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Evaluating Mechanical Strength of Peat Soil Treated by Fiber Incorporated

Bio-cementation

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DOI: 10.21660/2021.78.Gx162

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 International Journal of GEOMATE, Feb., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 78, pp. 121-127
ISSN: 2186-2982 (P), 2186-2990 (O), Japan, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2021.78.Gx162
Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment

EVALUATING MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF PEAT SOIL

TREATED BY FIBER INCORPORATED BIO-CEMENTATION

*Meiqi Chen1, Sivakumar Gowthaman2, Kazunori Nakashima2 and Satoru Kawasaki2

1
Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Japan; 2Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido
University, Japan

*Corresponding Author, Received: 04 June 2020, Revised: 26 Nov. 2020, Accepted: 04 Jan. 2021

ABSTRACT: Peat soil is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation, formed under the condition of
nearly permanent water saturation, which makes the high moisture and compressibility as two main features
of peat. In recent years, the lack of construction lands diverts researchers' attention to make use of marginal
grounds, like peatland, after some improvements. The past decade has witnessed a growing interest in microbial
induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) due to its reliability, broad application, and potential contribution to
sustainable and green development. This study has two primary aims: (i) investigating the feasibility and
effectiveness of MICP in peat soil combined with bamboo fiber reinforcement, and (ii) ascertaining the
mechanism of bamboo fiber incorporated MICP. Bamboo fiber possesses some unparalleled advantages owing
to its fast growth and ability to survive in diverse climates. This study differs from previous researches in the
use of native bacteria isolated from the peat soil, while most of them were conducted using exogenous bacteria,
which might pose a threat regarding adaption and microbial pollution. Different concentrations of cementation
resources (1-3 mol/L) and proportion of fibers (0-50%) were studied, and each case was well designed. Treated
samples were subjected to the fall cone test to estimate the undrained shear strength at certain time intervals.
The results revealed that samples with higher fiber content gained higher strength than others did, whereas high
initial cementation resources in soil could reduce strength. Microscale observations were also performed on
treated samples to clarify the mechanism of MICP incorporated with fiber.

Keywords: Microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), Peat soil, Bamboo fiber, Fall cone test, Native
bacteria

1. INTRODUCTION harmful environmental impact, which has led

researchers to seek various approaches as
Peat is a type of soft soil with a high content of alternatives to these conventional methods.
fibrous organic matter produced by the incomplete In recent years, a considerable body of literature
decomposition and disintegration of sedges, trees, is springing up around the theme of MICP
mosses, and other vegetation growing in wetland (microbial induced carbonate precipitation). MICP
and marshes [1]. Consequently, it is often referred is a relatively innovative technique developed via
to as problematic soil due to its low shear strength, biological processes, in which the production of
high compressibility, and high water content [2]. calcium carbonate bio-cement relies on the
However, due to the lack of land resources, these performance of microbial urease [3, 7]. The bacteria
marginal lands need to be stabilized to meet origin enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into
increasing demands. ammonium ions and carbonates Eq. (1), which
Conventional methods to improve problematic precipitates in the presence of calcium ions Eq. (2),
soils, including soil replacement and soil resulting in connections between soil particles and
reinforcement using stone columns, piles, and increasing the shear strength overall [3, 8].
chemical admixtures, are widely applied for
different merits [3, 4]. Chemical stabilization like Urease
CO(NH2 )2 ＋ 2H2 O �⎯⎯� 2NH+4 + CO2-
3 (1)
grouting and mixing using cement and lime is one
of the most preferred methods to improve the soil
Bacterial cell
for economic reasons [3, 4]. Although Portland CO2-
3 + Ca
2+
�⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯� Cell-CaCO3 ↓ (2)
cement is known as the most useful artificial
material for construction, the cement industry has
been criticized for emitting many greenhouse gases Up to now, many studies have confirmed the
in recent years. According to the UNEP 2010 effectiveness of MICP on the application of
annual report, producing 1 ton of cement emits 1 ton preventing liquefaction, improving soil bearing
of CO2 into the environment, accounting for about capacity, removing contaminants from air and water,
7-8% of the total annual CO2 emissions [5, 6]. Thus, and so on [3, 4, 8]. This technique's application
a serious weakness with these methods is the could reduce the dependence on cement products,

