolation, without having to worry about the behavior of its dependencies.

3. It makes it easier to manage complex object graphs: When an object creates its own
dependencies, it can be difficult to manage the dependencies of all the objects in a system. By
using dependency injection, it's easier to manage the dependencies of an object and the object
graph as a whole.

4. It makes it easier to reuse code: When an object is dependent on other objects, it can be difficult
to reuse the object in different contexts. By using dependency injection, it's easier to reuse an
object by injecting different dependencies as needed.

In .NET, dependency injection is typically implemented using an inversion of control (IoC) container,
which is a library that manages the creation and injection of dependencies into objects. There are
several popular IoC containers available for .NET, including Autofac, StructureMap, and Unity.

What are the different validators in ASP.NET?

ASP.NET provides several built-in validators that can be used to validate user input in web forms:

1. RequiredFieldValidator: Ensures that a form field is not empty.

 2. CompareValidator: Compares the value of one form field to another form field or to a constant
value.

3. RangeValidator: Ensures that a form field value falls within a specified range.

4. RegularExpressionValidator: Ensures that a form field value matches a specified regular

expression.

5. CustomValidator: Allows you to specify a custom validation function that is executed to validate
the form field value.

6. ValidationSummary: Displays a summary of all validation errors on a form.

These validators can be used to ensure that user input is in the correct format and meets any other
requirements that you have specified. They can be used to improve the quality of the data entered into
your application and to prevent errors or inconsistencies from occurring.

It's important to note that these validators are only intended for basic validation tasks. For more complex
validation requirements, you may need to implement custom validation logic or use a third-party
validation library.

What is viewbag and Tempdata? Difference in .NET?

ViewBag and TempData are both objects that can be used to pass data from a controller to a view.

ViewBag is a dynamic property that allows to store and retrieve data in the form of key-value pairs. It is
useful for storing simple data that needs to be passed to a view, such as error messages or user
feedback. ViewBag is available for the duration of a single request, which means that it can be used to
pass data from a controller action to the corresponding view.

TempData is similar to ViewBag, but it persists across multiple requests. This means that you can use
TempData to pass data from one action to another action or to a different controller. TempData is useful
for storing data that needs to be available for a short period of time, such as when redirecting the user to
a different page.

One main difference between ViewBag and TempData is that TempData is stored in a cookie on the
client's machine, while ViewBag is stored in server memory. This means that TempData is more suitable
for storing larger amounts of data, while ViewBag is better suited for storing smaller amounts of data.

Overall, ViewBag and TempData are both useful tools for passing data between a controller and a view
in ASP.NET, but they have different use cases and should be used appropriately

What are the different Session state management options available in ASP.NET?
In ASP.NET, there are several options available for managing session state:

1. In-process session state: This option stores session state in memory on the web server. It is the
simplest and most efficient option, but it is not suitable for web farms or web gardens because
the session state is not shared across multiple servers.
2. State Server: This option stores session state in a separate process that is running on the web
server. It allows session state to be shared across multiple servers in a web farm, but it requires
additional configuration and setup.
 3. SQL Server: This option stores session state in a SQL Server database. It allows session state to
be shared across multiple servers in a web farm, and it is more scalable than the In-process and
State Server options. However, it requires additional configuration and setup, and it may be
slower than the other options due to the overhead of accessing a database.
4. Custom: This option allows you to implement custom session state management using any
storage mechanism you choose, such as a NoSQL database or a cloud-based service.

Which session state management option you choose will depend on the requirements and constraints of
your application, as well as the size and complexity of your deployment environment.

What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?

In ASP.NET, Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect are both methods that can be used to redirect the
user to a different page. However, there are some key differences between the two:

1. Server.Transfer performs an internal server-side redirect, while Response.Redirect performs an

external client-side redirect. This means that Server.Transfer does not involve the client's
browser, while Response.Redirect sends a response to the browser instructing it to request a
new URL.

2. Server.Transfer is faster than Response.Redirect because it does not involve the client's browser.
However, it is not visible to the user, and it cannot be used to redirect the user to a different
domain or protocol.

3. Response.Redirect is slower than Server.Transfer because it involves the client's browser.

However, it is visible to the user, and it can be used to redirect the user to a different domain or
protocol.

In general, Server.Transfer is a good choice for redirecting the user within the same application, while
Response.Redirect is a good choice for redirecting the user to a different application or domain.

What is caching in .NET? What are the steps to implement caching?

Caching is a technique that stores frequently accessed data in a temporary storage location, such as
memory or disk, in order to improve the performance of an application. In .NET, there are several ways
to implement caching:

1. In-memory caching: This option stores the cache in memory on the web server. It is the fastest
option, but it is not suitable for web farms or web gardens because the cache is not shared
across multiple servers.

2. Output caching: This option stores the output of a web page in the cache so that it can be served
to subsequent requests without re-executing the page. Output caching can be configured at the
page level or at the action level in a controller.

3. Data caching: This option stores casual data in the cache, such as database results or
application-specific data. Data caching can be implemented using the System.Runtime.Caching
namespace, which provides a cache manager and various cache providers.
To implement caching in .NET, you will need to follow these steps:

1. Determine what data or output you want to cache.

2. Choose a caching option that is suitable for your needs (in-memory, output, or data caching).

3. Configure the cache settings and expiration policies as needed.

4. Store the data or output in the cache using the appropriate API or method.

5. Retrieve the data or output from the cache as needed, using

Which type if caching will be used if we want to cache the portion of a page instead of
whole page?
If you want to cache only a portion of a page instead of the whole page, we can use fragment caching in
ASP.NET.

Fragment caching allows us to store a portion of a page's output in the cache, rather than the entire
page. This can be useful if only a small part of the page changes frequently, while the rest of the page
remains static. By caching the static portion of the page, you can improve the performance of the page
by reducing the amount of data that needs to be generated and sent to the client.

To implement fragment caching in ASP.NET, you will need to use the <%@ OutputCache %> directive in
the page or use the OutputCache attribute on an action in a controller. You can specify the duration for
which the fragment should be cached and any dependencies that should invalidate the cache.

For example, to cache a fragment of a page for one hour, you could use the following directive:

Or, to cache the output of an action for one hour, you could use the following attribute:
By using fragment caching, you can improve the performance of your application by caching only the
static portions of your pages, while still allowing the dynamic portions to be generated and updated as
needed.

What is MVC? Explain it in General

Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a software architectural pattern that separates the concerns of an
application into three distinct parts: the model, the view, and the controller. In .NET, MVC is
implemented as a framework called ASP.NET MVC, which provides a structure for building web
applications that follow the MVC pattern.

The model represents the data and business logic of the application. It is typically implemented as a set
of classes that represent the data and perform any necessary business logic tasks. The model is
responsible for managing the data, validating user input, and performing any other business logic tasks.

The view is responsible for rendering the user interface (UI) of the application. It is implemented as a
Razor view, which is a combination of HTML and C# code that is used to present the data from the model
to the user and handle user input.

The controller is responsible for handling user requests and coordinating the interaction between the
model and the view. It is implemented as a class that inherits from the Controller base class and contains
action methods that handle user requests. The controller receives user input, retrieves or updates data
in the model, and selects the appropriate view to render the response.

ASP.NET MVC follows the MVC pattern, which allows for a separation of concerns, making it easier to
develop, maintain, and test an application. It also promotes code reuse and modularity, as the model,
view, and controller can be developed and tested independently of each other.

What is filter attribute?

Filter attribute is a class that inherits from the ActionFilterAttribute base class and is used to modify the
behavior of an action method or a controller. It can be used to perform a wide range of tasks, such as
authentication, authorization, logging, exception handling, and caching.

Filter attributes are applied to action methods or controllers using the [Filter] attribute. They can be
executed before or after an action method is called, or they can be executed in both cases.

For example, you could use a filter attribute to perform authentication on an action method like this:
In this example, the AuthenticateAttribute checks whether the user is authenticated before the Edit
action is executed. If the user is not authenticated, the attribute redirects the user to the login page.

Filter attributes are a powerful tool for modifying the behavior of an ASP.NET application, and they can
be used to add common functionality to multiple action methods or controllers without duplicating
code.

How to handle routing?

Routing is the process of mapping incoming request URLs to specific action methods in a controller.
Routing allows us to define custom URL patterns for the application and map them to the appropriate
action method or controller.

To handle routing in .NET, we need to do the following:

1. Define the routes for the application. This is typically done in the RouteConfig.cs file in the
App_Start folder of the project. In this file, we can use the MapRoute method to define the
routes for the application. For example:
This route defines a default route that maps URLs of the form /Controller/Action/ID to the
corresponding action method in the specified controller.

2. Use attribute routing to define routes for specific action methods or controllers. Attribute
routing allows you to define routes using attributes on your action methods or controllers. For
example:

In this example, the Route attribute defines a route that maps URLs of the form /products/ID to the
Details action method.

3. Use URL helpers to generate URLs that match your defined routes. URL helpers are methods that
allow you to generate URLs based on your defined routes. For example:

This code generates an HTML anchor tag that points to the Edit action method in the Products controller,
with the id parameter set to the value of product.ID.

By using routing, you can define custom URL patterns for your application and map them to the
appropriate action methods or controllers. This allows you to create user-friendly and search
engine-friendly URLs for your application.
What is web.config in .NET? and what's is purpose?
The web.config file is an XML-based configuration file that defines settings for an ASP.NET web
application. It is used to configure various aspects of the application, including:

● Connection strings: Connection strings define the connection details for databases or other data
sources used by the application.

● Application settings: Application settings are key-value pairs that can be used to store
application-specific settings, such as server URLs or API keys.

● Compilation and deployment settings: The web.config file can be used to define settings related
to the compilation and deployment of the application, such as the debug mode and the target
framework.

● Security settings: The web.config file can be used to define security-related settings, such as
authentication and authorization rules.

● Custom HTTP modules and handlers: The web.config file can be used to define custom HTTP
modules and handlers, which can be used to modify the behavior of the application.

The web.config file is used to store configuration information for an ASP.NET web application, and it is an
important part of the application's infrastructure. It allows you to configure various aspects of the
application without having to modify the application code itself.

What’s the difference between ASP.NET MVC and ASP.NET Web API?
ASP.NET MVC and ASP.NET Web API are both frameworks for building web applications in the .NET
ecosystem. However, they have different purposes and are used for different types of applications.

ASP.NET MVC is a framework for building web applications that use the Model-View-Controller (MVC)
pattern. It is designed for building interactive, dynamic websites that require a rich user interface and
allow users to perform various actions, such as creating, reading, updating, and deleting data.

ASP.NET Web API is a framework for building HTTP services that can be consumed by a wide range of
clients, including web browsers, mobile devices, and desktop applications. It is designed for building APIs
(Application Programming Interfaces) that expose data and functionality over the web using HTTP verbs
such as GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE.

In summary, ASP.NET MVC is suitable for building interactive websites, while ASP.NET Web API is suitable
for building APIs that expose data and functionality over the web. Both frameworks can be used together
in the same application to build a web application with a rich user interface and a robust API.

What is .NET Standard?

.NET Standard is a specification that defines a set of APIs that are available on all .NET platforms. It is
intended to provide a common set of APIs that can be used across all .NET platforms, including .NET
Framework, .NET Core, Xamarin, and Mono.

The goal of .NET Standard is to allow developers to create libraries that can be used on any .NET
platform, without having to create separate versions of the library for each platform. This reduces the
duplication of effort and makes it easier to share code across different .NET platforms.
.NET Standard is implemented as a set of NuGet packages, which are distributed via the NuGet gallery.
Each version of .NET Standard defines a specific set of APIs that are available, and developers can create
libraries that target a specific version of .NET Standard in order to ensure compatibility with the desired
set of platforms.

.NET Standard is an important part of the .NET ecosystem, as it allows developers to create libraries that
can be used on multiple .NET platforms without having to maintain separate versions of the library for
each platform. It helps to promote code reuse and make it easier to share code across different .NET
platforms.

What is .NET Core, Asp.Net Core and EF Core?

.NET Core is a cross-platform, open-source version of the .NET Framework. It is designed to be
lightweight, modular, and performant, and it can be used to build applications for a wide range of
platforms, including Windows, Linux, and macOS.

ASP.NET Core is a cross-platform, open-source framework for building web applications and APIs. It is
built on top of .NET Core and includes a set of libraries and tools for building web applications, including
support for MVC (Model-View-Controller), Razor views, and Web API.

EF Core (Entity Framework Core) is a cross-platform, open-source object-relational mapper (ORM) that
simplifies the process of accessing and manipulating data in a database. It is built on top of .NET Core
and can be used to access a wide range of databases, including SQL Server, MySQL, and PostgreSQL.

In summary, .NET Core is a cross-platform version of the .NET framework, ASP.NET Core is a
cross-platform framework for building web applications and APIs, and EF Core is a cross-platform ORM
for accessing and manipulating data in a database. All three are built on top of .NET Core and are
designed to be lightweight, modular, and performant, making them suitable for building applications for
a wide range of platforms.

What is Startup.cs file in ASP.NET Core?

Startup.cs file is the entry point for the application. It defines the configuration and startup process for
the application, and it is used to set up the application's services and middleware pipeline.

The Startup class in the Startup.cs file contains two methods: ConfigureServices and Configure.

The ConfigureServices method is used to configure the application's services, such as dependency
injection containers, databases, and other components that the application depends on. This method is
called by the host at runtime and is typically used to register the application's services with the
dependency injection container.

The Configure method is used to configure the application's request pipeline. It is called by the host at
runtime and is used to configure the middleware pipeline for the application. Middleware is software
that runs on the server and handles incoming requests and outgoing responses. By configuring the
middleware pipeline, you can control how incoming requests are handled and what actions are taken for
each request.
The Startup.cs file is an important part of the ASP.NET Core application, as it defines the configuration
and startup process for the application. It is responsible for setting up the application's services and
middleware pipeline and is used to configure the application's request pipeline.

What ConfigureServices() method does in Startup.cs?

In ASP.NET Core, the ConfigureServices method is a method of the Startup class that is used to configure
the application's services. It is called by the host at runtime and is typically used to register the
application's services with the dependency injection container.

The ConfigureServices method is defined in the Startup.cs file and is typically used to register the
application's services with the dependency injection container. For example, you might use the
ConfigureServices method to register a database context, a logger, or other services that the application
depends on.

Here is an example of the ConfigureServices method:

In this example, the ConfigureServices method is used to register a database context and two services
with the dependency injection container. The AddDbContext method is used to register the database
context, and the AddScoped and AddTransient methods are used to register the services.

The ConfigureServices method is an important part of the ASP.NET Core application, as it is used to
configure the application's services and register them with the dependency injection container. This
allows the application to depend on these services and use them throughout the application.

What Configure() method does in Startup.cs?

In ASP.NET Core, the Configure method is a method of the Startup class that is used to configure the
application's request pipeline. It is called by the host at runtime and is used to configure the middleware
pipeline for the application.

The Configure method is defined in the Startup.cs file and is responsible for configuring the middleware
pipeline for the application. Middleware is software that runs on the server and handles incoming
requests and outgoing responses. By configuring the middleware pipeline, you can control how incoming
requests are handled and what actions are taken for each request.

Here is an example of the Configure method:

In this example, the Configure method is used to configure the middleware pipeline for the application.
It starts by checking the environment and enabling the developer exception page for development
environments. It then enables HTTPS redirection, static file serving, routing, and authorization, and it
defines a default route for the application.

The Configure method is an important part of the ASP.NET Core application, as it is used to configure the
middleware pipeline and control how incoming requests are handled. It allows you to add, remove, or
modify the behavior of the middleware components in the pipeline as needed.
Explain the request pipeline in ASP.NET Core MVC framework?
In ASP.NET Core MVC, the request pipeline is the series of steps that the framework takes to handle an
incoming HTTP request and generate an HTTP response. The request pipeline consists of a series of
middleware components that are responsible for handling different aspects of the request and response.

The request pipeline in ASP.NET Core MVC can be divided into two main parts: the request processing
pipeline and the response processing pipeline.

The request processing pipeline is responsible for handling the incoming HTTP request. It begins with the
server receiving the request and ends with the request being passed to the MVC action method that will
handle it. The request processing pipeline consists of a series of middleware components that are
responsible for tasks such as routing, authentication, and authorization.

The response processing pipeline is responsible for generating the HTTP response for the request. It
begins with the MVC action method returning a result and ends with the response being sent back to the
client. The response processing pipeline consists of a series of middleware components that are
responsible for tasks such as rendering the view, formatting the response, and adding headers to the
response.

The request and response processing pipelines in ASP.NET Core MVC are configured using the Configure
method in the Startup class. This method is used to add, remove, or modify the behavior of the
middleware components in the pipeline as needed.

In summary, the request pipeline in ASP.NET Core MVC is responsible for handling the incoming HTTP
request and passing it to the appropriate MVC action method, and the response pipeline is responsible
for generating the HTTP response for the request and sending it back to the client. Both pipelines are
made up of a series of middleware components that are responsible for different aspects of the request
and response.

What is the difference between app.Use vs app.Run while adding middlwares?

In ASP.NET Core, app.Use and app.Run are methods that are used to add middleware to the request
pipeline. They are both used to add middleware components to the pipeline, but they behave differently
in terms of how they handle requests.

app.Use is used to add middleware to the pipeline that can perform some action on the request and
then pass the request to the next component in the pipeline. This allows multiple middleware
components to be chained together and execute in sequence.

app.Run is used to add a terminal middleware component to the pipeline. It is used to handle the
request and generate a response, and it does not pass the request to the next component in the
pipeline. Instead, it terminates the request pipeline and sends the response back to the client.

Here is an example of how app.Use and app.Run can be used to add middleware to the request pipeline:
In this example, the first two middleware components are added using app.Use, and they are
responsible for performing some action on the request and response. The third middleware component
is added using app.Run and is responsible for handling the request and generating a response.

In summary, app.Use is used to add middleware to the pipeline that can perform some action on the
request and pass it to the next component in the pipeline, while app.Run is used to add a terminal
middleware component to the pipeline that handles the request and generates a response.

