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    Damped

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    Christopher J Campbell
    This document discusses the equation of motion for a damped harmonic oscillator and its solution. It presents the scaled equation that can be plotted for different damping parameters to show overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped behavior.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Damped

    Uploaded by

    Christopher J Campbell
    13 views3 pages
    This document discusses the equation of motion for a damped harmonic oscillator and its solution. It presents the scaled equation that can be plotted for different damping parameters to show overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped behavior.

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    Mechanical physics

    Original Title

    damped

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    This document discusses the equation of motion for a damped harmonic oscillator and its solution. It presents the scaled equation that can be plotted for different damping parameters to show overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped behavior.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    13 views3 pages

    Damped

    Uploaded by

    Christopher J Campbell
    This document discusses the equation of motion for a damped harmonic oscillator and its solution. It presents the scaled equation that can be plotted for different damping parameters to show overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped behavior.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Damped harmonic motion

    PHYS 2302, Saint Mary’s University D. A. Clarke, July 2019

    In class, we found the equation of motion for a damped harmonic oscillator:

    ẍ + 2γ ẋ + ω02 x = 0, (1)

    which, for initial conditions x(0) = x0 and ẋ(0) = 0 has solution:


      
    γ
    e−γt
    cosh(qt) + sinh(qt) , γ > ω0 (overdamped);


    q





     e−γt (1 + γt),

    γ = ω0 (critically damped);
    x(t) = x0
    ω0
    e−γt cos(ωd t − θ0), γ < ω0 (underdamped);






     ω d

     cos(ω t),
    0 γ = 0 (undamped),
    (2)
    where:
    x0 = initial displacement of m (stretch of spring);
    γ = damping coefficient;
    r
    k
    ω0 = = oscillation frequency of undamped system;
    q m
    q = γ 2 − ω02 ;
    q
    ωd = iq = ω02 − γ 2 = oscillation frequency of underdamped system;
    γ
    θ0 = sin−1 = phase lag of underdamped system.
    ω0

    To plot Eq. (2), it’s easier if we first scale it to make all variables unitless.

    Thus, let ξ = x/x0, s = ω0t, and α = γ/ω0 = sin θ0 (all unitless). Then,
    γ p p
    γt = ω0t = αs; q = ω0 α2 − 1; ωd = ω0 1 − α 2 ,
    ω0
    and Eq. (2) becomes:

    1
      
    √  α √ 
    e−αs cosh α2 − 1 s + √ sinh α2 − 1 s , α > 1;


    2




     α −1
     e (1 + s),
     −s
    α = 1;
    ξ(s) = √
     cos( 1 − α 2 s − θ0 )
    e−αs
    , α < 1;


     √

     1 − α 2


     cos s, α = 0,
    which can be plotted by specifying:

    - a domain for s [e.g., s = ω0 t ∈ (0, 6π ∼ 19) for three periods];

    - α, unitless parameter that determines damping strength:





     > 1, overdamped;

    γ  = 1, critically damped;
    α =
    ω0 
     < 1, underdamped;


     = 0, undamped.

    1.0 α=4
    1.0 α = 0.25
    α=2 α = 0.1
    0.8 α=1 α=0
    α = 0.8
    0.5
    0.6
    ξ(s)

    ξ(s)

    0.0
    0.4
    −0.5
    0.2

    0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0


    s = ω0t s = ω0t
    Left: overdamped (red and green), critically damped (blue), and sub-critically
    damped (purple) harmonic oscillators.

    Right: under-damped (red and green with dashed envelope functions) and
    undamped (blue) harmonic oscillators.

    2
    Notes.

    1. By scaling Eq. (2), we never had to specify m, k, ω0 , x0, etc.

    2. For α > 1, system reaches equilibrium more slowly than for α = 1.

    3. Analogue meters (needle and dial) are designed with critical damping to
    reach equilibrium (the “reading”) fastest without oscillating.

    4. For α < 1 even slightly, oscillator attains some oscillatory behaviour,


    and “overshoots” equilibrium point.

    5. As α → 0, system exhibits increasing oscillatory behaviour with oscilla-


    tion amplitude given by “envelope function” (e−αs ).

    6. The “phase lag”, θ0 = sin−1 α, means a damped oscillator does not start
    at a “peak” at t = 0; first peak “occurs” at t = −θ0 /ω0.

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