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whereby it can be an alternative of green Table 1 Basic characteristics of Iwamizawa peat

development to conventional methods. In this
research, another sustainable material applied is Parameters Values
bamboo. As one type of most common plant fiber
material, it has some outstanding merits due to its Water content 711 - 824 %
fast growth, survivability under diverse climates, Density 1.821 g/cm3
and excellent mechanical properties [9].
This study set out to investigate the usefulness Ignition loss 65.815 %
of bamboo fiber combined with MICP in soil pH 4.6 - 4.8
improvement: to assess the feasibility and
k 10 - 10-5 cm/s
-4
effectiveness of bamboo fiber reinforced MICP on
Note: Samples were examined from the lower layer to the upper
peat soil and to reveal the mechanism in the
layer; k is the permeability coefficient.
solidification process. For these purposes, ureolytic
bacteria isolated from local peat soil were examined
2.2 Characteristics of Bamboo Fiber
before being utilized in solidification tests. The
concentration of cementation materials, as one of
The bamboo fiber utilized in this study was
the significant factors governing the effectiveness
made of bamboos with a natural moisture content of
of MICP, was investigated. Furthermore, different
about 26%, with a uniform grain size from 50 to 500
proportions of bamboo fibers were mixed into the
peat to clarify the effect on moisture and strength µm. Before utilizing the bamboo fiber to stabilize
improvement. Finally, an in-depth analysis using peat soil, the water-absorbing capacity of bamboo
SEM and XRD was conducted to clarify the fiber was confirmed. Totally six cases with bamboo
mechanism further. fiber to peat soil ratio at 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%,
and 50% were prepared and dried in the oven at
105℃ for more than 48 hours until the mass
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
variation was found to be negligible [11]. The
results shown in Fig. 2 depicted a significant
2.1 Characteristics of Soil
decrease in peat's water content when increasing the
The distribution of peatlands in Hokkaido, fiber addition. It is worth noting that the water
Japan, can be observed in Fig. 1. Peat soil used in content could be reduced by half with 20% of fiber
this research was obtained from Iwamizawa city addition.
(43°18'17.9"N 141°40'23.9"E), Hokkaido (Fig. 1),
from the depth of 3 m underground. Collected peat 600
samples were then preserved in sterile containers
under the temperature of 4 ℃ and then subjected to 500
Moisture content (%)

some examinations. The intrinsic characteristics of

peat soil were examined in the laboratory, shown in
400
Table 1. According to the American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard [10], peat
soil can be categorized as one of the followings: (i) 300 R² = 0.9818
fibrous, (fiber content ≥ 67%), (ii) semi-fibrous and
(iii) sapric (fiber content < 33%). Based on the 200
analysis, the Iwamizawa peat soil was found to be
the semi-fibrous type.
100
0 10 20 30 40 50
Bamboo fiber content, % (wf/wp)
Fig. 2 Variation of moisture absorption with
Peat soil
bamboo fiber content

2.3 Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria

2.3.1 Isolation of native bacteria

Peat soil was diluted 10-103 times with sterile
distilled water before being plated on the NH4-YE
agar medium [12, 13]. After 72 hours of culture at
30℃, colonies were inoculated into new plates
Fig. 1 Distribution of peat ground in Hokkaido [1] using a platinum loop to obtain a single purified
colony from groups of distinctive bacteria.