What is Kestral?
Kestrel is a cross-platform, open-source web server for ASP.NET Core applications. It is the default web
server for ASP.NET Core and is used to host ASP.NET Core applications on Windows, Linux, and macOS.
Kestrel is a lightweight, high-performance web server that is designed to be used as the endpoint for
hosting ASP.NET Core applications. It is optimized for serving HTTP and HTTPS requests and is capable of
handling large numbers of concurrent connections.

Kestrel is implemented as a native library and is built directly into the ASP.NET Core runtime. It does not
require any additional dependencies or installations and can be used out of the box with ASP.NET Core
applications.

In summary, Kestrel is a lightweight, high-performance web server that is optimized for serving ASP.NET
Core applications. It is the default web server for ASP.NET Core and is built directly into the ASP.NET Core
runtime.

Explain about reverse proxy server technique.

In .NET, a reverse proxy server can be implemented using a variety of technologies, including HTTP
Server APIs, IIS, and ASP.NET Core.

One common way to implement a reverse proxy server in .NET is to use the HTTP Server APIs, which
provide a low-level interface for creating and managing HTTP servers. Using the HTTP Server APIs, you
can create a custom reverse proxy server that listens for incoming client requests and forwards them to
the appropriate web server. You can also use the HTTP Server APIs to handle responses from the web
server and send them back to the client.

Another option for implementing a reverse proxy server in .NET is to use IIS (Internet Information
Services). IIS is a web server and a reverse proxy server that is included with Windows Server. It provides
a user-friendly interface for configuring and managing web servers and can be used to set up a reverse
proxy server for your .NET applications.

ASP.NET Core is another option for implementing a reverse proxy server in .NET. ASP.NET Core is a
cross-platform, open-source framework for building web applications and APIs, and it includes built-in
support for reverse proxying. You can use ASP.NET Core to create a custom reverse proxy server that
listens for incoming client requests and forwards them to the appropriate web server.

In summary, there are several ways to implement a reverse proxy server in .NET, including using the
HTTP Server APIs, IIS, or ASP.NET Core. Each of these technologies has its own strengths and is suitable
for different scenarios, so you can choose the one that best fits your needs.

What is the use of UseIISIntegration?

In ASP.NET Core, the UseIISIntegration extension method is used to configure the application to work
with IIS (Internet Information Services). IIS is a web server and a reverse proxy server that is included
with Windows Server, and it provides a user-friendly interface for configuring and managing web servers.

The UseIISIntegration extension method is typically called in the ConfigureServices method of the
Startup class, as shown in the following example:
In this example, the AddIISIntegration method is used to add IIS integration to the application. This
enables the application to work with IIS and allows it to be hosted in IIS.

The UseIISIntegration extension method can be used to configure various aspects of the application's
integration with IIS, such as the application pool, the process identity, and the process hosting model.

In summary, the UseIISIntegration extension method is used to configure the application to work with IIS
and allows the application to be hosted in IIS. It can be used to configure various aspects of the
application's integration with IIS, such as the application pool, the process identity, and the process
hosting model.

What are the new changes in AspNet Core from Previous version?
ASP.NET Core is a cross-platform, open-source framework for building web applications and APIs. It is the
successor to the ASP.NET framework and has been designed to provide a modern, high-performance,
and flexible platform for building web applications.

There have been several major updates to ASP.NET Core since its initial release, and each update has
introduced new features and improvements. Here are some of the key changes and improvements in
ASP.NET Core:

● Cross-platform support: ASP.NET Core can be used to build applications for Windows, Linux, and
macOS, and it has been designed to be cloud-ready and container-friendly.

● Improved performance: ASP.NET Core has been optimized for high performance and can handle
a large number of concurrent requests. It also includes features such as built-in support for
HTTP/2 and optimized middleware pipeline.

● Modular design: ASP.NET Core is built on a modular architecture, allowing developers to choose
only the features they need and reduce the size of the application.

● Support for modern programming languages: ASP.NET Core supports modern programming
languages such as C#, F#, and Visual Basic, and it can be used with a variety of popular
development tools and frameworks.

● Enhanced security: ASP.NET Core includes built-in support for security features such as
authentication, authorization, and encryption, and it has been designed to be resistant to
common web vulnerabilities.
In summary, ASP.NET Core is a modern, cross-platform, and high-performance framework for building
web applications and APIs. It has been designed to provide a flexible and scalable platform for building
web applications, and it includes a variety of features and improvements over the previous version of
ASP.NET.

C#
What is Managed or Unmanaged Code?
Managed code refers to code that is executed by the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR). Managed
code is written in a .NET language, such as C# or Visual Basic, and it is compiled into intermediate
language (IL) code. The IL code is then executed by the CLR, which provides services such as memory
management, security, and exception handling.

Unmanaged code, on the other hand, refers to code that is not executed by the CLR and is not written in
a .NET language. Unmanaged code is typically written in a language such as C or C++ and is compiled into
native machine code. It is not subject to the same level of oversight and support as managed code, and it
is the developer's responsibility to manage tasks such as memory management and exception handling.

Managed code has several advantages over unmanaged code, including:

● Memory management: The CLR automatically handles tasks such as allocating and deallocating
memory, which reduces the risk of memory leaks and other memory-related issues.

● Security: The CLR provides built-in security features such as code access security, which helps to
prevent unauthorized access to system resources.

● Interoperability: Managed code can interact with both managed and unmanaged code, making it
easier to integrate with other systems and libraries.

In summary, managed code is code that is executed by the .NET CLR and is subject to the oversight and
support of the CLR, while unmanaged code is code that is not executed by the CLR and is the developer's
responsibility to manage. Managed code has several advantages over unmanaged code, including better
memory management, security, and interoperability

What is the difference between a struct and a class in C#?

A struct is a value type that represents a lightweight object, while a class is a reference type that
represents a more complex object. There are several key differences between structs and classes in C#:

● Memory allocation: Structs are stored on the stack, while classes are stored on the heap. This
means that structs are typically faster to allocate and deallocate memory, but they have a
smaller size limit than classes.

● Inheritance: Structs cannot be inherited from other structs or classes, while classes can be
inherited from other classes. This means that structs cannot have base classes or derived classes,
while classes can have a hierarchy of inheritance.

● Default behavior: Structs have a default constructor that initializes the struct to its default value,
while classes do not have a default constructor and must be explicitly constructed.
 ● Structs are passed by value, while classes are passed by reference. This means that when a struct
is passed to a method, a copy of the struct is made, while when a class is passed to a method, a
reference to the class is passed.

In summary, structs and classes are different types in C# that are used to represent different kinds of
objects. Structs are value types that are stored on the stack and have a default constructor, while classes
are reference types that are stored on the heap and can be inherited from other classes. Structs are
passed by value, while classes are passed by reference.

What is the difference between Interface and Abstract Class?

An interface is a type that defines a set of related methods and properties, while an abstract class is a
class that contains abstract methods and properties. There are several key differences between
interfaces and abstract classes:

● Inheritance: An interface can be implemented by a class or struct, while an abstract class can be
inherited from by a class or struct. This means that an interface defines a set of methods and
properties that must be implemented by a class or struct, while an abstract class can provide a
partial implementation of those methods and properties.

● Implementation: An interface does not provide an implementation for its methods and
properties, while an abstract class can provide a partial implementation for its methods and
properties. This means that a class or struct that implements an interface must provide an
implementation for all of the methods and properties defined in the interface, while a class or
struct that inherits from an abstract class can override or extend the implementation of the
methods and properties provided by the abstract class.

● Multiple inheritance: A class or struct can implement multiple interfaces, while it can only inherit
from a single class. This means that a class or struct can implement multiple interfaces and
therefore support multiple behaviors, while it can only have a single base class and therefore a
single inheritance hierarchy.

● Constructors: Interfaces do not have constructors, while abstract classes can have constructors.
This means that an interface cannot have any initialization logic, while an abstract class can have
a constructor to initialize its properties and fields.

In summary, an interface is a type that defines a set of related methods and properties that must be
implemented by a class or struct, while an abstract class is a class that contains abstract methods and
properties and can provide a partial implementation for those methods and properties. An interface can
be implemented by a class or struct, while an abstract class can be inherited from by a class or struct. A
class or struct can implement multiple interfaces, while it can only inherit from a single class. Interfaces
do not have constructors, while abstract classes can have constructors.

What is enum in C#?

Enum is a value type that represents a set of related named constants. It is defined using the enum
keyword and consists of a set of named constants called enumerators. Each enumerator is assigned a
unique value, and the enum type can be used to hold one of the enumerator values.

Here is an example of how to define an enum in C#:

In this example, the Color enum defines three enumerators: Red, Green, and Blue. By default, the
enumerators are assigned the values 0, 1, and 2, respectively.

Enums are useful for representing a fixed set of related values, such as colors, directions, or days of the
week. They can make the code easier to read and maintain by providing named constants instead of
using magic numbers or string literals.

Here is an example of how to use an enum in C#:

In this example, the favoriteColor variable is assigned the value of the Green enumerator from the Color
enum. The if statements then compare the value of favoriteColor to the other enumerators in the Color
enum to determine the favorite color.
In summary, an enum is a value type in C# that represents a set of related named constants called
enumerators. Enums are useful for representing a fixed set of related values and can make the code
easier to read and maintain by providing named constants instead of magic numbers or string literals.

What is the difference between “continue” and “break” statements in C#?

Continue and break statements are used to control the flow of execution in looping and branching
statements.

The continue statement is used to skip the remaining statements in the current iteration of a loop and
move on to the next iteration. It can be used with any type of loop, including for, foreach, and while
loops.

Here is an example of how to use the continue statement in a for loop:

In this example, the continue statement is used to skip the remaining statements in the loop if the value
of i is even. This will result in the loop printing only the odd values of i.

The break statement is used to exit a loop or a switch statement. It can be used with any type of loop,
including for, foreach, and while loops, as well as with switch statements.

Here is an example of how to use the break statement in a while loop:

In this example, the break statement is used to exit the while loop when the value of i becomes greater
than 10. This will result in the loop printing the values of i from 1 to 10.

In summary, the continue statement is used to skip the remaining statements in the current iteration of
a loop and move on to the next iteration, while the break statement is used to exit a loop or a switch
statement. The continue statement can be used with any type of loop, while the break statement can be
used with any type of loop or with a switch statement.

What is the difference between constant and read only in c#?

Constant is a value that is fixed at compile-time and cannot be changed at runtime, while a read-only
field is a field that can only be assigned a value during initialization or in a constructor. There are several
key differences between constants and read-only fields in C#:

● Value assignment: Constants must be assigned a value when they are declared, and their value
cannot be changed at any point in the program. Read-only fields can be assigned a value either
when they are declared or in a constructor, and their value can only be changed during
initialization or in a constructor.

● Data type: Constants can be of any data type, while read-only fields must be of a reference type
or a value type that is marked as readonly.

● Scope: Constants can have either private, public, or internal access modifiers, while read-only
fields can have any access modifier.

● Performance: Constants are stored in memory as part of the assembly's metadata, while
read-only fields are stored in memory as part of an object. This means that constants are
typically faster to access than read-only fields, but they have a larger memory footprint.

In summary, a constant is a value that is fixed at compile-time and cannot be changed at runtime, while a
read-only field is a field that can only be assigned a value during initialization or in a constructor.
Constants can be of any data type and have either private, public, or internal access modifiers, while
read-only fields must be of a reference type or a value type that is marked as readonly and can have any
access modifier. Constants are faster to access than read-only fields, but they have a larger memory
footprint.

What is the difference between ref and out keywords?

The ref and out keywords are used to pass arguments to methods by reference rather than by value.
There are several key differences between the ref and out keywords in C#:

● A variable passed as a ref must be initialized before it is passed to the method, while a variable
passed as an out does not need to be initialized before it is passed to the method.

● Return value: A variable passed as a ref can be used as both an input and an output parameter,
while a variable passed as an out argument can only be used as an output parameter. This
means that the method can change the value of the ref argument and the caller can see the
updated value, while the method must assign a value to the out argument and the caller must
use the assigned value.

● Performance: The ref keyword is typically faster than the out keyword, because the ref keyword
does not require the compiler to allocate and initialize a new storage location for the argument.

Here is an example of how to use the ref and out keywords in a method in C#:
In this example, the Swap method takes two ref arguments and swaps their values using a temporary
variable. The GetValues method takes two out arguments and assigns them the values 1 and 2,
respectively. The Swap method can be called with the variables a and b, which are passed by reference
and their values are updated after the method call. The GetValues method can also be called with the
variables a and b, which are passed by reference but do not need to be initialized before the method call.

In summary, the ref and out keywords are used to pass arguments to methods by reference rather than
by value. A variable passed as a ref argument must be initialized before it is passed to the method, while
a variable passed as an out argument does not need to be initialized before it is passed to the method. A
variable passed as a ref argument can be used as both an input and an output parameter, while a
variable passed as an out argument can only be used as an output parameter. The ref keyword is
typically faster than the out keyword.
Define Property in C#.net?
Property is a member of a class or struct that provides a getter and a setter to access and modify the
value of a private field. Properties are often used to encapsulate the data of an object and control how it
can be accessed and modified.

Here is an example of how to define a property in C#:

In this example, the Person class has a private field called name and a public property called Name. The
property has a getter and a setter that provide access to the value of the name field. The getter returns
the value of the name field, while the setter assigns a new value to the name field.

Properties can also be defined using the get and set accessors, which are abbreviated versions of the
getter and setter. Here is an example of how to define a property using the get and set accessors:

In this example, the Name property has a getter and a setter that are generated by the compiler. The
getter returns the value of the Name property, while the setter assigns a new value to the Name
property.

Properties can also be defined using a combination of the get and set accessors and the full getter and
setter syntax. This allows you to provide custom implementation for the getter, the setter, or both. Here
is an example of how to define a property using a combination of the get and set accessors and the full
getter and setter syntax:
In this example, the Name property has a getter and a setter that are implemented using the full getter
and setter syntax. The getter returns the value of the name field, while the setter assigns a new value to
the name field.

In summary, a property in C# is a member of a class or struct that provides a getter and a setter to access
and modify the value of a private field. Properties are often used to encapsulate the data of an object
and control how it can be accessed and modified. Properties can be defined using the get and set
accessors, the full getter and setter syntax, or a combination of both.

What is delegates in C# and uses of delegates?

Delegate is a type that represents a reference to a method. Delegates are used to pass methods as
arguments to other methods, to create event handlers, and to implement callbacks.

Here is an example of how to define a delegate in C#:

In this example, the Calculate delegate is defined to represent a method that takes two int arguments
and returns an int value.

Here is an example of how to use a delegate to pass a method as an argument to another method:
In this example, the Calculate method takes two int arguments and a Calculate delegate as an argument.
The Calculate method invokes the delegate with the x and y arguments and prints the result. The
Calculate method can be called with either the Add or the Subtract method as the delegate argument,
which will result in the method performing the corresponding operation on the x and y arguments.

Delegates can also be used to create event handlers and implement callbacks. For example, you can
define a delegate to represent an event handler that is called when a button is clicked, or to represent a
callback that is invoked when an asynchronous operation completes.

In summary, a delegate in C# is a type that represents a reference to a method. Delegates are used to
pass methods as arguments to other methods, to create event handlers,

For error handling, in a try-catch block, if there’s no error, does the finally block still
execute?
In C#, the finally block of a try-catch statement is executed regardless of whether an exception is thrown
or not. The finally block is typically used to perform cleanup tasks that need to be executed regardless of
whether an exception is thrown or not.

Here is an example of how to use a try-catch-finally block in C#:

In this example, the try block contains code that might throw an exception. If an exception is thrown, the
control flow is transferred to the catch block, which contains code to handle the exception. If no
exception is thrown, the control flow skips the catch block and goes directly to the finally block. The
finally block is always executed, regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not.

In summary, the finally block of a try-catch statement in C# is executed regardless of whether an

exception is thrown or not. The finally block is typically used to perform cleanup tasks that need to be
executed regardless of whether an exception is thrown or not.

What does the method Finalize do?

Finalize method is a protected method of the object class that is called by the garbage collector to
release the resources held by an object before the object is garbage collected. The Finalize method is
typically used to clean up unmanaged resources, such as file handles, network connections, and memory
allocated using the unsafe keyword.

Here is an example of how to override the Finalize method in C#:

In this example, the MyClass class implements the IDisposable interface and overrides the Finalize
method to clean up unmanaged resources. The Finalize method calls the Dispose method, which cleans
up both managed and unmanaged resources. The Dispose method takes a bool argument that indicates
whether the method is being called from the Dispose method or from the Finalize method. If the
method is being called from the Dispose method, the disposing argument is true and the method cleans
up only managed resources. If the method is being called from the Finalize method, the disposing
argument is false and the method cleans up only unmanaged resources.

It is important to note that the Finalize method should not be called directly. The garbage collector
automatically calls the Finalize method when it determines that an object is no longer reachable.

In summary, the Finalize method in C# is a protected method of the object class that is called by the
garbage collector to release the resources held by an object before the object is garbage collected. The
Finalize method is typically used to clean up unmanaged resources, such as file handles, network
connections, and memory allocated using the unsafe keyword.

What is extensions methods? where to use?

Extension methods are methods that are defined as static methods but are called as if they are instance
methods of the extended type. Extension methods are useful for extending the functionality of a type
without modifying the type itself or creating a derived type.

Here is an example of how to define an extension method in C#:

In this example, the IsPalindrome method is defined as a static method in the StringExtensions class.
The this keyword indicates that the method is an extension method and specifies the type being
extended, in this case string. The IsPalindrome method checks if a string is a palindrome, which is a word
or phrase that reads the same forwards and backwards.
To use the extension method, you can call it as if it were an instance method of the extended type:

In this example, the IsPalindrome method is called on the s string as if it were an instance method of the
string type. The IsPalindrome method checks if the s string is a palindrome and returns a bool value
indicating the result.

Extension methods are useful for adding functionality to existing types without modifying the types
themselves or creating derived types. They can be particularly useful when you are working with
third-party libraries or types that you do not have control over.

In summary, extension methods in C# are methods that are defined as static methods but are called as if
they are instance methods of the extended type. Extension methods are useful for extending the
functionality of a type without modifying the type itself or creating a derived type.

diff between Array and Array list?

In C#, an array is a fixed-size collection of elements of the same type. An array list is a dynamically sized
collection of elements of the same type.

Here is an example of how to create an array in C#:

In this example, an array of 5 integers is created using the new operator and the int array type. The size
of the array is fixed at 5, which means that the array cannot grow or shrink after it is created.

Here is an example of how to create an array list in C#:

In this example, an array list is created using the ArrayList class and the new operator. The array list is
dynamically sized, which means that it can grow or shrink as elements are added or removed.

There are several differences between arrays and array lists in C#:

● Arrays have a fixed size, while array lists have a dynamic size.

● Arrays are more efficient for storing and accessing elements, while array lists are more flexible
but less efficient.
 ● Arrays support index-based access to elements, while array lists support index-based access as
well as methods for adding, inserting, and removing elements.

● Arrays can only store elements of the same type, while array lists can store elements of any type
using the object type.

In summary, an array in C# is a fixed-size collection of elements of the same type, while an array list is a
dynamically sized collection of elements of the same type. Arrays are more efficient but less flexible than
array lists, while array lists are more flexible but less efficient than arrays.

Diff between IEnumerable and IQueryable?

IEnumerable and IQueryable interfaces are used to represent a collection of objects that can be
enumerated and queried.

The IEnumerable interface represents a collection of objects that can be iterated using a foreach loop or
LINQ query. The IEnumerable interface defines a single method, GetEnumerator, which returns an
IEnumerator object that can be used to iterate over the collection.

Here is an example of how to implement the IEnumerable interface in C#:

In this example, the MyCollection class implements the IEnumerable interface and defines a
GetEnumerator method that returns an IEnumerator object for the numbers list.

The IQueryable interface represents a collection of objects that can be queried using LINQ. The
IQueryable interface extends the IEnumerable interface and defines additional methods for constructing
and executing LINQ queries.
Here is an example of how to implement the IQueryable interface in C#:

In
this example, the MyQueryableCollection class implements the IQueryable interface and defines
properties for the expression, elementType, and provider fields, as well as a GetEnumerator method.
The expression field represents the LINQ query expression, the elementType field represents the
element type of the collection, and the provider field represents the query provider that executes the
LINQ query.

There are several differences between the IEnumerable and IQueryable interfaces in C#:

● The IEnumerable interface represents a collection of objects that can be enumerated, while the
IQueryable interface represents a collection of objects that can be queried using LINQ.

● The IEnumerable interface defines a single method, GetEnumerator, which returns an

IEnumerator object that can be used to iterate over the collection, while the IQueryable
interface defines additional methods for constructing and executing LINQ queries.

Multiple catch block

The try-catch statement allows to handle exceptions (runtime errors) that may occur in the code. The try
block contains the code that may throw an exception, and the catch block contains the code that handles
the exception.

We can use multiple catch blocks in a single try-catch statement to handle different types of exceptions.
For example:

In this example, the try block contains the code that may throw an exception. The catch blocks contain
code that handles different types of exceptions: a DivideByZeroException, an
ArgumentOutOfRangeException, and any other exception.

The order of the catch blocks is important. The catch blocks are evaluated in the order they appear, and
the first catch block that matches the type of the thrown exception is executed. If no catch block
matches the type of the exception, the exception is unhandled and the program terminates.
It is generally a good idea to handle specific exception types before handling more general exception
types. In the example above, the DivideByZeroException and ArgumentOutOfRangeException catch
blocks are more specific than the Exception catch block, so they should be placed before the Exception
catch block.

In summary, you can use multiple catch blocks in a single try-catch statement to handle different types
of exceptions in C#. The order of the catch blocks is important, and you should generally handle specific
exception types before handling more general exception types.

Finally block
The finally block is a block of code that is always executed after the try block and any associated catch
blocks. The finally block is used to perform clean-up tasks, such as closing resources or releasing
resources that were allocated in the try block.

Here is an example of how to use the finally block in C#:

In this example, the try block contains the code that may throw an exception, the catch block contains
the code that handles the exception, and the finally block contains the clean-up code.

The finally block is always executed, regardless of whether an exception is thrown or caught. If an
exception is thrown and not caught, the finally block is still executed before the exception is propagated
up the call stack.

The finally block is typically used to close resources that were opened in the try block, such as file
handles or database connections. It is generally a good idea to use the finally block to ensure that
resources are properly cleaned up, even if an exception occurs.

In summary, the finally block in C# is a block of code that is always executed after the try block and any
associated catch blocks. The finally block is typically used to perform clean-up tasks, such as closing
resources or releasing resources that were allocated in the try block.
Boxing and unboxing
In C#, boxing and unboxing are mechanisms for converting value types (such as integers, booleans, and
structs) to reference types (such as objects) and vice versa.

Boxing is the process of converting a value type to a reference type. When you box a value type, the
value is converted to an object and stored in the heap.

Here is an example of boxing in C#:

In this example, the value of x (an integer) is boxed and stored in y (an object).

Unboxing is the process of converting a reference type to a value type. When you unbox a reference
type, the value is extracted from the object and converted back to its original value type.

Here is an example of unboxing in C#:

In this example, the value of x (an object) is unboxed and stored in y (an integer).

Boxing and unboxing can be useful in certain situations, but they can also have a negative impact on
performance. Because value types are stored on the stack (which is faster than the heap), boxing and
unboxing can result in a performance penalty.

In general, it is a good idea to avoid unnecessary boxing and unboxing in C#, especially in
performance-critical code. You can use value types directly in most cases, and use reference types only
when necessary.

In summary, boxing and unboxing are mechanisms for converting value types to reference types and vice
versa in C#. Boxing is the process of converting a value type to a reference type, and unboxing is the
process of converting a reference type to a value type. Boxing and unboxing can be useful in certain
situations, but they can also have a negative impact on performance, so it is a good idea to avoid
unnecessary boxing and unboxing in C#.

Value type and ref type

In C#, value types and reference types are two categories of data types that represent the way in which
data is stored in memory.

Value types are data types that store the actual value in memory. Examples of value types in C# include
integers, floating point numbers, booleans, and structs. Value types are stored on the stack, which is a
memory region that stores temporary data for a program.
Here is an example of a value type in C#:

In this example, the x variable is a value type that stores the integer value 10 directly in memory.

Reference types are data types that store a reference to an object in memory. Examples of reference
types in C# include strings, arrays, and classes. Reference types are stored on the heap, which is a
memory region that stores long-lived data for a program.

Here is an example of a reference type in C#:

In this example, the x variable is a reference type that stores a reference to a string object in memory.

There are several differences between value types and reference types in C#:

● Value types store the actual value in memory, while reference types store a reference to an
object in memory.

● Value types are stored on the stack, while reference types are stored on the heap.

● Value types are usually smaller in size than reference types, because they don't have to store a
reference to an object.

● Value types are passed by value, while reference types are passed by reference.

In summary, value types and reference types are two categories of data types in C# that represent the
way in which data is stored in memory. Value types store the actual value in memory, while reference
types store a reference to an object in memory. Value types are stored on the stack, while reference
types are stored on the heap. Value types are usually smaller in size than reference types, and are passed
by value, while reference types are passed by reference.

Query Question
class Program {

static String location;

static DateTime time;

static void Main() {

Console.WriteLine(location == null ? "location is null" : location);

 Console.WriteLine(time == null ? "time is null" : time.ToString());

Describe output

In the given C# program, the location and time variables are static fields of the Program class. Static
fields are variables that are shared among all instances of a class, and are initialized to their default
values when the program starts.

The location field is a string type, and the default value of a string is null. The time field is a DateTime
type, and the default value of a DateTime is DateTime.MinValue, which represents the smallest possible
date value.

In the Main method, the program writes the values of the location and time fields to the console using
the Console.WriteLine method. The Console.WriteLine method takes a string as an argument, and writes
it to the console.

The values of the location and time fields are printed using a ternary operator (?:). The ternary operator
is a shorthand way of writing an if-else statement, and has the following syntax:

In this case, the condition is location == null for the location field, and time == null for the time field. If
the condition is true, the trueValue is printed to the console, and if the condition is false, the falseValue
is printed to the console.

Therefore, the output of the program will be:

he first line of the output is the result of the ternary operator for the location field. Because the default
value of a string is null, the condition location == null is true, and the trueValue ("location is null") is
printed to the console.

The second line of the output is the result of the ternary operator for the time field. Because the default
value of a DateTime is DateTime.MinValue, the condition time == null is false, and the falseValue (the
string representation of the time field, using the ToString method) is printed to the console.
In summary, the output of the program is the default values of the location and time fields, printed to
the console using a ternary operator. The default value of the location field is null, and the default value
of the time field is DateTime.MinValue.

Difference between float, decimal and double

In C#, float, decimal, and double are three data types that represent numerical values with different
levels of precision and range.

float is a data type that represents a single-precision floating-point number. A floating-point number is a
number that has a fractional part, and is represented in scientific notation. float values are stored in 32
bits of memory, and have a precision of approximately 7 decimal digits.

decimal is a data type that represents a high-precision decimal number. decimal values are stored in 128
bits of memory, and have a precision of approximately 28-29 decimal digits. decimal is typically used for
financial calculations, where a high degree of precision is required.

double is a data type that represents a double-precision floating-point number. double values are stored
in 64 bits of memory, and have a precision of approximately 15-16 decimal digits. double is the default
data type for floating-point literals in C#.

Here are some examples of float, decimal, and double literals in C#:

In this example, x is a float literal with a value of 3.14, y is a decimal literal with a value of 3.14, and z is a
double literal with a value of 3.14.

There are a few key differences between float, decimal, and double in C#:

● float and double are floating-point types, while decimal is a decimal type.

● float and double have a fractional part, while decimal does not.

● float and double are stored in less memory than decimal, but have a lower precision.

● float and double are faster than decimal, because they require less memory and can be
processed by the CPU more quickly.

In summary, float, decimal, and double are three data types in C# that represent numerical values with
different levels of precision and range. float is a single-precision floating-point type, decimal is a
high-precision decimal type, and double is a double-precision floating-point type. float and double are
faster than decimal, but have a lower precision, while decimal has a higher precision but is slower.
What is class and object? What is static class, absract class, partial class, sealed class?
A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties, methods, and behaviors that objects
created from the class will have. An object is an instance of a class, and is created by using the new
keyword and calling a constructor method.

A static class is a class that cannot be instantiated and all its members are static. This means that you
cannot create objects from a static class, and you can access the members of a static class directly using
the class name, without needing to create an object. Static classes are useful when you want to create
utility or helper classes that do not need to maintain state information.

An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and must be derived from by other classes.
Abstract classes are used to provide a common base for derived classes, and can contain abstract
methods (methods without an implementation) that must be implemented by the derived classes.

A partial class is a class that is split into two or more source code files. Partial classes allow you to split
the definition of a class across multiple files, which can be useful when working on large projects.

A sealed class is a class that cannot be derived from. Sealed classes are used to prevent inheritance,
which can be useful when you want to restrict the extensibility of a class.

Here is an example of how these class types might be used in C#:

In this example, MathUtils is a static class that contains two static methods for performing basic math
operations. Shape is an abstract class that defines an abstract method for calculating the area of a shape.
Circle and Rectangle are partial and sealed classes, respectively, that derive from the Shape class and
implement the abstract GetArea method.

What is access modifier? What is diffrence between public, private,private protected,

protected, internal, protected internal?
Access modifiers are keywords that specify the accessibility of a class, method, property, or field. Access
modifiers determine which parts of a program can access a particular member of a class or struct.

There are several access modifiers available in C#, including:

 ● public: Members marked with the public access modifier are accessible from anywhere within
the program.

● private: Members marked with the private access modifier are only accessible within the class
or struct in which they are defined.

● private protected: Members marked with the private protected access modifier are only
accessible within the class or struct in which they are defined, or within a derived class in the
same assembly.

● protected: Members marked with the protected access modifier are only accessible within the
class or struct in which they are defined, or within a derived class.

● internal: Members marked with the internal access modifier are only accessible within the
assembly (e.g. the .exe or .dll file) in which they are defined.

● protected internal: Members marked with the protected internal access modifier are accessible
within the assembly in which they are defined, or within a derived class in another assembly.

Here is an example of how access modifiers might be used in a C# program:

In this example, MyClass has five fields and five methods, each with a different access modifier. The
privateField and PrivateMethod members can only be accessed within MyClass, while the
protectedField and ProtectedMethod members can be accessed within MyClass and any derived
classes. The internalField and InternalMethod members can be accessed within the assembly in which
MyClass is defined, and the protectedInternalField and ProtectedInternalMethod members can be
accessed within the assembly or within a derived class in another assembly. Finally, the publicField and
PublicMethod members can be accessed from anywhere within the program.

Access modifiers are an important aspect of object-oriented programming, as they help to control the
visibility and accessibility of class members and protect the internal state of an object from unintended
changes.

How you can explain the use of ‘using’ statements in C# in detail.

The using statement is used to acquire a resource, execute a block of code, and then automatically
release the resource when the block of code has completed execution. The using statement is often used
with objects that implement the IDisposable interface, which defines a Dispose method that releases
the resources held by the object.

Here is an example of how the using statement might be used to work with a StreamReader object,
which reads text from a stream:

and assigns it to the reader variable. The block of code within the using statement reads lines of text
from the reader object and writes them to the console. When the block of code has completed
execution, the using statement automatically calls the Dispose method on the reader object, which
releases the resources held by the StreamReader.

The using statement is useful for ensuring that resources are properly released, even if an exception is
thrown within the block of code. This can help to prevent resource leaks and improve the performance
and reliability of your program.

It's also important to note that the using statement can be used with any object that implements
IDisposable, not just StreamReader objects. For example, you could use the using statement to work
with a SqlConnection object, a FileStream object, or any other object that implements IDisposable.

Describe the C# dispose of the method in detail.

The Dispose method is a method defined by the IDisposable interface in C#. The purpose of the Dispose
method is to release resources held by an object when it is no longer needed.

Objects that implement the IDisposable interface typically hold onto resources that need to be explicitly
released, such as file handles, database connections, or network sockets. Failing to properly release
these resources can lead to resource leaks, which can negatively impact the performance and reliability
of your program.

To use the Dispose method, you first need to create an object that implements the IDisposable
interface. For example, the StreamReader class in the .NET Framework implements IDisposable, so you
can use the Dispose method to release the resources held by a StreamReader object:

Alternatively, you can use the using statement to automatically call the Dispose method on an object
when the block of code has completed execution. The using statement is often preferred because it
helps to ensure that the Dispose method is always called, even if an exception is thrown within the block
of code:

It's important to properly dispose of objects that implement IDisposable in order to avoid resource leaks
and ensure the efficient use of resources in your program.

What is try catch finally throw ?

The try, catch, and finally statements in C# are used to handle exceptions, which are errors that occur
during the execution of a program. The throw statement is used to throw an exception when an error
occurs.

Here is an example of how the try, catch, and finally statements might be used in C#:
The try block contains code that might throw an exception. If an exception is thrown, execution of the
try block is halted and control is transferred to the first catch block that can handle the exception.

The catch block contains code that handles the exception. This might include logging the exception,
displaying an error message to the user, or taking some other corrective action.

The finally block contains code that is always executed after the try and catch blocks, regardless of
whether an exception was thrown. This might include code to close a file handle or release other
resources.

The throw statement is used to throw an exception when an error occurs. For example, you might use
the throw statement to throw an exception if a file cannot be opened or if a required parameter is null:

The try, catch, and finally statements, along with the throw statement, are an important part of the
error handling mechanism in C# and are used to ensure that your program can gracefully handle
exceptions and recover from errors.
Uses of Deconstructor?
Deconstructor is a method that is used to decompose an object into a set of variables. Deconstructors
are typically used when an object has multiple fields or properties that you want to extract and assign to
separate variables.

Here is an example of a class with a deconstructor:

In this example, the Person class has a deconstructor called Deconstruct that takes three out
parameters: firstName, lastName, and age. The deconstructor assigns the values of the FirstName,
LastName, and Age properties to these parameters.

To use the deconstructor, you can call the Deconstruct method and assign the returned values to
variables:
Deconstructors can be particularly useful when working with tuple types in C#. For example, you can use
a deconstructor to decompose a Person object into a tuple:

Deconstructors can also be used with the var keyword to automatically infer the types of the returned
variables:

Deconstructors are a convenient way to extract the values of an object's fields and properties and assign
them to separate variables. They can help to improve the readability and maintainability of your code by
making it easier to work with complex data types.

What is method overloading and its uses?

Method overloading is the ability to have multiple methods with the same name but different signatures
in the same class or struct. The signature of a method includes the name of the method and the number
and types of its parameters.

Method overloading is useful because it allows you to write code that is more concise and easier to read.
By using method overloading, you can write multiple methods with the same name but different
parameter lists, and the appropriate method will be called automatically based on the arguments passed
to it.

Here is an example of a class with two overloaded methods:

In this example, the Calculator class has two methods with the same name, Add, but different parameter
lists. The first method has two parameters of type int, and the second method has three parameters of
type int.

To call one of these methods, you can pass the appropriate number and types of arguments:

Method overloading is useful because it allows you to reuse the same method name for different
purposes, depending on the number and types of the arguments passed to it. This can make your code
more concise and easier to read, especially if you have multiple methods that perform similar tasks with
slightly different parameters.

However, it's important to use method overloading wisely, as having too many overloaded methods can
make your code more difficult to understand and maintain. It's generally a good idea to limit the number
of overloaded methods to a small and reasonable number, and to choose clear and descriptive names for
your methods to help distinguish between them.

Diffrence between if else and swich statments? when to choose one over another?
In C#, the if and else statements are used to execute different blocks of code based on a condition. The if
statement tests a condition and, if the condition is true, executes a block of code. The else statement is
used to specify a block of code to be executed if the condition in the if statement is false.

Here is an example of an if and else statement:

In this example, the if statement tests the condition x > 0, and if the condition is true, the code block
after the if statement is executed. If the condition is false, the code block after the else statement is
executed.