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Following the purification process, the bacteria 2.4 Treatment and Evaluation
were cultured for 24 hours to prepare for the urease
activity test. 2.4.1 Solidification test
The injection and mixing methods are currently
2.3.2 Identification of ureolytic bacteria two of the most popular methods for investigating
During the process of urea hydrolysis, the pH of the effectiveness of solidification or stabilization by
the solution increases over time. A simple urease MICP. In this study, peat soil's unique
activity test using cresol-red could realize the characteristics determined that the mixing method
identification by a qualitative observation on the is more reliable than the injection method. As
color change from yellow to purple, indicating an mentioned before, peat soil was acidic soil. To
increase in pH from 7.2 to 8.8. Detailed provide a favorable condition for MICP, 1% of
experimental processes could be found in the NaHCO3 (by weight) was firstly added to adjust the
following previous works [12, 13]. The bacteria pH condition of peat soil, followed by the mixing of
were added into the testing solution, shaken cementation resources: CaCl2 (Ca2+), urea (CO32-),
sufficiently, then incubated at 45℃ for 2 hours. and ureolytic bacteria (urease). In each 150 g of peat
Species changed the color into purple was identified soil, 15 mL of bacteria (OD600=11, 2-day cultured)
as urease activity positive. were added. Different proportions (10%-50%) of
bamboo fibers were added to keep the water content
2.3.3 16S rRNA sequencing and analysis of peat soil at a relatively low level. Sufficient
The isolates were characterized by sequencing mixing was always followed by the adding process.
their 16S rDNA and comparing them with the Cases set in this experiment were depicted in Table
database of Apollon DB-BA 9.0, Gen Bank, DDBJ 2. Molded samples were then put into an incubator
(DNA bank of Japan), and EMBL (European with a constant temperature of 30℃ for curing.
Molecular Biology Laboratory). Under Japanese Examinations were carried out on day 2 and day 7.
laws as to microorganism utilization, it is a must to
examine the bio-safety level of bacteria before Table 2 Different cases in this experiment
applying the microorganism to a field scale. The
confirmation of bio-safety level 1 ensures that the
species is not toxic to human beings and not an Cementation Proportion of
Case
environmental pollutant. resources/ Vs fiber (Wf/Wp)
A-1 1 mol/L
2.3.4 Urease activity and growth curve
Only MICP A-2 2 mol/L None
Quantitative measurement of bacterial
population and urease activity was realized using a A-3 3 mol/L
spectrophotometer, which tests the concentration of B-1 20%
a solution by measuring its absorbance of a specific B-2 30%
Only fiber None
wavelength of light. In the bacterial population's B-3 40%
determination, the optical density was scanned at B-4 50%
the wavelength of 600 nm. This parameter was set C-1 20%
MICP
as 630 nm when measuring the urease activity. The C-2 30%
incorporated 1 mol/L
urease activity test in this experiment refers to the
with fiber C-3 40%
Berthelot test, which determines the ammonia as C-4 50%
Indophenol (shown in blue). First, one sample is Note: Vs is sample volume; Wf is the weight of fiber; Wp is the
weight of peat soil.
collected from the bacteria-urea solution every 5
minutes and treated with phenol-nitroprusside and
2.4.2 Fall cone test
sodium hypochlorite. Due to the production of
Fall cone test was conducted according to the
Indophenol, sample color darkens as the
JGS 0142-2009 [15]. One advantage of this method
concentration increases, as shown in Eq. (3). Finally, is that it could be applied to soft clay materials [16].
the results are quantificationally transferred as the Moreover, for peat, it avoids the problem of the
concentration of ammonium ions [12, 14]. organic matter. The test is based on an approximate
relation between the undrained shear strength (τf)
OH- and the depth of penetration (h), as presented in Eq.
NH4+ + 3NaOCl + 2 OH
4. K is the fall cone factor, which depends mainly
-O N O + 3NaCl + 3H2O on the cone angle, and Q is the cone weight.
Indophenol (Blue) (3)
τf =KQ/h2 (4)

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10 0.8
(a) (b)

Urease activity (µmol/min/mL)

0.7
Bacteria growth (OD600)

8
0.6

6 0.5

0.4
4 0.3
20°C 0.2 20°C
2 25°C 25°C
0.1
30°C 30°C
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (days) Time (days)