The switch statement is also used to execute different blocks of code based on a condition. However, the
switch statement is generally more suitable for cases where you have multiple possible values for a
variable, and you want to execute different blocks of code depending on the value of the variable.

Here is an example of a switch statement:

In this example, the switch statement tests the value of the variable x, and executes different blocks of
code depending on the value of x. The case labels specify the values that the switch statement should
test for, and the code blocks after the labels are executed if the value of x matches the label. The default
label is used to specify a code block to be executed if the value of x does not match any of the other
labels.

So when should you choose an if and else statement over a switch statement, or vice versa? In general,
it's a good idea to use an if and else statement if you only have a few possible values for a condition and
you want to test for a specific value or range of values. If you have many possible values for a condition,
or if you want to execute different blocks of code depending on the type of a variable, a switch
statement might be more appropriate.

It's also worth noting that switch statements can be more efficient than if and else statements in some
cases, because the switch statement uses a jump table to determine which code block to execute, while
an if and else statement requires the compiler to evaluate each condition in turn. However, in most
cases the difference in performance will be negligible, and you should choose the control structure that
best fits your needs and makes your code easier to read and maintain.

What are Delegates and type of delegates in c#? Main Uses of Deletegates?
A delegate is a type that represents a reference to a method. Delegates are used to pass methods as
arguments to other methods, or to store and invoke methods dynamically.

There are three types of delegates in C#:

1. Single-cast delegates: represent a reference to a single method. We can create a single-cast

delegate by using the delegate keyword, followed by the return type and parameter list of the
method:

You can then create an instance of the delegate and assign it to a method:

2. Multicast delegates: These are delegates that can hold references to multiple methods, and they
are used to invoke multiple methods in a single call. To create a multicast delegate, you can use
the += operator to add a method to the delegate, or the -= operator to remove a method from
the delegate:

3. Function pointers: Function pointers are a type of delegate that allow you to use method
pointers in your code. Function pointers are similar to single-cast delegates, but they are not
type-safe and cannot be used with generic types. To create a function pointer, you can use the
unsafe keyword and the * operator:
The main use of delegates is to pass methods as arguments to other methods, or to store and invoke
methods dynamically.

For example, we can use delegates to create event handlers, which are methods that are called when a
specific event occurs. Delegates make it easy to create custom events and to attach multiple methods to
the same event, without having to create separate event handler methods for each method.

You can also use delegates to create asynchronous and parallel programs, by using the BeginInvoke and
EndInvoke methods to invoke a method asynchronously, or the Invoke method to invoke a method in
parallel.

Overall, delegates are an important and versatile feature of C#, and they are used in many different
contexts in the .NET framework. By understanding how to use delegates, you can write more flexible and
reusable code, and take advantage of advanced programming techniques such as asynchronous and
parallel programming.

What is interface and why do we use it?

An interface is a construct that represents a set of related methods that a class or struct can implement.
Interfaces are used to define contracts that specify the behavior of a class or struct, without specifying
the implementation of those behaviors.

There are several reasons to use interfaces in the code:

1. Code reuse: Interfaces allow us to define common behavior that can be shared by multiple
classes or structs. This helps to avoid duplicating code, and to make your code more modular
and maintainable.

2. Polymorphism: Interfaces allow us to create objects that can be used polymorphically, which
means that they can be treated as instances of multiple types. This allows you to write code that
can work with objects of different types, without having to know the specific type of each object.

3. Extensibility: Interfaces allow you to add new behavior to your code without breaking existing
code. This is because interfaces define a set of methods that a class or struct must implement,
but they do not specify the implementation of those methods.

4. Dependency injection: Interfaces can be used to decouple classes from their dependencies,
which makes it easier to test and maintain your code. By using interfaces to define the
dependencies of a class, you can use dependency injection to inject mock dependencies during
testing, or to switch between different implementations of the same dependency in different
environments.
Overall, interfaces are an important tool for designing flexible and maintainable software. By using
interfaces, you can define contracts that specify the behavior of your code, and create objects that can
be used polymorphically and extended over time.

What is DI? What is the main goal in using DI?

Dependency injection (DI) is a design pattern that involves providing a class with its dependencies
through its constructor or methods, rather than creating those dependencies itself.

The main goal of using DI is to decouple the dependencies of a class from its implementation, so that the
class is more flexible and reusable. By injecting the dependencies into the class, we can change the
implementation of the dependencies without affecting the class that depends on them. This makes the
code more modular and easier to test and maintain.

To use DI, we typically create an interface that defines the dependencies that a class requires, and then
implement that interface in one or more concrete classes. We can then inject the dependencies into the
class using constructor injection, property injection, or method injection.

For example, consider a class that depends on a database connection to perform its functions. Rather
than creating the database connection directly in the class, you could use DI to inject the connection into
the class through its constructor:

This allows you to create different implementations of the IDbConnection interface, and to inject the
appropriate implementation into the MyClass class at runtime. This makes the MyClass class more
flexible and reusable, because it is not tied to a specific implementation of the database connection.

Overall, DI is a powerful and flexible design pattern that can help you to write more modular and
maintainable code, by decoupling the dependencies of your classes from their implementation. By
understanding how to use DI, you can take advantage of advanced programming techniques such as
inversion of control and dependency injection, and create more flexible and reusable code.

How many desing patterns have you worked on? If yes, Explain
Some of the design patterns that I am familiar with include:
 1. Singleton pattern: This pattern ensures that a class has only one instance, and provides a global
access point to that instance. This can be useful for resources that are expensive to create, or for
objects that need to be shared across the application.

2. Factory pattern: This pattern defines an interface for creating objects in a super class, but lets
subclasses override the method to change the type of objects that will be created. This can be
useful for creating objects that are part of a larger class hierarchy, or for creating objects based
on runtime conditions.

3. Adapter pattern: This pattern allows you to adapt one interface to another, so that classes with
incompatible interfaces can work together. This can be useful for integrating existing classes into
a new system, or for creating reusable modules that can work with a variety of different classes.

4. Decorator pattern: This pattern allows you to add new behavior to an existing object
dynamically, by wrapping it in a decorator object. This can be useful for adding new functionality
to an object without modifying its code, or for creating flexible and extensible systems.

5. Observer pattern: This pattern defines a one-to-many dependency between objects, so that
when one object changes state, all of its dependents are notified and updated automatically.
This can be useful for creating systems that need to respond to changes in other objects, or for
building reusable components that can be notified of events in other parts of the system.

Overall, design patterns are a powerful tool for creating flexible and reusable code, and there are many
different patterns to choose from depending on the needs of your application. By understanding how to
use design patterns, you can design more modular and maintainable code, and take advantage of
advanced programming techniques to solve common design challenges.

EF
What is EF? Explain its uses, pros and cons?
that enables developers to work with relational data using domain-specific objects. EF provides a set of
APIs for accessing and manipulating data stored in a database, and allows developers to write code in a
higher-level, more abstracted way.

EF is designed to simplify data access in .NET applications, and to eliminate the need for developers to
write complex SQL queries and data access code. Instead, developers can use EF to define the structure
of their data model, and to query and manipulate data using LINQ (Language Integrated Query) and
other high-level APIs.

EF is useful in a number of scenarios, including:

● Web applications that need to access and manipulate data stored in a database.

● Desktop applications that need to access and manipulate data stored in a database.

● Mobile applications that need to access and manipulate data stored in a cloud database.

There are several pros to using EF:

 ● EF simplifies data access in .NET applications by providing a set of high-level APIs for querying
and manipulating data.

● EF enables developers to work with data using domain-specific objects, rather than writing
complex SQL queries.

● EF provides a flexible, extensible data model that can be customized to fit the needs of the
application.

● EF supports a wide range of databases, including Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, and
others.

There are also some cons to using EF:

● EF can be complex to learn and use, especially for developers who are not familiar with
object-relational mapping frameworks.

● EF can be slower than hand-written SQL queries in some cases, especially when working with
large datasets or complex queries.

● EF may not support all of the features and capabilities of a specific database, and may require
developers to work around these limitations.

In summary, Entity Framework (EF) is an object-relational mapping (ORM) framework for .NET that
enables developers to work with relational data using domain-specific objects. EF simplifies data access
in .NET applications, and provides a flexible, extensible data model that can be customized to fit the
needs of the application. However, EF can be complex to learn and use, and may be slower than
hand-written SQL queries in some cases

How to setup ef in your application?

To set up Entity Framework (EF) in a .NET application, you will need to perform the following steps:

1. Install the Entity Framework NuGet package: The first step is to install the Entity Framework
NuGet package in your application. You can do this using the NuGet Package Manager in Visual
Studio, or by using the dotnet add package command in the .NET CLI.

2. Create a model: Next, you will need to create a model that represents the structure of your data.
This model can be created using classes and properties, and can include relationships between
different entities.

3. Configure the database context: The next step is to create a database context class that will be
used to manage the connection to the database, and to perform database operations. The
database context class should inherit from DbContext, and should include a DbSet property for
each entity in the model.

4. Configure the connection string: You will need to configure a connection string that specifies the
location and credentials for the database that your application will connect to. This connection
string should be added to the appsettings.json file or the web.config file, depending on the type
of application you are building.
 5. Enable migrations: If you want to use EF's migrations feature to manage changes to the database
schema, you will need to enable migrations in your application. To do this, you can use the
dotnet ef migrations add command in the .NET CLI.

6. Update the database: Once you have configured your model, database context, and connection
string, you can use EF to update the database to match your model. To do this, you can use the
Update-Database command in the Package Manager Console, or the dotnet ef database update
command in the .NET CLI.

By following these steps, you can set up Entity Framework in your .NET application, and start using it to
access and manipulate data stored in a database.

What is difference between LINQ to SQL and Entity Framework?

LINQ to SQL and Entity Framework (EF) are two data access technologies in .NET that enable developers
to work with relational data using domain-specific objects. Both technologies provide a set of APIs for
querying and manipulating data stored in a database, and allow developers to write code in a
higher-level, more abstracted way.

However, there are some key differences between LINQ to SQL and EF:

● Architecture: LINQ to SQL is a lightweight, high-performance data access technology that was
introduced with .NET 3.5. EF is a more feature-rich data access technology that was introduced
with .NET 3.5 SP1.

● Data model: LINQ to SQL uses a simple, table-based data model, while EF uses a more flexible,
object-based data model. EF's object-based data model allows developers to create a more
complex, customized data model that can include relationships between different entities.

● Query capabilities: LINQ to SQL supports a limited set of LINQ query operators, while EF supports
a wider range of LINQ query operators. EF also supports more advanced query capabilities, such
as lazy loading and deferred execution.

● Database support: LINQ to SQL is designed to work with Microsoft SQL Server, and does not
support other databases. EF, on the other hand, supports a wide range of databases, including
Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, and others.

In summary, LINQ to SQL and EF are two data access technologies in .NET that enable developers to work
with relational data using domain-specific objects. LINQ to SQL is a lightweight, high-performance
technology with a simple, table-based data model, while EF is a more feature-rich technology with a
flexible, object-based data model and advanced query capabilities. LINQ to SQL is designed to work with
Microsoft SQL Server, while EF supports a wide range of databases.

What is DbContext and what's its purpose?

The DbContext class is a central class in the Entity Framework (EF) data access technology. It serves as a
bridge between the domain model and the database, and is responsible for managing the connection to
the database, tracking changes to the entities, and executing commands to the database.

The DbContext class is typically used in the following ways:

 ● Connection management: The DbContext class manages the connection to the database, and
provides methods for opening and closing the connection.

● Entity tracking: The DbContext class tracks changes to the entities in the context, and can be
used to perform CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations on the database.

● Query execution: The DbContext class provides methods for executing queries against the
database, and for materializing the results into domain-specific objects.

To use the DbContext class in your application, you will need to create a subclass that inherits from
DbContext, and specify the entities that you want to include in the context. You will also need to
configure a connection string that specifies the location and credentials for the database that your
application will connect to.

Here is an example of a DbContext subclass in C#:

In this example, the MyDbContext class is a subclass of DbContext that includes DbSet properties for the
Product and Category entities. The OnConfiguring method is used to configure a connection string that
points to a SQL Server database named "MyDb".

The DbContext class is an important part of the EF data access technology, and is used to manage the
connection to the database, track changes to the entities, and execute commands to the database.

What is the importance of EDMX file in Entity Framework?

In Entity Framework (EF), an EDMX (Entity Data Model XML) file is an XML file that represents the
conceptual model, the storage model, and the mapping between the two for an EF data model. The
EDMX file is used to define the data model and the mapping between the data model and the database
schema, and is used to generate the code that is needed to access and manipulate data stored in a
database.

The EDMX file is an important part of the EF data access technology because it serves as the central
point of definition for the data model, and enables developers to work with data using domain-specific
objects, rather than writing complex SQL queries. The EDMX file is also used to generate the code that is
needed to access and manipulate data stored in a database, which can save developers time and effort.

In addition to defining the data model and the mapping between the data model and the database
schema, the EDMX file also includes information about the database itself, including the database
schema and the connection string. This enables EF to connect to the database and execute queries and
commands as needed.

To work with an EDMX file in an EF data model, you will typically use the Entity Framework Designer,
which is a visual tool that enables you to create and modify the EDMX file using a graphical interface. You
can also edit the EDMX file directly using a text editor, although this is generally not recommended, as it
can be difficult to maintain the EDMX file manually.

In summary, the EDMX file is an important part of the EF data access technology, as it represents the
conceptual model, the storage model, and the mapping between the two for an EF data model. The
EDMX file is used to define the data model and the mapping between the data model and the database
schema, and is used to generate the code that is needed to access and manipulate data stored in a
database.

Is it necessary to have EDMX file in code first approach?

In Entity Framework (EF), the EDMX (Entity Data Model XML) file is an XML file that represents the
conceptual model, the storage model, and the mapping between the two for an EF data model. The
EDMX file is typically used in the database-first approach to EF, where the data model is created by
reverse engineering the database schema into an EDMX file.

In the code-first approach to EF, the data model is created using code, and the database schema is
generated based on the data model. In this approach, it is not necessary to have an EDMX file, as the
data model and the mapping between the data model and the database schema are defined using code.

To use the code-first approach in EF, you will typically create classes that represent the entities in your
data model, and use attributes or fluent API calls to specify the mapping between the entities and the
database schema. You can then use the DbContext class to manage the connection to the database, and
to perform CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations on the data.

Here is an example of a data model defined using the code-first approach in C#:
In this example, the Product class represents an entity in the data model, and the MyDbContext class
represents the DbContext that is used to manage the connection to the database and perform database
operations. The OnConfiguring method is used to configure a connection string that points to a SQL
Server database named "MyDb".

In summary, the EDMX file is not necessary in the code-first approach to EF, as the data model and the
mapping between the data model and the database schema are defined using code. In the code-first
approach, you will create classes that represent the entities in your data model, and use the DbContext
class to manage the connection to the database and perform database operations.

How can we add, update, and delete using EF?

In Entity Framework (EF), you can use the DbContext class to add, update, and delete entities in a
database. The DbContext class provides a set of methods and properties that enable you to perform
CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations on the entities in your data model.

To add a new entity to the database using EF, you can use the Add method of the DbSet property that
represents the entity type in the DbContext. For example:
In this example, the Product entity is added to the Products DbSet in the MyDbContext, and the
SaveChanges method is called to persist the changes to the database.

To update an existing entity in the database using EF, you can use the Update method of the DbSet
property that represents the entity type in the DbContext. For example:

In this example, the Product entity with an Id of 1 is retrieved from the Products DbSet in the
MyDbContext, and the Name property is updated. The Update method is then called to persist the
changes to the database, and the SaveChanges method is called to apply the changes to the database.

To delete an existing entity from the database using EF, you can use the Remove method of the DbSet
property that represents the entity type in the DbContext. For example:
In this example, the Product entity with an Id of 1 is retrieved from the Products DbSet in the
MyDbContext, and the Remove method is called to delete the entity from the database. The
SaveChanges method is then called to apply the changes to the database.

In summary, you can use the DbContext class in EF to add, update, and delete entities in a database
using the Add, Update, and Remove methods of the DbSet properties in the DbContext, and the
SaveChanges method to persist the changes to the database.

Can you explain lazy loading in a detailed manner?

In Entity Framework (EF), lazy loading is a feature that enables you to defer the loading of related entities
until they are needed. When lazy loading is enabled, related entities are not loaded automatically with
the parent entity, but are loaded on-demand when they are accessed for the first time.

To enable lazy loading in EF, you will need to use the virtual keyword when defining navigation
properties in your entity classes. For example:
In this example, the Orders navigation property in the Customer entity and the Customer navigation
property in the Order entity are marked as virtual, which enables lazy loading for these properties.

To use lazy loading in your application, you will need to ensure that the LazyLoadingEnabled property of
the DbContext is set to true. You can then access the related entities using the navigation properties,
and EF will automatically load the related entities when they are accessed for the first time.

For example:
In this example, the Customer entity is loaded from the database when it is accessed for the first time.
The Orders navigation property is then accessed, and EF automatically loads the related Order entities
from the database.

Lazy loading has the advantage of improving performance by only loading related entities when they are
needed, rather than loading all related entities upfront. However, it can also have some disadvantages,
such as increased complexity and the potential for inefficient querying if the related entities are accessed
multiple times.

In summary, lazy loading is a feature in EF that enables you to defer the loading of related entities until
they are needed. To enable lazy loading, you will need to use the virtual keyword when defining
navigation properties, and set the LazyLoadingEnabled property of the DbContext to true. You can then
access the related entities using the navigation properties, and EF will automatically load the related
entities when they are accessed for the first time.

What is Code First approach in Entity Framework?

In Entity Framework (EF), the code first approach is a way of developing a data model and creating a
database from that model using only code. With the code first approach, you start by defining your data
model using classes in code, and then use EF to generate a database schema based on the data model.

To use the code first approach in EF, you will need to create classes that represent the entities in your
data model, and use attributes or fluent API calls to specify the mapping between the entities and the
database schema. You can then use the DbContext class to manage the connection to the database, and
to perform CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations on the data.

Here is an example of a data model defined using the code first approach in C#:
In this example, the Product class represents an entity in the data model, and the MyDbContext class
represents the DbContext that is used to manage the connection to the database and perform database
operations. The OnConfiguring method is used to configure a connection string that points to a SQL
Server database named "MyDb".

To generate a database schema based on the data model, you can use the Update-Database command
in the Package Manager Console in Visual Studio. EF will create a new database if one does not already
exist, or modify the existing database schema to match the data model if the database already exists.

In summary, the code first approach in EF enables you to define a data model using classes in code, and
use EF to generate a database schema based on the data model. You can use the DbContext class to
manage the connection to the database and perform database operations, and the Update-Database
command to generate a database schema based on the data model.

What is transcation and what is its purpose?

A transaction is a sequence of database operations that are treated as a single unit of work. The purpose
of transactions is to ensure that the database remains in a consistent state, even if one or more of the
operations fail.

Transactions provide a way to roll back a set of database operations if an error occurs, so that the
database can be restored to its original state. They also provide a way to lock rows or tables to prevent
other transactions from modifying the data while the current transaction is in progress.
In a database management system (DBMS), transactions are used to ensure that data integrity is
maintained, and to provide a way to recover from errors or failures. For example, if a bank transfer
involves two separate operations – withdrawing money from one account and depositing it into another
– the two operations should be treated as a single transaction to ensure that the database remains in a
consistent state. If an error occurs during the transfer, the transaction can be rolled back to restore the
original state of the accounts.

To use transactions in a database, you will need to use a programming language or a database
management system that supports transactions. In .NET, you can use the System.Transactions
namespace to manage transactions, or you can use the TransactionScope class to create a transaction
within a block of code.

For example:

In this example, the TransactionScope class is used to create a transaction within a block of code. The
Complete method is called to indicate that the transaction should be committed, and the changes made
during the transaction will be persisted to the database. If an error occurs before the Complete method
is called, the transaction will be automatically rolled back and the changes will be discarded.

In summary, a transaction is a sequence of database operations that are treated as a single unit of work,
with the purpose of maintaining data integrity and providing a way to recover from errors or failures.
Transactions can be used to roll back a set of database operations if an error occurs, and to lock rows or
tables to prevent other transactions from modifying the data while the current transaction is in progress.

What is DataAnnotation?
Data annotations are attributes that you can apply to properties of a class to specify how the data in the
class should be used or displayed. Data annotations are used in the .NET framework to provide
additional metadata about the data in a class, and are often used in the context of validation, formatting,
and display.

Data annotations can be applied to the properties of a class using attributes. For example:
In this example, the Required attribute is applied to the Name property to indicate that the property is
required and must not be null or empty. The Range attribute is applied to the Age property to specify a
valid range for the property value. The DataType attribute is applied to the Email property to specify that
the property should be displayed as an email address.

Data annotations can be used for various purposes, including validation, formatting, and display. For
example, the RegularExpression attribute can be used to specify a regular expression that a property
value must match, the StringLength attribute can be used to specify a maximum length for a string
property, and the DisplayFormat attribute can be used to specify how a property should be displayed.

Data annotations can be used in combination with data binding and model validation in ASP.NET MVC
and ASP.NET Core applications to provide automatic validation of user input and formatting of data. They
can also be used in Entity Framework (EF) to specify the mapping between entity classes and database
tables, and to specify validation rules for entity data.

In summary, data annotations are attributes that you can apply to properties of a class to specify how
the data in the class should be used or displayed. Data annotations can be used for various purposes,
including validation, formatting, and display, and are often used in the context of data binding and model
validation in ASP.NET applications and in Entity Framework to specify the mapping between entity
classes and database tables.

What is EF Core?
EF Core (Entity Framework Core) is a lightweight, cross-platform, open-source object-relational mapping
(ORM) framework that enables developers to work with data using .NET objects. EF Core is the latest
version of Entity Framework, a popular data access technology for .NET developers.

EF Core allows you to define a data model using classes in code, and then use EF Core to generate a
database schema based on the data model. You can then use EF Core to perform CRUD (create, read,
update, delete) operations on the data, and to query the data using LINQ (Language Integrated Query).
EF Core supports a variety of database engines, including SQL Server, MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQLite.
EF Core is designed to be lightweight and flexible, making it a good choice for building modern web
applications and microservices. It supports a variety of database engines and can be used with .NET Core
and .NET 5 applications, as well as with .NET Framework applications.

To use EF Core in your application, you will need to install the EF Core NuGet package and define your
data model using classes. You can then use the DbContext class to manage the connection to the
database and perform database operations, and use LINQ to query the data.

Here is an example of a data model defined using EF Core in C#:

In this example, the Product class represents an entity in the data model, and the MyDbContext class
represents the DbContext that is used to manage the connection to the database and perform database
operations. The OnConfiguring method is used to configure a connection string that points to a SQL
Server database named "MyDb".

To generate a database schema based on the data model, you can use the Update-Database command
in the Package Manager Console in Visual Studio. EF Core will create a new database if one does not
already exist, or modify the existing database schema to match the data model if the database already
exists.

In summary, EF Core is a lightweight, cross-platform, open-source ORM framework that enables

developers to work with data using .NET objects. It allows you to define a data model using classes in
code, and use EF Core to generate a database schema based on the data model. You can then use EF
Core to perform CRUD operations on the data, and to query the data using LINQ. EF Core supports a
variety of database engines and can be used with .NET Core and .NET 5 applications, as well as with .NET
Framework applications.

Is lazy loading supported in EF Core?

Yes, EF Core supports lazy loading of navigation properties. Lazy loading is a technique that enables EF
Core to load related entities on demand, rather than loading all related entities when the parent entity is
queried. This can be useful in scenarios where you want to reduce the amount of data that is loaded
from the database, or where the related entities are not always needed.

To enable lazy loading in EF Core, you will need to include the Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Proxies
NuGet package in your project, and then set the UseLazyLoadingProxies option in the
DbContextOptions when configuring the context.

Here is an example of how to enable lazy loading in EF Core:

In this example, the UseLazyLoadingProxies option is set in the DbContextOptions to enable lazy
loading.

To use lazy loading, you will need to define navigation properties in your entity classes. Navigation
properties represent relationships between entities, and are used to navigate from one entity to another.
For example:
In this example, the Product class has a navigation property called Orders, and the Order class has a
navigation property called Product. These navigation properties enable you to navigate from a Product
to its related Orders, and from an Order to its related Product.

To load related entities lazily, you can use the Include method in your LINQ queries to specify the
navigation properties that you want to load. For example:

In this example, the Include method is used to specify that the Orders navigation property should be
loaded when the Product entities are queried. The related Order entities will be loaded lazily when you
access the Orders property of a Product entity.

In summary, EF Core supports lazy loading of navigation properties, which enables you to load related
entities on demand, rather than loading all related entities when the parent entity is queried. To enable
lazy loading in EF Core, you will need to include the Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Proxies NuGet
package and set the UseLazyLoadingProxies option in the DbContextOptions. You can then use the
Include method in your LINQ queries to specify the navigation properties that you want to load lazily.

It's important to note that lazy loading can have a negative impact on performance, especially if you are
loading large collections of related entities. Lazy loading can also make your code more difficult to
debug, as it may be harder to understand when and how related entities are being loaded.

As an alternative to lazy loading, you can use explicit loading to load related entities when needed. With
explicit loading, you can control exactly when and how related entities are loaded, which can help
improve performance and make your code easier to debug. To use explicit loading, you can use the Load
method of the DbSet class in your DbContext to load the related entities.

Here is an example of how to use explicit loading in EF Core:

In this example, the Load method is used to explicitly load the Orders navigation property of the Product
entity with ID 1.

In summary, lazy loading can be useful in some scenarios, but it can also have a negative impact on
performance and make your code harder to debug. As an alternative, you can use explicit loading to
control exactly when and how related entities are loaded.

How to perform Lazy loading in EF Core?

To perform lazy loading in EF Core, you will need to include the Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Proxies
NuGet package in your project and set the UseLazyLoadingProxies option in the DbContextOptions
when configuring the context.

Here is an example of how to enable lazy loading in EF Core:

In this example, the UseLazyLoadingProxies option is set in the DbContextOptions to enable lazy
loading.

To use lazy loading, you will need to define navigation properties in your entity classes. Navigation
properties represent relationships between entities, and are used to navigate from one entity to another.
For example:
In this example, the Product class has a navigation property called Orders, and the Order class has a
navigation property called Product. These navigation properties enable you to navigate from a Product
to its related Orders, and from an Order to its related Product.

To load related entities lazily, you can use the Include method in your LINQ queries to specify the
navigation properties that you want to load. For example:

In this example, the Include method is used to specify that the Orders navigation property should be
loaded when the Product entities are queried. The related Order entities will be loaded lazily when you
access the Orders property of a Product entity.

In summary, to perform lazy loading in EF Core, you will need to include the
Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Proxies NuGet package, set the UseLazyLoadingProxies option in the
DbContextOptions, and define navigation properties in your entity classes. You can then use the Include
method in your LINQ queries to specify the navigation properties that you want to load lazily.

It's important to note that lazy loading can have a negative impact on performance, especially if you are
loading large collections of related entities. Lazy loading can also make your code more difficult to
debug, as it may be harder to understand when and how related entities are being loaded.

As an alternative to lazy loading, you can use explicit loading to load related entities when needed. With
explicit loading, you can control exactly when and how related entities are loaded, which can help
improve performance and make your code easier to debug. To use explicit loading, you can use the Load
method of the DbSet class in your DbContext to load the related entities.

Here is an example of how to use explicit loading in EF Core:

In this example, the Load method is used to explicitly load the Orders navigation property of the Product
entity with ID 1.

In summary, lazy loading can be useful in some scenarios, but it can also have a negative impact on
performance and make your code harder to debug. As an alternative, you can use explicit loading to
control exactly when and how related entities are loaded.

What is EntityState in EF/Core?

In Entity Framework (EF) and Entity Framework Core (EF Core), the EntityState enum is used to track the
state of an entity in the context. The EntityState enum has the following values:

● Added: The entity is being added to the context.

● Deleted: The entity is being marked for deletion from the context.

● Modified: The entity has been modified and is being tracked by the context.

● Unchanged: The entity is being tracked by the context, but its properties have not been
modified.

● Detached: The entity is not being tracked by the context.

The EntityState of an entity can be accessed through the State property of the EntityEntry class, which
represents a single entity within the context. You can use the State property to determine the current
state of an entity, or to set the state of an entity.
Here is an example of how to use the State property to determine the current state of an entity in EF
Core:

In this example, the State property of the EntityEntry for the Product entity with ID 1 is accessed to
determine its current state.

You can also use the State property to set the state of an entity. For example:

In this example, the State property is set to EntityState.Added to indicate that the Product entity should
be added to the context when SaveChanges is called.

In summary, the EntityState enum is used to track the state of an entity in the context, and can be
accessed through the State property of the EntityEntry class. You can use the State property to
determine the current state of an entity, or to set the state of an entity.

How to create db on the fly in EF Core?

To create a database on the fly in Entity Framework Core (EF Core), you can use the EnsureCreated
method of the DbContext. The EnsureCreated method will create the database if it doesn't exist, and will
do nothing if the database already exists.

Here is an example of how to use the EnsureCreated method to create a database on the fly in EF Core:
In this example, the EnsureCreated method is called on the Database property of the DbContext to
create the database if it doesn't exist.

It's important to note that the EnsureCreated method is intended for use in development scenarios, and
is not recommended for use in production environments. In production environments, you should use a
more robust database migration strategy, such as the dotnet ef database update command or a custom
migration script.

In summary, to create a database on the fly in EF Core, you can use the EnsureCreated method of the
DbContext. This method is intended for use in development scenarios, and is not recommended for use
in production environments. Instead, you should use a more robust database migration strategy in
production environments.

LINQ:
What is Linq? Advantages?
LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is a set of language features that enable to write queries to retrieve
data from various data sources, such as databases, arrays, and lists. LINQ provides a consistent syntax
and API for querying data, regardless of the underlying data source.

Some advantages of LINQ include:

● Simplified data access: LINQ makes easier to retrieve data from various sources, as it provides a
consistent syntax and API for querying data.

● Improved performance: LINQ queries are compiled into optimized code, which can lead to
improve performance compared to manually written queries.

● Improved code readability: LINQ queries can be written using a more readable and expressive
syntax, which can make it easier to understand the intent of the code.

● Improved code maintainability: LINQ queries are written in a declarative style, which can make it
easier to modify and maintain the code.

In summary, LINQ is a set of language features that enable developers to write queries to retrieve data
from various data sources, and provides a number of advantages, including simplified data access,
improved performance, improved code readability, and improved code maintainability.
What feature you love most about linq?
one feature of LINQ that is often cited as being particularly useful is its ability to write queries using a
more readable and expressive syntax. This can make it easier to understand the intent of the code and to
modify and maintain the queries over time.

For example, the following LINQ query retrieves a list of products whose price is greater than $50:

This query is written in a declarative style, which makes it clear that the intention is to retrieve a list of
products that meet a certain criterion. This can be easier to understand and maintain than a manually
written query using a more imperative style, such as a loop that iterates over a collection of products
and filters the results based on the price.

In summary, the ability to write queries using a more readable and expressive syntax is often cited as a
particularly useful feature of LINQ. This can make it easier to understand the intent of the code and to
modify and maintain the queries over time.

How to set value using linq in property?

To set the value of a property using LINQ, you can use the Select operator to transform the elements in a
sequence and return a new sequence of elements with the modified property values.

Here is an example of how to set the value of the Price property of a list of Product objects using LINQ:
In this example, the Select operator is used to transform the elements in the products list by setting the
value of the Price property to 110% of its original value. The modified elements are then returned as a
new sequence of Product objects.

It's important to note that the Select operator does not modify the original sequence. If you want to
update the original sequence, you can use the ToList method to create a new list with the modified
elements, or you can use the ForEach method to iterate over the sequence and set the values directly.

In summary, to set the value of a property using LINQ, you can use the Select operator to transform the
elements in a sequence and return a new sequence of elements with the modified property values.

Where to use group by?

The GroupBy operator in LINQ is used to group the elements of a sequence based on a specified key. The
result of the GroupBy operator is a sequence of groups, where each group is a sequence of elements
that have the same key.

Here is an example of how to use the GroupBy operator to group a list of products by their category:

In this example, the GroupBy operator is used to group the elements in the products list by their
Category property. The result is a sequence of groups, where each group contains a sequence of
products that have the same category.

The GroupBy operator is often used in combination with other LINQ operators, such as Select or Where,
to filter or transform the groups or the elements within the groups.

In summary, the GroupBy operator in LINQ is used to group the elements of a sequence based on a
specified key. The result of the GroupBy operator is a sequence of groups, where each group is a
sequence of elements that have the same key. The GroupBy operator is often used in combination with
other LINQ operators to filter or transform the groups or the elements within the groups.

where to use select?

The Select operator in LINQ is used to transform the elements in a sequence and return a new sequence
of elements with modified or calculated values. The transformation can be based on one or more
properties of the elements in the original sequence, or it can be based on custom logic or calculations.

Here is an example of how to use the Select operator to transform a list of products into a list of product
names:

In this example, the Select operator is used to transform the elements in the products list by selecting
the Name property of each Product object. The result is a new sequence of strings containing the
product names.

You can also use the Select operator to perform more complex transformations or calculations, such as
projecting the elements in the original sequence into a new type or format. For example, you could use
the Select operator to transform the products list into a list of ProductSummary objects that contain a
summary of each product's name and price:

In summary, the Select operator in LINQ is used to transform the elements in a sequence and return a
new sequence of elements with modified or calculated values. It is a powerful tool for modifying and
reshaping data in a variety of ways.
What is diff between first and first or default?
The First and FirstOrDefault methods in LINQ are used to retrieve the first element of a sequence that
matches a specified condition. The main difference between these two methods is how they handle
situations where no matching element is found in the sequence.

The First method throws an exception if no matching element is found, while the FirstOrDefault method
returns a default value for the type of the elements in the sequence.

Here is an example of how to use the First and FirstOrDefault methods to retrieve the first product in a
list of products whose price is greater than $50:

In this example, the First method will throw an exception if no matching element is found, because there
are no products in the products list with a price greater than $50. The FirstOrDefault method, on the
other hand, will return a default value for the Product type (null in this case), because no matching
element is found.

In summary, the main difference between the First and FirstOrDefault methods in LINQ is how they
handle situations where no matching element is found in the sequence. The First method throws an
exception, while the FirstOrDefault method returns a default value for the type of the elements in the
sequence.

How to execute join using linq [Task]

The Join operator in LINQ is used to combine elements from two sequences based on a common key,
and return a new sequence of elements that contains the combined elements.

Here is an example of how to use the Join operator to join two lists of products and categories, and
return a list of product summaries that include the category name for each product:
In this example, the Join operator is used to join the products and categories lists based on the
CategoryId property of the Product objects and the Id property of the Category objects. The result is a
new sequence of ProductSummary objects that contains the product name, price, and category name
for each product.

You can also use the Join operator with the into keyword to perform a "left outer join" that returns all
elements from the left sequence (the products list in this case) even if there are no matching elements in
the right sequence (the categories list).

For example:
In this case, the productSummaries sequence will contain all products from the products list, even if
they do not have a matching category in the categories list. For those products, the Category property of
the ProductSummary objects will be set to "Uncategorized".

In summary, the Join operator in LINQ is used to combine elements from two sequences based on a
common key, and return a new sequence of elements that contains the combined elements. It is a
powerful tool for merging and combining data from multiple sources.

Give one question (of Talonsimulation table to get required data)

Here is a sample question that could be used to retrieve data from a hypothetical table named
"TalonSimulation":

"Retrieve a list of all simulation runs that have completed within the past month, ordered by the date
and time that the simulation was started, with the most recent runs listed first. Include the name of the
simulation, the date and time that it was started, and the duration of the simulation in seconds."

To write a LINQ query that retrieves this data, you could use the following code:
This LINQ query uses the Where operator to filter the TalonSimulation table for rows where the
StartTime is within the past month and the EndTime is not null (indicating that the simulation has
completed). It then uses the OrderByDescending operator to sort the results by the StartTime column in
descending order (most recent first). Finally, it uses the Select operator to create a new sequence of
anonymous objects that contain the name, start time, and duration of each simulation. The ToList
method is used to execute the query and return the results as a list.