Fig. 3 Performance of PS-1 under different temperatures: (a) growth curve and (b) urease activity

3. RESULTS
3.2 Strength Characteristics
3.1 Bacteria Performance
3.2.1 MICP on peat soil (without fiber)
In total, 14 isolated species were tested, of which To study the effect of the initial concentration of
three species were finally identified as ureolytic resources, the peat soil was treated preliminary by
bacteria. After the DNA analysis, PS-1 MICP. As shown in Fig. 4(a), the improvement of
(Staphylococcus edaphicus) was chosen for further peat soil made by MICP was insignificant here, and
experiments as per its higher relative performance, the development of undrained shear strength
and a series of tests confirmed its performance declined steadily along with the increase of
under different temperatures. Figure 3 reveals that, concentration of cementation material added, which
for the first few days, there has been a gradual rise could be explained by their difference in carbonate
in the population of bacteria (shown as OD600), content shown in Fig 4(b): a high concentration of
irrespective of the incubation temperature. As per cementation material inhibits the precipitation of
the urease activity tests, the bacteria, on the other carbonate, thus resulting in a weak strength
hand, showed a higher performance at high improvement. Therefore, 1 mol/L was chosen to be
temperatures. The activity at 30℃ peaked around appropriate for further experiments.
0.75 µmol/min/mL.

5 10
Estimated undrained shear strength (kPa)

4 8
t=0
Carbonate content (w/w%)

t = 2 days
3 6
t = 7 days

2 4

1 2

0 0
Control 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4
Concentration of cementation material Concentration of cementation material (mol/L)
(mol/L)
Fig. 4 Effect of different initial concentrations of cementation resources:(a) strength improvement and (b)
carbonate content

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 International Journal of GEOMATE, Feb., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 78, pp. 121-127

50 50
(a) (b)

Estimated undrained shear strength (kPa)

Estimated undrained shear strength (kPa)

40 40
t=0 t=0
t = 2 days t = 2 days
30 t = 7 days 30 t = 7 days

20 20

10 10

0 0
20 30 40 50 20 30 40 50
Fiber content (%) Fiber content (%)

Fig. 5 Fiber incorporated MICP with different concentrations of cementation material: (a) only fiber and (b) 1
mol/L

3.2.2 Fiber incorporated MICP on peat soil 3.3 SEM Observation & XRD Analysis
The experimental data of the strength improvement
of fiber-reinforced peat soil is presented in Fig. 5, The results obtained from the SEM (scanning
shown above. The improvement of peat soil with electron microscope) analysis of untreated and
treated peat soil are compared in Fig. 6. Fig. 6(a)
fiber addition as small as 10% was negligible.
shows the microstructure of the untreated peat soil.
However, as the fiber content increased to 50%, the As indicated, fibers were found to be of various
shear strength grew by more than 40 times after sizes and shapes; open cellular structure could also
seven days of curing under the constant temperature be seen in fibers of untreated soil, suggesting a high
of 30°C. What stands out in Fig. 5(b), which degree of decay. When the MICP treatment was
describes the efficiency of MICP incorporated with applied, the fibers were bonded together by the
fiber, is the dramatic growth of undrained shear precipitated calcium carbonate (as depicted in Fig.
strength in samples with 50% of fiber, reached 43 6(b)). A certain amount of calcium carbonate was
also found to be randomly precipitated on the
kPa, improved by more than 80 times of the
surface of fibers, which might contribute to the
untreated, twice of that of fiber-reinforced. In increase in surface roughness. Moreover, the
contrast to this doubled improvement by MICP, no precipitated calcium carbonate tended to crystalline
such significant difference could be found in cases within the open pore structure of the decayed fibers,
with lower fiber content (10%-40%) when and an explicit microstructure of enhanced fiber
comparing Fig. 5(b) with Fig. 5(a). material is presented in Fig. 6(c). Overall, the
microscopy analysis has provided important
insights to understand the mechanism of how
strength improvement is achieved in peat soil.