This LINQ query will return a list of simulations that meet the specified criteria, ordered by the start time
with the most recent runs listed first. You can use similar queries to retrieve data from the
TalonSimulation table with different criteria and projections.

List out the aggregation operations in LINQ

LINQ provides several aggregation operators that can be used to perform calculations on a sequence of
values and return a single result. Here is a list of some common aggregation operators in LINQ:

1. Count: Returns the number of elements in a sequence.

2. Sum: Returns the sum of the values in a sequence of numeric values.

3. Min: Returns the minimum value in a sequence of values.

4. Max: Returns the maximum value in a sequence of values.

 5. Average: Returns the average value in a sequence of numeric values.

6. Aggregate: Applies a function to each element in a sequence and returns a single aggregated
result.

Here is an example of how to use some of these aggregation operators in a LINQ query:

In this example, the Count, Sum, Min, Max, and Average operators are used to perform simple
aggregations on the numbers sequence. The Aggregate operator is used to apply a custom function that
multiplies all the values in the sequence together.

These are just a few examples of the aggregation operators that are available in LINQ. You can use these
operators to perform a wide range of calculations and aggregations on your data.
.NET Core
Concurrency Handle
There are several ways to handle concurrency in .NET Core:

1. Optimistic concurrency: This approach assumes that multiple users or processes can update the
same data concurrently, and relies on a mechanism (such as a version number or timestamp) to
detect and resolve conflicts when they occur. When a conflict is detected, the system can ask the
user to resolve the conflict manually, or it can apply a pre-defined resolution strategy (such as
always overwriting the older data).

2. Pessimistic concurrency: This approach assumes that multiple users or processes cannot update
the same data concurrently, and uses locks or other mechanisms to prevent conflicts from
occurring. When a user or process tries to update a piece of data that is already being updated
by someone else, the system can block the request until the data is available, or it can return an
error or exception to the caller.

3. Async-await: The async-await pattern is a way to write asynchronous code in a

synchronous-looking style, using the async and await keywords. This can be useful for handling
concurrency in .NET Core, because it allows you to write code that can run concurrently without
blocking the calling thread. This can improve the performance and scalability of your
applications, especially when you are dealing with long-running or I/O-bound operations.

4. Task parallel library (TPL): The TPL is a set of APIs for writing concurrent and parallel code in .NET.
It provides features such as parallel loops, data parallelism, and task scheduling, which can help
you to write efficient and scalable concurrent code.

Overall, concurrency is an important consideration in .NET Core, especially when you are working with
multi-threaded or distributed systems. By understanding the different concurrency options available in
.NET Core, you can choose the right approach for your needs and design efficient and scalable
applications.

Logging and Auditing

There are several ways to implement logging and auditing in .NET Core:

1. Use a logging framework: There are several logging frameworks available for .NET Core, such as
NLog, log4net, and Serilog. These frameworks provide APIs and libraries for writing log
messages, and typically support a variety of logging destinations (such as files, databases, or
cloud services). You can use a logging framework to write log messages from your application,
and configure the framework to send the log messages to the appropriate destination.

2. Use the built-in logging APIs: .NET Core includes a built-in logging API that you can use to write
log messages from your application. The API provides a common set of interfaces and classes
that you can use to write log messages, and supports a variety of logging providers (such as the
console, a file, or the event log). You can use the built-in logging API to write log messages and
configure the logging providers to send the log messages to the appropriate destination.
 3. Use an application monitoring tool: There are several application monitoring tools available for
.NET Core, such as New Relic, AppDynamics, and Azure Monitor. These tools provide features
such as performance monitoring, error tracking, and log management, which can help you to
identify and troubleshoot issues in your applications. You can use an application monitoring tool
to track log messages and other performance metrics in your applications, and to generate alerts
or reports when issues arise.

Overall, logging and auditing are important considerations in .NET Core, especially when you are building
mission-critical or high-traffic applications. By implementing a robust logging and auditing strategy, you
can improve the reliability and stability of your applications, and make it easier to identify and resolve
issues when they occur.

Middleware and Startup file

In .NET Core, middleware refers to software components that form a pipeline between a server and
application. Each piece of middleware performs a specific function, such as handling requests,
authenticating users, or serving static files. The middleware components are connected in a chain, and
the request and response are passed through the chain as they are processed by the application.

The Startup class is a central part of the .NET Core application, and is responsible for configuring the
application and the middleware pipeline. The Startup class typically contains two methods:
ConfigureServices and Configure.

The ConfigureServices method is called by the application host at runtime, and is used to register the
services that the application depends on. This can include things like database contexts, logging
frameworks, or configuration options.

The Configure method is also called by the application host at runtime, and is used to configure the
middleware pipeline. This typically involves adding middleware components to the pipeline using the
app.Use method. For example, you might add middleware to handle requests, serve static files, or
perform authentication.

Overall, middleware and the Startup class are important concepts in .NET Core, because they provide a
flexible and extensible way to build and configure web applications. By understanding how to use
middleware and the Startup class, you can design and build applications that are easy to maintain and
scale.

Web Api Authentication and Authorization

To authenticate and authorize a .NET Core Web API, you can use one of the following approaches:

1. Use built-in authentication and authorization schemes: .NET Core provides several built-in
authentication and authorization schemes that you can use in your Web API. For example, you
can use the ASP.NET Core Identity system to authenticate users and manage their permissions.
You can also use OAuth 2.0 or OpenID Connect to authenticate users and authorize their access
to API resources.

To use a built-in authentication or authorization scheme in your Web API, you will typically need to:
 ● Install the appropriate NuGet packages for the authentication or authorization scheme that you
want to use.

● Add the authentication or authorization services to the service container in the

ConfigureServices method of the Startup class.

● Configure the authentication or authorization middleware in the Configure method of the

Startup class. This might involve adding middleware to the request pipeline using the
app.UseAuthentication or app.UseAuthorization methods, or configuring the middleware
options using the AddAuthentication or AddAuthorization extension methods.

2. Use a third-party authentication and authorization service: There are several third-party
authentication and authorization services that you can use with your .NET Core Web API. For
example, you might use Azure Active Directory, Auth0, or Okta to authenticate and authorize
users. These services typically provide APIs and libraries that you can use to integrate with your
Web API.

To use a third-party authentication or authorization service in your Web API, you will typically need to:

● Install the appropriate NuGet packages for the service that you want to use.

● Follow the instructions provided by the service to configure your Web API and authenticate and
authorize users. This might involve creating an application in the service's developer portal,
setting up OAuth 2.0 or OpenID Connect endpoints, or configuring other authentication or
authorization options.

3. Implement custom authentication and authorization: If you need to implement custom

authentication and authorization logic in your Web API, you can use the .NET Core
authentication and authorization APIs to build your own solution. This can involve creating
custom authentication middleware, implementing authorization policies, or using custom
claims-based identity models.

To implement custom authentication or authorization in your Web API, you will typically need to:

● Implement custom middleware or services to handle the authentication or authorization

process.

● Configure the custom middleware or services in the ConfigureServices method of the Startup
class.

● Add the custom middleware to the request pipeline in the Configure method of the Startup
class, using the app.Use method.

Overall, there are several approaches that you can use to authenticate and authorize a .NET Core Web
API. The appropriate approach will depend on your specific requirements and the needs of your users.

Roles and Persmission

In .NET Core, you can use roles and permissions to control access to resources and functionality within
your application. There are several approaches that you can use to implement roles and permissions in
your .NET Core application, including:
 1. Use built-in authentication and authorization schemes: .NET Core provides several built-in
authentication and authorization schemes that you can use to manage roles and permissions in
your application. For example, you can use the ASP.NET Core Identity system to create roles,
assign permissions to roles, and assign users to roles. You can also use OAuth 2.0 or OpenID
Connect to manage permissions using claims-based authorization.

2. Use a third-party authentication and authorization service: There are several third-party
authentication and authorization services that you can use with your .NET Core application.
These services typically provide APIs and libraries that you can use to manage roles and
permissions within your application. For example, you might use Azure Active Directory, Auth0,
or Okta to create roles, assign permissions to roles, and assign users to roles.

3. Implement custom roles and permissions: If you need to implement custom roles and
permissions in your .NET Core application, you can use the .NET Core authentication and
authorization APIs to build your own solution. This can involve creating custom authorization
policies, implementing custom claims-based identity models, or using other approaches to
manage roles and permissions in your application.

Overall, roles and permissions are an important aspect of any .NET Core application, because they help
to control access to resources and functionality within the application. By implementing appropriate
roles and permissions, you can ensure that only authorized users have access to sensitive data and
functionality.

How to implement and configure serilog in .NET core

To implement and configure Serilog in .NET Core, you can follow these steps:

1. Install the Serilog NuGet package: First, you need to install the Serilog NuGet package in your
.NET Core application. You can do this using the following command:

2. Add the Serilog configuration to your application: Next, you need to add the Serilog
configuration to your application. You can do this by adding the following code to your Startup.cs
file:
3. Use the Serilog logger in your code: Once you have added the Serilog configuration to your
application, you can use the Serilog logger in your code by injecting the ILogger<T> interface into
your classes and using the Log property to log messages. For example:

4. Configure the Serilog sink: Finally, you can configure the Serilog sink to control where the log
messages are written. You can write log messages to the console, to a file, or to a third-party
 logging service such as Seq or Elasticsearch. You can configure the sink by modifying the WriteTo
section of the Serilog configuration in your Startup.cs file.

By following these steps, you can implement and configure Serilog in your .NET Core application to log
messages and track errors. Serilog provides a powerful and flexible logging solution that can help you to
troubleshoot issues and improve the stability of your application.

Design Patttern
Singleton Design Pattern
In Singleton Design pattern only one instance of an object is created.

It is a creational design pattern that ensures that a class has only one instance, and provides a global
access point to that instance. In .NET, we can implement the Singleton pattern using the following steps:

1. Define a private static field to store the instance of the class:

2. Define a private constructor to prevent the class from being instantiated directly:

3. Define a public static property to return the instance of the class:

4. (Optional) Use thread-safe lazy initialization to ensure that the instance is only created when it is
first accessed:
By following these steps, you can implement the Singleton design pattern in your .NET application to
ensure that there is only one instance of a class and provide a global access point to that instance. The
Singleton pattern can be useful in situations where you need to ensure that there is only one instance of
a resource-intensive class, or where you need to provide global access to a shared resource.

Importance of Singleton design pattern

The Singleton design pattern is important because it helps to ensure that a class has only one instance
and provides a global access point to that instance. This can be useful in situations where we need to
ensure that there is only one instance of a resource-intensive class, or where we need to provide global
access to a shared resource.

Some of the benefits of using the Singleton design pattern include:

1. It helps to ensure that there is only one instance of a class, which can be useful in situations
where you need to manage resources or share data.

2. It provides a global access point to the instance of the class, which can be useful in situations
where you need to access the instance from multiple places in your code.

3. It can help to reduce the complexity of the code, as we need to manage a single instance of the
class.

4. It can help to improve the performance of the application, as we need to create the instance of
the class once.

Overall, the Singleton design pattern can be an important tool for ensuring that a class has only one
instance and providing global access to that instance in .NET application.

Facade Pattern
In Facade Design pattern it provides simplified interface to its complex implementation.
The Facade design pattern is a structural design pattern that provides a simplified interface to a complex
system. In .NET, we can implement the Facade pattern using the following steps:

1. Define a class that represents the Facade. This class should have a constructor that accepts
references to the classes that make up the complex system:

2. Define methods in the Facade class that provide a simplified interface to the complex system.
These methods should delegate to the appropriate methods in the classes that make up the
complex system:q
3. Use the Facade class to provide a simplified interface to the complex system:
By following these steps, you can implement the Facade design pattern in your .NET application to
provide a simplified interface to a complex system. The Facade pattern can be useful in situations where
you want to provide a simple interface to a complex system, or where you want to hide the complexity of
the system from the client.

Importance of Façade Pattern:

The Facade design pattern is important because it helps to provide a simplified interface to a complex
system. This can be useful in a number of situations, including:

1. Reducing complexity: It helps to reduce the complexity of the code by providing a simplified
interface to a complex system. This can make the code easier to understand and maintain.

2. Hiding complexity: The Facade pattern can help to hide the complexity of the underlying system
from the client. This can make it easier for clients to use the system, as they don't need to
understand the details of how it works.

3. Improving performance: It can help to improve the performance of the application by providing
a more efficient interface to the complex system. For example, if the complex system involves
multiple calls to different classes, the Facade pattern can consolidate those calls into a single
method, which can be more efficient.

4. Decoupling the client from the system: It can help to decouple the client from the underlying
system, which can make it easier to change the system without affecting the client.

Overall, the Facade design pattern is an important tool for providing a simplified interface to a complex
system in .NET. It can help to reduce complexity, hide complexity, improve performance, and decouple
the client from the system.

Abstract Design Pattern

In Abstract Design pattern it give us reusable solution for commonly occurring problem.

The Abstract design pattern is a creational design pattern that provides an interface for creating families
of related or dependent objects without specifying their concrete classes. In .NET, we can implement the
Abstract Factory pattern using the following steps:

1. Define an interface for creating the products:

2. Define concrete classes that implement the interface and create the products:
 3. Use the factory to create the products:

By following these steps, you can implement the Abstract Factory design pattern in .NET application to
provide an interface for creating families of related or dependent objects. The Abstract Factory pattern
can be useful in situations where you want to create groups of related objects that have a common
theme, or where you want to provide a simple interface for creating complex objects.

Importance of Abstract Design Pattern:

The Abstract Factory design pattern is important because it helps to decouple the client from the
concrete classes of the objects it creates. This can be useful in a number of situations, including:

1. Reducing complexity: It helps to reduce the complexity of the code by providing a simplified
interface for creating complex objects. This can make the code easier to understand and
maintain.

2. Hiding complexity: It can help to hide the complexity of the underlying system from the client.
This can make it easier for clients to use the system, as they don't need to understand the details
of how it works.

3. Improving performance: The Abstract Factory pattern can help to improve the performance of
the application by providing a more efficient interface for creating objects. For example, if
creating the objects involves multiple calls to different classes, the Abstract Factory pattern can
consolidate those calls into a single method, which can be more efficient.

4. Facilitating change: The Abstract Factory pattern can help to facilitate change by decoupling the
client from the concrete classes of the objects it creates. This can make it easier to change the
implementation of the objects without affecting the client.

Overall, the Abstract Factory design pattern is an important tool for providing an interface for creating
families of related or dependent objects in .NET. It can help to reduce complexity, hide complexity,
improve performance, and facilitate change.

Factory Design Pattern

In Factory Design Pattern it provides a way to create object without specifying the exact class of
object that will be created.

The Factory design pattern is a creational design pattern that provides an interface for creating objects in
a super class, but allows subclasses to alter the type of objects that will be created. In .NET, you can
implement the Factory pattern using the following steps:

1. Define an interface for creating the objects:

2. Define a concrete class that implements the interface and creates the objects:
 3. Define subclasses that override the CreateObject method to create different types of objects:

4. Use the factory to create the objects:

By following these steps, you can implement the Factory design pattern in your .NET application to
provide an interface for creating objects in a super class, while allowing subclasses to alter the type of
objects that will be created. The Factory pattern can be useful in situations where you want to provide a
simple interface for creating objects, but you want to allow subclasses to alter the type of objects that
will be created.

Importance of Factory Design Pattern:

The Factory design pattern is important because it helps to decouple the client from the concrete classes
of the objects it creates. This can be useful in a number of situations, including:

1. Reducing complexity: The Factory pattern can help to reduce the complexity of your code by
providing a simplified interface for creating complex objects. This can make your code easier to
understand and maintain.

2. Hiding complexity: The Factory pattern can help to hide the complexity of the underlying system
from the client. This can make it easier for clients to use the system, as they don't need to
understand the details of how it works.

3. Improving performance: The Factory pattern can help to improve the performance of your
application by providing a more efficient interface for creating objects. For example, if creating
the objects involves multiple calls to different classes, the Factory pattern can consolidate those
calls into a single method, which can be more efficient.

4. Facilitating change: The Factory pattern can help to facilitate change by decoupling the client
from the concrete classes of the objects it creates. This can make it easier to change the
implementation of the objects without affecting the client.

Overall, the Factory design pattern is an important tool for providing an interface for creating objects in
.NET. It can help to reduce complexity, hide complexity, improve performance, and facilitate change.

Others
how deadlock occur
A deadlock can occur in .NET when two or more threads are blocked and are waiting for each other to
release a resource, resulting in a situation where none of the threads can make progress. Deadlocks can
occur in .NET for a number of reasons, including:

1. Resource contention: Deadlocks can occur when two or more threads are trying to access the
same resource simultaneously, and each thread is waiting for the other to release the resource
before it can proceed.

2. Incorrect locking order: Deadlocks can occur if two or more threads are acquiring locks in
different orders, resulting in a situation where each thread is waiting for the other to release a
lock before it can proceed.

3. Incorrect use of synchronization objects: Deadlocks can occur if synchronization objects, such as
mutexes or semaphores, are used incorrectly, resulting in a situation where one thread is waiting
for a resource that another thread has already acquired.

4. Deadlock avoidance: Deadlocks can be avoided in .NET by using synchronization objects and
locks correctly, and by ensuring that threads are acquiring locks in the same order.
 5. Deadlock detection: Deadlocks can be detected in .NET using the System.Threading.Monitor
class, which provides methods for detecting and resolving deadlocks.

Overall, deadlocks can occur in .NET when two or more threads are blocked and are waiting for each
other to release a resource. Deadlocks can be avoided by using synchronization objects and locks
correctly, and by ensuring that threads are acquiring locks in the same order. Deadlocks can also be
detected and resolved using the System.Threading.Monitor class.
Give example to show how it occurs
In this example, we have two threads, thread1 and thread2, which are both trying to acquire two locks,
lock1 and lock2. thread1 starts by acquiring lock1, and then sleeps for 1 second. thread2 starts by
acquiring lock2, and then sleeps for 1 second.

After 1 second, thread1 tries to acquire lock2, but it is already held by thread2. thread1 is now blocked
and is waiting for thread2 to release lock2.

After 1 second, thread2 tries to acquire lock1, but it is already held by thread1. thread2 is now blocked
and is waiting for thread1 to release lock1.

At this point, both threads are blocked and are waiting for each other to release a lock, resulting in a
deadlock. None of the threads can make progress, and the program will be stuck in this state indefinitely.

Difference between const and readonly

Const are the immutable values which are know in the compile time.
Readonly are the immutable values which are know in the runtime.

In .NET, there are two ways to declare a value that cannot be changed: the const and readonly keywords.
While they may seem similar at first glance, there are some important differences between them:

● const: A const value is a compile-time constant. This means that the value is determined at
compile time and cannot be changed during the execution of the program. A const value must
also be a value type (e.g. int, bool, etc.), or a string.

● readonly: A readonly value is a runtime constant. This means that the value can be determined
at runtime, but it cannot be changed after it is initialized. A readonly value can be of any type,
including reference types.

Here are some examples to illustrate the differences between const and readonly:
In summary, the main difference between const and readonly is that const values are determined at
compile time and cannot be changed during the execution of the program, while readonly values can be
determined at runtime, but cannot be changed after initialization.

class diagram vs sequence diagram in .net

class diagram vs sequence diagram in .net
In .NET, class diagrams and sequence diagrams are two types of modeling tools used to visualize and
design software systems.

● Class diagrams: A class diagram is a visual representation of a set of classes, their attributes and
methods, and the relationships between them. Class diagrams are used to model the static
 structure of a system, including the relationships between classes and their attributes and
methods.

● Sequence diagrams: A sequence diagram is a visual representation of a series of interactions

between objects or components in a system. Sequence diagrams are used to model the dynamic
behavior of a system, showing the flow of messages or calls between objects or components
over time.

In summary, class diagrams are used to model the static structure of a system, while sequence
diagrams are used to model the dynamic behavior of a system.

what happens if dbcontext are in connection pool

In Entity Framework, a DbContext object represents a combination of the Unit Of Work and Repository
patterns and is used to query a database and track changes to objects in the context. When you create a
new DbContext object, a connection to the database is established, and then when the DbContext
object is disposed, the connection is closed.

If you are using a connection pool, then the connection to the database is returned to the pool when the
DbContext object is disposed, rather than being closed. This means that the connection can be reused by
subsequent DbContext objects, rather than having to establish a new connection each time. This can
improve the performance of your application by reducing the number of connections that have to be
created and closed.

It is generally recommended to use a connection pool when working with DbContext objects in Entity
Framework, as it can help improve the performance of your application. To enable connection pooling,
you can use the DbContextOptionsBuilder.UseSqlServer method and pass in the
SqlServerConnectionStringBuilder.Pooling property when creating a DbContext object.

For example:

ORRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
A connection pool is a cache of database connections that can be used by a connection pooling service
to manage the connections for a given database. When a connection pool is used with a DbContext
object in Entity Framework, a connection from the pool is used to create the DbContext object, and then
returned to the pool when the DbContext object is disposed.

Using a connection pool with a DbContext object has several benefits:

● It can improve the performance of an application by reducing the overhead of creating and
destroying connections to the database.

● It can help to conserve resources on the server by reusing connections instead of constantly
creating and destroying them.

● It can help to improve the scalability of an application by allowing it to handle more concurrent
connections to the database.

To use a connection pool with a DbContext object, you can specify a connection string that includes a
"pooling" option when creating the DbContext object. For example:

Explain SOLID principles

SOLID is an acronym for five principles of object-oriented design that can help you create maintainable
and scalable software applications. The SOLID principles were first introduced by Robert C. Martin (also
known as "Uncle Bob") in his book "Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices".

The SOLID principles are as follows:

1. Single Responsibility Principle (SR-P): A class should have only one reason to change.
2. Open-Closed Principle (OCP): Software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open
for extension but closed for modification.

3. Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP): Subtypes must be substitutable for their base types.
4. Interface Segregation Principle (ISP): Clients should not be forced to depend on interfaces they
do not use.
5. Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP): High-level modules should not depend on low-level
modules. Both should depend on abstractions.
Explain OOP Principle in C# with example
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that is based on the concept of
"objects", which can contain data and behavior. OOP is designed to encapsulate data and behavior
within objects, which can be used to model real-world concepts in a more intuitive and flexible way.

Here are some key principles of OOP:

1. Abstraction: Abstraction is the process of representing essential features without including the
background details. In OOP, abstraction is achieved through the use of abstract classes and
interfaces, which define the structure and behavior of objects without implementing them.

2. Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the process of bundling data and behavior within a single object
(an object). In OOP, encapsulation is achieved through the use of access modifiers (such as
public, private, and protected) to control the visibility and accessibility of object properties and
methods.

3. Inheritance: Inheritance is the process of creating a new class or a subclass from an existing
class. The subclass inherits all of the properties and methods of the superclass, and can also
have its own unique properties and methods. Inheritance allows you to create a hierarchy of
classes, where each subclass is a specialized version of its superclass.

4. Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on multiple forms. In OOP,

polymorphism is achieved through inheritance and method overloading or overriding. Method
overloading allows you to define multiple methods with the same name but different signatures,
while method overriding allows you to replace the implementation of an inherited method in a
subclass.

Here's an example of how you can use OOP principles in C#:

how to work on clean architecture in .net? how to implement it ?

Clean Architecture is a software design pattern that emphasizes separation of concerns and SOLID
principles. It's purpose is to make it easy to understand, test and maintain the code, by having a clear
separation between the different layers of the application.

To implement Clean Architecture in .NET, you can follow these steps:

1. Identify the different layers of your application: The main layers are the Presentation,
Application, Domain and Infrastructure layers.

2. Define the boundaries between the layers: The Presentation layer should only depend on the
Application layer, which should only depend on the Domain layer, which should only depend on
the Infrastructure layer. This way, changes to one layer won't affect the others.

3. Create an interface for each layer: Define an interface for each layer, outlining its responsibilities
and the methods it should expose. This will help to make sure that each layer is loosely coupled
and can be easily replaced.
 4. Implement the layers: Implement each layer according to the interface defined, and make sure
that each layer only communicates with the layer directly below it.

5. Dependency Injection: Use a Dependency Injection Framework to manage the dependencies

between the layers. This way, the dependencies will be passed from the outer layers to the inner
layers, following the Dependency Inversion Principle.

6. Unit testing: Create unit tests for each layer, testing the functionality of each layer in isolation.
This will make it easy to identify and fix issues, and make sure that changes don't break existing
functionality.

By following these steps, you can create a Clean Architecture that separates the different concerns of
your application and makes it easy to maintain and extend.

It is important to note that Clean Architecture is not a silver bullet and it's not always the best fit for
every project, it's important to evaluate your specific needs and choose the architecture that best suit
them.

Additionally, while implementing Clean Architecture you will need to handle cross cutting concerns such
as logging, caching, validation, and exception handling in a separate layer, it's called ports and adapters
architecture, it allows to handle these concerns in a way that it won't affect the core of the application,
this way you can keep the main layers focused on the business logic and separate the technical concerns.

As you gain experience with Clean Architecture and see its benefits, you'll probably find yourself applying
its principles to other types of projects as well. It is not easy to implement it but it worth the effort in the
long run.

service lifetime in .net

is kept in memory and available for use by an application. There are several different lifetime options
available in .NET, which determine how and when services are created and disposed.

1. Transient: Transient services are created each time they are requested by an application. These
services are not shared among multiple requests, and are disposed of when they are no longer
needed. This is the default lifetime for services in .NET.

2. Scoped: Scoped services are created once per client request, and shared among the services that
are created during that request. Once the request is finished, the scoped services are disposed
of.

3. Singleton: Singleton services are created the first time they are requested, and then shared
among all subsequent requests. These services are not disposed of until the application is shut
down or the service is explicitly removed.

4. IHostedService: IHostedService services are long-running services that are started when the
application host is started, and stopped when the host is shut down. These services are typically
used for background tasks or other long-running operations that should continue to run
regardless of client requests.
The choice of lifetime is based on the nature of the service and how it is used by the application. For
example, a service that holds a database connection would typically be scoped, while a service that
holds application-wide configuration information would typically be a singleton.

In practice, a developer can decide which lifetime to use by registering the service with the appropriate
lifetime when adding them to the application's ServiceCollection through
IServiceCollection.AddTransient, IServiceCollection.AddScoped, IServiceCollection.AddSingleton,
IHostedService.

What is the use of p rivate constructor?

- A class with a private constructor cannot be instantiated.
- We cannot create the object of a class which has a private constructor.
- Many times we do not want to create instances of certain classes like utility, common routine
class..

JAVASCRIPT
Can you explain the difference between shallow and deep copying in JavaScript?
In JavaScript, there are two main ways to copy an object: shallow copying and deep copying.

Shallow copying is when a new object is created, but the new object's properties are references to the
original object's properties. This means that if you modify a property of the new object, it will also be
modified in the original object.

Here is an example of shallow copying in JavaScript:

As you can see, we changed the name property of the shallow copy, but it also affects the original object.
This happens because both objects (the original and the copy) are pointing to the same reference of the
property name in memory.

On the other hand, deep copying is when a new object is created, and the new object's properties are
also new objects that are independent from the original object's properties. This means that if you
modify a property of the new object, it will not be modified in the original object.

Here is an example of deep copying in JavaScript:

As you can see, the name property of the deep copy was changed, but the original object remains
unchanged. This is because the deep copy creates a new instance of the object and all its properties,
rather than just referencing the original object.

Keep in mind that, the above example is not a reliable way of deep copying since JSON.stringify will fail
when dealing with certain types such as function, Infinity, and so on. Also, it will fail when trying to copy
complex nested object or non-enumarable properties. There are libraries that provides other ways of
deep copy such as lodash.cloneDeep, Object.clone(), etc.

Can you explain the difference between the var, let, and const keywords?
In JavaScript, var, let, and const are all used to declare variables. However, they have different
characteristics and are used in different situations.

● var: Variables declared with var have function scope, which means that they are only accessible
within the function where they are defined. Variables declared with var can be re-declared and
re-assigned. They also have a behavior called "hoisting", which means that they are moved to
the top of the scope, and it can be accessed before the declaration.

let: Variables declared with let have block scope, which means that they are only accessible within the
block where they are defined. Variables declared with let can be re-assigned, but they cannot be
re-declared within the same scope.
const: Variables declared with const also have block scope, and can't be re-assigned or re-declared
within the same scope. Constants hold a reference to their value, if it's an object, this means that their
properties can be modified.

In general, you should use let when you want a variable to be accessible within a specific block, and you
want to be able to re-assign it. You should use const when you want a variable to be accessible within a
specific block, and you don't want to re-assign it. And you should use var only when you have a specific
need of hoisting

Can you explain the difference between a closure and a function in JavaScript?
In JavaScript, a closure is a function that has access to the variables in its parent scope, even after the
parent function has completed execution. It's created by returning a function inside another function, or
by using the function keyword inside another function.

Here is an example of a closure in JavaScript:

In this example, the inner function has access to the variable x from the outer function, even after the
outer function has completed execution. The inner function innerFunction has a closure over the
variable x.

A function, on the other hand, is a block of code that can be invoked by name. JavaScript functions are
first-class citizens, which means that they can be assigned to variables, passed as arguments, and
returned from other functions. Functions can be named or anonymous.

Here is an example of a function in JavaScript:

In this example, myFunction is a named function that can be invoked by its name, without returning it in
another function

In summary, a closure is a function that has access to variables in its parent scope, even after the parent
function has completed execution. A function, on the other hand, is a block of code that can be invoked
by name, and it may or may not have access to variables from its parent scope.

Can you explain the difference between an interface and an abstract class in JavaScript?
In JavaScript, the concept of interfaces and abstract classes is not natively supported, but they can be
emulated using certain techniques.

An interface is a contract that specifies a set of method and property names that a class must
implement. A class that implements an interface must define all of the methods and properties specified
in the interface. The purpose of an interface is to provide a common set of methods that any class that
implements it must adhere to. In JavaScript, interfaces can be emulated by defining a plain object with
the methods and properties that a class must implement.
Here is an example of how an interface can be emulated in JavaScript:

In this example, ShapeInterface is an object that defines the methods that a class must implement.
Rectangle class implements the ShapeInterface and hence it defines the methods area and perimeter.

An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated, but it can be inherited by other classes. Abstract
classes can define abstract methods, which are methods that do not have a concrete implementation.
Subclasses of an abstract class must provide an implementation for these abstract methods. In
JavaScript, an abstract class can be emulated by creating a base class with methods that do not have an
implementation and by using the TypeError to prevent the class from being instantiated.

Here is an example of how an abstract class can be emulated in JavaScript:

In this example, Shape is an abstract class that cannot be instantiated directly and it defines the methods
area and perimeter with no implementation. Rectangle class that extends Shape and implements the
abstract methods.

Can you explain the difference between a class and a prototype in JavaScript?
In JavaScript, a class and a prototype are both used to define object-oriented behavior, but they have
different characteristics and are used in different situations.

A class is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the properties and methods that all instances of the
class will have. Classes were introduced in ECMAScript 2015 (also known as ES6), and they provide a
more familiar and streamlined way to create objects, especially for developers who come from languages
like Java and C#.

Here is an example of a class in JavaScript:

In this example, Rectangle is a class that defines a constructor method and two methods area and
perimeter

A prototype, on the other hand, is an object that is used as a blueprint for creating new objects. Every
object in JavaScript has a prototype, and this prototype can be used to add new properties and methods
to all instances of an object type.

Here is an example of a prototype in JavaScript:

In this example, Rectangle is a constructor function that defines the properties width and height. The
area and perimeter methods are added to the Rectangle.prototype object, which serves as the
prototype for all instances of the Rectangle object.

To create new objects, you use the new operator to call the constructor function and create an instance
of the object. This instance inherits the properties and methods from the prototype, allowing you to call
the area and perimeter methods on the rectangle object as shown in the example.

In summary, a class in JavaScript provides a more familiar and streamlined way to create objects, while a
prototype is an object that serves as a blueprint for creating new objects and adding new properties and
methods to all instances of an object type. They both serve similar purposes but classes provide some
features like private and protected access, inheritance, and overload function that prototypes don't have
in JavaScript.

How do you handle events in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, events are actions or occurrences that happen in the browser, such as a user clicking a
button, a page finishing loading, or an element finishing being rendered on the screen. To handle events
in JavaScript, you can use event listeners, which are functions that are called in response to a specific
event.

There are several ways to attach event listeners to elements in JavaScript:

1. Using the addEventListener() method: This method is the most widely-used way to attach event
listeners to elements. It takes two arguments: the type of event to listen for, and the function
that should be called when the event occurs. The function passed to addEventListener() will be
called with an Event object that contains information about the event.
 2. Using the on notation: This method is a shortcut for the addEventListener() method and it works
similarly. You can attach an event listener to an element by assigning a function to the on event
property.

3. Using inline event listeners: This method involves attaching an event listener directly to an HTML
element using the on notation. For example, the following <button> element has an inline event
listener attached to its onclick event.

It's worth noting that for most situations, the best practice is to use the addEventListener() method as
this method allows multiple listeners to be added to the same element and event.

Event listeners can also be removed using the removeEventListener() method by passing the same
function and event type that was passed to the addEventListener().

Event Bubbling and Event Capturing: When an event is fired on a particular element it first bubbles up
from that element to its parent element and then the next parent element till it reaches the top level or
document root. The opposite to this process is called Event Capturing where event is fired from the root
and captured by the elements till the specific element where it was fired. Using addEventListener()
method we can specify the 3rd argument as useCapture as true to make it a capturing event.

Can you explain the difference between a promise and an async/await function in
JavaScript?
In JavaScript, a promise and an async/await function are both used to handle asynchronous operations,
but they have different characteristics and are used in different situations.

A promise is an object that represents the eventual completion (or failure) of an asynchronous operation
and its resulting value. A promise has three states: pending, fulfilled, and rejected. A promise starts in a
pending state, and when the asynchronous operation completes successfully, the promise is fulfilled with
a value. If the operation fails, the promise is rejected with a reason.
Here is an example of a promise in JavaScript:

An async/await function is a way to write asynchronous code that looks like synchronous code. It allows
you to write asynchronous code that is easier to read and debug than traditional callback-based or
promise-based code.

An async function returns a promise implicitly, so you can use the then and catch methods to attach
handlers for the promise's fulfillment and rejection. But instead of using then and catch, we can use
await inside the async function to wait for a promise to be resolved.

Here is an example of an async/await function in JavaScript:

In summary, a promise is an object that represents the completion or failure of an asynchronous

operation, whereas an async/await function is a way to write asynchronous code that looks like
synchronous code, they both are used to handle async operations in javascript but async/await has
made it more readable and easy to understand.

How do you handle state in a JavaScript application?

In JavaScript, state refers to the data or information that an application needs to store and maintain.
There are several ways to handle state in a JavaScript application, including:
 1. Global variables: One way to handle state is to use global variables to store information that
needs to be shared across different parts of the application. However, this approach can lead to
tight coupling between different parts of the code, making it difficult to maintain and test.

2. State management libraries: There are several state management libraries available for
JavaScript, such as Redux and MobX, that provide a more structured way to handle state. These
libraries provide a centralized store that holds all the application's state, and they provide
mechanisms to update the state and notify the application when the state changes.

3. React hooks: If you are using React, hooks are a way to handle state and component lifecycle in a
functional component. React hooks provide a more powerful and simpler way to handle state
than classes. They allow you to use useState and useEffect hooks to manage state, effects, and
component lifecycle inside functional component.

4. Using context: React context allow you to share a value throughout the component tree without
having to manually pass the props down through every level. This is useful when you have state
or props that you want to make available for all of your component tree, without having to
explicitly pass it through every level.

5. Use state and setState() in class-based component: In a class-based component, we use the state
property to store and maintain information and the setState() method to update the state.

It's worth noting that choosing the right state management approach depends on the complexity of the
application. If it's a small to medium size application, it might be sufficient to use useState hook,
whereas, for a complex application, it might make more sense to use a state management library such as
Redux or MobX.