(a) (b) (c)

Filled fibers Coated fibers

Open cellular structure Bonded fibers

Fig. 6 SEM images of peat soil: (a) untreated; (b-c) MICP- treated

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 International Journal of GEOMATE, Feb., 2021, Vol.20, Issue 78, pp. 121-127

Fig.7 illustrates the result of X-ray diffraction high concentration of MICP chemicals (i.e. urea and
analysis on peat soil treated by MICP. It is apparent calcium chloride) might denature the urease
from this figure that the primary precipitation in the enzymes and lessen their functionality. Moreover,
MICP-treated sample is the calcite. It should be during the experimentation, the substantial softening
noted that the typical crystal shape of rhombohedral of peat soil was also experienced with the increase in
calcite could not be observed in the images obtained resource concentrations. Peat soil is rich in colloids,
from SEM analysis. Relatively smaller calcite which are charged nano∼microparticles, responsible
crystals are evidenced in micrographs of MICP for most of the chemical responses of peat soil. High
treated peat matrix compared to that had been concentration of resources would possibly interact
observed in MICP treated sands. One possible reason with charged colloids, leading to soften the peat.
might be the dissolved organic matter; due to its However, when the fibers control the moisture, a
negative charge, it might interact with supplied Ca2+ significant enhancement is achieved in MICP
ions and inhibit the growth of calcium carbonate treatment (as compared in Fig. 5).
crystals. However, this needs to be evidently The query that was not addressed in this study
addressed in the future works. was how this method could alter the consolidation
responses of peat soil, which is an important
14 parameter to evaluate. Another limitation may be the
limited supply of resources, and multiple mixing
12 C
phases might further improve the mechanical
10 responses of peat soil. Despite the possessed
limitations, the study suggests the potential value of
Intensity (kcps)

8 bamboo fiber in the engineering field. Further

C investigations are necessary to firmly establish the
6 technique with a deeper understanding of the
C approach.
4 C
C C C
2 C C C
5. CONCLUSIONS

0 The fall cone test, micro-scale observation, and a

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 series of examinations were conducted for MICP
Degree (2θ) incorporated with different bamboo fiber ratios to
Fig. 7 X-ray diffraction analysis clarify the feasibility and effectiveness of fiber
incorporated MICP on peat soil and ascertain its
4. DISCUSSION mechanism. Conclusions could be drawn as below:
(i) The addition of bamboo fiber could significantly
Previous studies [17-19] evaluated the reduce the water content of peat soil, resulting
effectiveness of chemical stabilization on peat, of in an improvement in strength.
which the results showed that the strength was (ii) With the increase in the initial concentration of
significantly improved when the considerable cementation material, the strength gain
amount of pozzolanic materials were mixed in-situ decreased.
or ex-situ. Therefore, traditional methods such as (iii) The undrained shear strength of peat soil was
Portland cement are firmly being demanded, improved by more than 80 times using MICP
although some adverse environmental effects are incorporated with 50% of bamboo fiber, twice
often reported. MICP is a recent call, which is as values obtained from cases of fiber only.
believed to have the potential for stabilizing a wide (iv) MICP filled the cellular structure, coated and
range of soils. Among the studies performed to this
bonded separate fibers together, increasing the
date, only very little was focused on improving peat
roughness of the fiber surface to make them a
material, and the improvements were found to be
whole.
relatively poor [20], which is essentially due to the
high moisture content, weak skeleton of peat, and
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
intrinsic chemical conditions.
In this study, it has been found that the initial The authors express the gratitude to Civil
concentration of resources mixed significantly Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region
governs the effectiveness of MICP. The results (Sapporo, Japan) for their fullest supports and
showed that increasing the initial concentration of technical assistance. This work was partly supported
resources decreases the strength gaining of peat soil. by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 19H02229.
A possible explanation of this might be that mixing

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