How do you handle errors in JavaScript?

Handling errors in JavaScript is an important part of creating robust and reliable applications. There are
several ways to handle errors in JavaScript:

1. try...catch statements: The try...catch statement is used to handle errors in synchronous code.
The try block contains the code that may throw an error, and the catch block contains the code
that will handle the error. The error is passed as an argument to the catch block so that it can be
processed.

2. throw statement: You can use the throw statement to throw your own errors and create custom
error messages. It's also used to create custom error classes that can be caught and handled in a
try-catch block.
3. Callback-based error handling: In callback-based error handling, the error is passed as an
argument to the callback function. In the following example, the first argument of the callback is
an error, and the second is the result.

4. Promises: Promises are a way to handle errors in asynchronous code. A promise can either be
fulfilled with a value or rejected with a reason. A rejected promise can be caught using a catch()
method.

5. Async/Await: Using async/await allows you to write asynchronous code that looks like
synchronous code. With async/await you can use try-catch blocks to catch errors, just like in
synchronous code.
It's worth noting that you can use these different methods of handling errors together in a JavaScript
application to make it more robust. It's also important to handle errors gracefully and provide
appropriate feedback to the user when an error occurs.

How do you handle asynchronous code in JavaScript?

Handling asynchronous code in JavaScript is an important aspect of creating responsive and performant
applications. There are several ways to handle asynchronous code in JavaScript:

1. Callbacks: A callback function is a function passed as an argument to another function, which is

then invoked at some point by that other function. In JavaScript, callbacks are often used to
handle asynchronous operations.

2. Promises: A promise is an object that represents the eventual completion (or failure) of an
asynchronous operation and its resulting value. A promise has three states: pending, fulfilled,
and rejected. A promise starts in a pending state, and when the asynchronous operation
completes successfully, the promise is fulfilled with a value. If the operation fails, the promise is
rejected with a reason.
 3. Async/Await: async/await is a way to write asynchronous code that looks like synchronous code.
It allows you to use await keyword to wait for a promise to be resolved, rather than using .then()
or .catch() method.

4. Event-based: Event-based programming is a technique in which the program is designed to

respond to user or system-generated events. JavaScript has built-in support for event-based
programming through the DOM API, which allows you to register event listeners on elements to
handle user events.

It's worth noting that in JavaScript, all I/O operations are asynchronous, so it's important to understand
how to handle asynchronous code to create responsive and performant applications. Choosing the right
approach to handling asynchronous code depends on the specific use case and the requirements of the
application.
How do you implement inheritance in JavaScript?
JavaScript supports inheritance through the use of prototypes and the prototype property.

1. Object.create() method: The Object.create() method is used to create an object with a specified
prototype.

2. constructor function: One common pattern for implementing inheritance in JavaScript is to use a
constructor function to create objects, and to use the prototype property of the constructor
function to define methods that are shared by all instances of the object.

3. class: With the introduction of class syntax in ECMAScript 6, creating classes with inheritance
became more natural and similar to other OOP languages.
It's worth noting that the mechanism of prototypal inheritance that is supported by javascript is very
different from classical inheritance which is supported by other languages like C# or Java. However, with
the introduction of class syntax in ECMAScript 6, JavaScript now supports similar pattern of inheritance
and class behavior which developers used to in other languages.

Can you explain the difference between a factory function and a constructor function in
JavaScript?
In JavaScript, a factory function and a constructor function are both used to create objects, but they
work in slightly different ways.

1. Factory function: A factory function is a function that returns a new object when called. It
doesn't require the use of the new keyword to create an instance of the object. The factory
function can return an object literal or a newly created object using the Object.create() method.
A factory function can also be used to create multiple instances of the same type of object with different
properties, in which it's helpful when creating a lot of similar objects.

2. Constructor function: A constructor function is a function that is used with the new keyword to
create an instance of an object. The this keyword inside the constructor function refers to the
newly created object, and properties and methods can be added to it using the this keyword.

A constructor function is typically used to create multiple instances of the same type of object with
different properties, it's helpful when creating a lot of similar objects.

Both factory function and constructor function are useful in their own way, and the choice between
them often comes down to personal preference or the specific requirements of the application.
However, in most cases constructor function approach is more common, and it's useful when creating a
lot of similar objects.

DATABASE:
why do we use indexing in rdbms
Indexing is a technique used to improve the performance of data retrieval operations. It allows the
database management system to quickly locate and retrieve specific rows of data from tables, rather
than having to scan the entire table to find the relevant data.

There are several reasons why indexing is important in RDBMS:

1. Speed: Indexing enables the database management system to retrieve data quickly by providing
a fast, efficient way to locate specific rows of data based on the indexed column(s).

2. Query optimization: Indexing allows the database management system to optimize queries by
finding the most efficient way to retrieve data based on the indexed columns.

3. Data integrity: Some types of indexes, such as primary key and unique indexes, can be used to
enforce data integrity constraints by preventing duplicate values in certain columns.

4. Reduced table scans: Without indexes, the database management system would have to scan
the entire table to locate the relevant rows of data. Indexing reduces the need for table scans,
which can improve performance.

5. Scalability: Indexing is a key technique used to improve the scalability of a relational database. As
the volume of data grows, the database management system can quickly locate and retrieve the
relevant data using indexes, rather than having to scan large tables.
In general, Indexing is an essential part of database performance tuning and should be used in any
RDBMS where large amount of data needs to be accessed quickly.

difference in stored procedure and function

A stored procedure and a function are both types of database objects that are used to encapsulate a
series of SQL statements in a database management system (DBMS). However, there are some key
differences between the two:

1. Execution: The main difference between a stored procedure and a function is the way they are
executed. A stored procedure is executed using the EXEC or EXECUTE statement, whereas a
function is executed as part of a SELECT statement.

2. Output: A function can return a single value or a table, while a stored procedure doesn't return a
value, but it can return multiple output parameters.

3. Transactions: Stored procedures support transactions, which allow a set of SQL statements to be
executed as a single unit of work. Functions don't support transactions.

4. Side Effects: A stored procedure can have side effects, such as modifying data or performing
some other action. In contrast, a function can only be used to return a value or a table.

5. Security: Stored procedures can be used to control access to specific data and perform specific
actions. Functions are less powerful in this regard and are typically only used to return values
based on the input parameters.

6. Compilation: When a stored procedure is executed, it gets compiled and optimized by the DBMS
before it's executed. In contrast, a function is executed every time it's called, and its execution
plan is not cached.

In general, you would use a stored procedure when you need to perform a specific action such as adding,
updating or deleting data, while you would use a function when you need to return a single value or a
table based on the input parameters.

scalar function in sql

A scalar function in SQL is a type of function that returns a single value. It takes one or more input
parameters and returns a single value of a specific data type, such as an integer, a string, or a date. Scalar
functions can be used in SELECT, WHERE, and HAVING clauses of a SQL statement and can be also used in
calculations.

Here is an example of a scalar function in SQL that takes an input parameter of type int and returns the
square of that number:
You can call this function in a SELECT statement like this:

Which will return a result of 25.

Scalar functions are useful for encapsulating complex calculations or logic that is used repeatedly
throughout an application, because once you have defined a function, you can use it in many different
parts of your application, which makes the code more maintainable. It also can be useful for making the
code more readable, as calling the function with a specific name might be more explicit than reading a
long, complex calculation.

Left join, right join and inner join example

A JOIN operation in SQL is used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column
between them. There are several types of JOINs, including:

1. LEFT JOIN: A LEFT JOIN returns all the rows from the left table (the first table specified in the
query), along with any matching rows from the right table. If there is no match, the right side will
contain NULL values.

2. RIGHT JOIN: A RIGHT JOIN is similar to a LEFT JOIN, but the roles of the left and right tables are
reversed. This query will return all the rows from the right table (the second table specified in
the query), along with any matching rows from the left table. If there is no match, the left side
will contain NULL values.
 3. INNER JOIN: An INNER JOIN returns only the rows that have matching values in both tables. If
there is no match in the right table, the result will exclude the left-side row.

It's worth noting that INNER JOIN is the default behaviour when JOIN keyword is used without specifying
which type of JOIN you need.

Types of trigger in db
Trigger is a special type of stored procedure that automatically executes in response to certain events
that occur within a database, such as INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations. There are several types of
triggers in SQL, which are based on the timing and the type of events that trigger them.

1. DML Triggers: DML (Data Modification Language) triggers are activated by INSERT, UPDATE, or
DELETE statements on a specified table or view. DML triggers are useful for enforcing business
rules and data integrity constraints, auditing changes to data, and maintaining denormalized
data.
 2. DDL Triggers : DDL (Data Definition Language) triggers are activated by CREATE, ALTER, or DROP
statements on database objects such as tables, views, and stored procedures. DDL triggers are
useful for maintaining database object history, auditing database object changes, and enforcing
security policies.

Result of select * from table where 1=2

The result of a query SELECT * FROM table WHERE 1=2 will be an empty set, or a table with no rows.
This is because the condition "1=2" is always evaluated as false, and as such, the query returns no rows
from the specified table.

The query is essentially asking for all rows in the table where the condition 1=2 is true, but since 1 is
never equal to 2, the query returns an empty result set.

This query is sometimes used in certain situations where we want to return an empty dataset, for
example in a function that returns data based on user's inputs and we want it to return empty when
there is no data to return. It's also sometimes used as a placeholder query when developing and testing
code that expects a result set to be returned, but there is no actual data to work with yet.

union and unionall in sql

In SQL, UNION and UNION ALL are operators used to combine the results of two or more SELECT
statements into a single result set.

UNION combines the results of two or more SELECT statements and removes any duplicate rows. The
SELECT statements must have the same number of columns and the data types must be compatible.
UNION ALL also combines the results of two or more SELECT statements, but unlike UNION, it does not
remove duplicate rows. This means that it returns all rows from all SELECT statements, including any
duplicates.

difference of relational and nosql

Relational and NoSQL are two different types of databases, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.

Relational databases, also known as SQL databases, are based on the relational model, which organizes
data into tables with rows and columns. These databases use a structured query language (SQL) for
inserting, updating, and querying data, and are characterized by their ability to ensure data integrity and
consistency through the use of constraints and transactions. Examples of relational databases include
MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Microsoft SQL Server.

NoSQL databases, on the other hand, are non-relational databases that do not use the traditional
table-based relational model. Instead, they are designed to handle large volumes of unstructured or
semi-structured data and to provide horizontal scalability. NoSQL databases typically use
document-based, key-value, graph, or column-based storage models, and use a variety of query
languages that are often different from SQL. Examples of NoSQL databases include MongoDB, Cassandra,
and Redis.

One main difference is that Relational databases are based on a fixed schema, where the structure of the
data is pre-defined, while NoSQL databases use a more flexible schema, allowing the structure of the
data to change over time. Relational databases excel at managing and querying structured data,
providing data integrity and consistency through ACID transactions, but can struggle with handling large
volumes of unstructured or semi-structured data, and may not scale as easily as NoSQL databases. On
the other hand, NoSQL databases are well-suited for handling large, unstructured data sets and can
handle high levels of read and write traffic. They also tend to be more scalable, as they can be
distributed across multiple servers. However, they may not have the same level of data consistency and
integrity as relational databases, and they may not support complex querying and data manipulation as
easily as relational databases.

In summary, the choice between a relational and a NoSQL database depends on the specific needs of
your application. If your application needs to handle large amounts of structured data, and requires
strong consistency guarantees, a relational database is likely the better choice. If your application needs
to handle large amounts of unstructured or semi-structured data, and requires high scalability, a NoSQL
database may be a better choice.

ACID properties in rdbms

ACID is an acronym that stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability, and it refers to a set
of properties that are used to guarantee the reliability and consistency of data in a relational database
management system (RDBMS).

1. Atomicity: This property ensures that a database transaction is treated as a single, indivisible
operation, meaning that it is either completed in its entirety or not completed at all. If a
transaction fails, any changes made to the database during the transaction are rolled back, and
the database is restored to its previous state. This ensures that the database remains in a
consistent state.

2. Consistency: This property ensures that a transaction brings the database from one valid state to
another valid state. The database must always satisfy a predefined set of integrity constraints or
rules, regardless of the outcome of the transaction. This ensures that the data remains accurate
and consistent.

3. Isolation: This property ensures that the execution of one transaction does not affect the
execution of any other transaction, even if they are executed concurrently. Each transaction is
executed as if it is the only transaction being executed. This ensures that the data remains
consistent and accurate, even when multiple users are accessing the database simultaneously.

4. Durability: This property ensures that once a transaction has been committed, its effects on the
database are permanent and survive any subsequent failures, such as power outages or system
crashes. This ensures that the data remains consistent

Query
Q1. Write a query to fetch the EmpFname from the EmployeeInfo table in upper case
and use the ALIAS name as EmpName.
SELECT UPPER(EmpFname) AS EmpName FROM EmployeeInfo;

Q2. Write a query to fetch the number of employees working in the department ‘HR’.
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM EmployeeInfo WHERE Department = 'HR';

Q3. Write a query to get the current date.

You can write a query as follows in SQL Server:

SELECT GETDATE();

Select CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS "DateTime";

Q4. Write a query to retrieve the first four characters of EmpLname from the
EmployeeInfo table.
SELECT SUBSTRING(EmpLname, 1, 4) FROM EmployeeInfo;

Q5. Write a query to fetch only the place name(string before brackets) from the Address
column of EmployeeInfo table.
SELECT MID(Address, 0, LOCATE('(',Address)) FROM EmployeeInfo;

SELECT SUBSTRING(Address, 1, CHARINDEX('(',Address)) FROM EmployeeInfo;

Q6. Write a query to create a new table which consists of data and structure copied from
the other table.
SELECT * INTO NewTable FROM EmployeeInfo WHERE 1 = 0;

Q7. Write q query to find all the employees whose salary is between 50000 to 100000.
SELECT * FROM EmployeePosition WHERE Salary BETWEEN '50000' AND '100000';

Q8. Write a query to find the names of employees that begin with ‘S’
SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo WHERE EmpFname LIKE 'S%';

Q9. Write a query to fetch top N records.

SELECT TOP N * FROM EmployeePosition ORDER BY Salary DESC;

Q10. Write a query to retrieve the EmpFname and EmpLname in a single column as
“FullName”. The first name and the last name must be separated with space.
SELECT CONCAT(EmpFname, ' ', EmpLname) AS 'FullName' FROM EmployeeInfo;

Q11. Write a query find number of employees whose DOB is between 02/05/1970 to
31/12/1975 and are grouped according to gender
SELECT COUNT(*), Gender FROM EmployeeInfo WHERE DOB BETWEEN '02/05/1970 ' AND '31/12/1975'
GROUP BY Gender;

Q12. Write a query to fetch all the records from the EmployeeInfo table ordered by
EmpLname in descending order and Department in the ascending order.
SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo ORDER BY EmpFname desc, Department asc;

Q13. Write a query to fetch details of employees whose EmpLname ends with an
alphabet ‘A’ and contains five alphabets.
SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo WHERE EmpLname LIKE '____a';

Q14. Write a query to fetch details of all employees excluding the employees with first
names, “Sanjay” and “Sonia” from the EmployeeInfo table.
SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo WHERE EmpFname NOT IN ('Sanjay','Sonia');
Q15. Write a query to fetch details of employees with the address as “DELHI(DEL)”.
SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo WHERE Address LIKE 'DELHI(DEL)%';

Q16. Write a query to fetch all employees who also hold the managerial position.
SELECT E.EmpFname, E.EmpLname, P.EmpPosition FROM EmployeeInfo E INNER JOIN EmployeePosition
P ON

E.EmpID = P.EmpID AND P.EmpPosition IN ('Manager');

Q17. Write a query to fetch the department-wise count of employees sorted by

department’s count in ascending order.
SELECT Department, count(EmpID) AS EmpDeptCount FROM EmployeeInfo GROUP BY Department

ORDER BY EmpDeptCount ASC;

Q18. Write a query to calculate the even and odd records from a table.
SELECT EmpID FROM (SELECT rowno, EmpID from EmployeeInfo) WHERE MOD(rowno,2)=1;

Q19. Write a SQL query to retrieve employee details from EmployeeInfo table who have
a date of joining in the EmployeePosition table.
SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo E WHERE EXISTS

(SELECT * FROM EmployeePosition P WHERE E.EmpId = P.EmpId);

Q20. Write a query to retrieve two minimum and maximum salaries from the
EmployeePosition table.
SELECT DISTINCT Salary FROM EmployeePosition E1

WHERE 2 >= (SELECTCOUNT(DISTINCT Salary)FROM EmployeePosition E2

WHERE E1.Salary >= E2.Salary) ORDER BY E1.Salary DESC;

Q21. Write a query to find the Nth highest salary from the table without using TOP/limit
keyword.
SELECT Salary

FROM EmployeePosition E1

WHERE N-1 = (

SELECT COUNT( DISTINCT ( E2.Salary ) )

FROM EmployeePosition E2

WHERE E2.Salary > E1.Salary );

Q22. Write a query to retrieve duplicate records from a table.

SELECT EmpID, EmpFname, Department COUNT(*)

FROM EmployeeInfo GROUP BY EmpID, EmpFname, Department

HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;

Q23. Write a query to retrieve the list of employees working in the same department.
Select DISTINCT E.EmpID, E.EmpFname, E.Department

FROM EmployeeInfo E, Employee E1

WHERE E.Department = E1.Department AND E.EmpID != E1.EmpID;

Q24. Write a query to retrieve the last 3 records from the EmployeeInfo table.
SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo WHERE

EmpID <=3 UNION SELECT * FROM

(SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo E ORDER BY E.EmpID DESC)

AS E1 WHERE E1.EmpID <=3;

Q25. Write a query to find the third-highest salary from the EmpPosition table.
SELECT TOP 1 salary

FROM(

SELECT TOP 3 salary

FROM employee_table

ORDER BY salary DESC) AS emp

ORDER BY salary ASC;

Q26. Write a query to display the first and the last record from the EmployeeInfo table.
SELECT * FROM EmployeeInfo WHERE EmpID = (SELECT MIN(EmpID) FROM EmployeeInfo);