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    Lecture 2 Ode

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    Red Man
    1. Separable differential equations can be solved by separating the variables so that the equation is in the form dy/dx = f(x)g(y). 2. This allows the equation to be solved by integrating both sides with respect to x and y, resulting in an equation relating x and y. 3. Examples show how to solve separable differential equations by separating the variables, integrating both sides, and solving for the variable y in terms of x.

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    Lecture 2 Ode

    Uploaded by

    Red Man
    4 views7 pages
    1. Separable differential equations can be solved by separating the variables so that the equation is in the form dy/dx = f(x)g(y). 2. This allows the equation to be solved by integrating both sides with respect to x and y, resulting in an equation relating x and y. 3. Examples show how to solve separable differential equations by separating the variables, integrating both sides, and solving for the variable y in terms of x.

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    1. Separable differential equations can be solved by separating the variables so that the equation is in the form dy/dx = f(x)g(y). 2. This allows the equation to be solved by integrating both sides with respect to x and y, resulting in an equation relating x and y. 3. Examples show how to solve separable differential equations by separating the variables, integrating both sides, and solving for the variable y in terms of x.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views7 pages

    Lecture 2 Ode

    Uploaded by

    Red Man
    1. Separable differential equations can be solved by separating the variables so that the equation is in the form dy/dx = f(x)g(y). 2. This allows the equation to be solved by integrating both sides with respect to x and y, resulting in an equation relating x and y. 3. Examples show how to solve separable differential equations by separating the variables, integrating both sides, and solving for the variable y in terms of x.

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    ‫‪Separable ODE’s‬‬

    ‫طريقة فصل‬
    ‫المتغيرات‬
    ‫‪-1‬توضع‬ ‫𝑦𝑑‬
    ‫متغيرات ‪ y‬و‬
    ‫)‪g(y‬‬ ‫)𝑥(𝑓 =‬
    ‫𝑥𝑑‬
    ‫‪dy‬في طرف‬
    ‫ومتغيرات ‪x‬و‬
    ‫‪ dx‬في الطرف‬
    ‫االخر‬
    Separable ODE’s

    Steps for solving a separable first order DE.


    1- write the equation in the form 𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
    2- integrate ((M with respect to x )) and ((N with respect to y)) to obtainan
    equation that relates y and x.

    The first order de. Is separable if it can be put in the form :


    𝑑𝑦
    𝑀 𝑥 +𝑁 𝑦 =0
    𝑑𝑥

    𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =0

    Then we can solve this equation by integrating both sides with respect to
    x to get:
    𝑑𝑦
    𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
    𝑑𝑥

    𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
    Example(1):

    𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
    = 1 + 𝑦2 multiplying two sides by then
    𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑦 2 )

    𝑑𝑦
    = dx integrating two sides
    (1 + 𝑦 2 )

    1
    𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
    (1+𝑦 2 )

    ( tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 )

    y = tan(𝑥 + 𝑐) solve for initial value y(0)=1


    i.e. y(𝑥𝑜 )= 𝑦𝑜 note:: y= 𝑦𝑜 at t = 0.

    1 = tan (0 +C) …… 1 = tan C


    C= tan−1 𝑦 …….. tan−1 (1)=45 C= 45
    y= tan (0+45)
    y=1
    Example(2): solve the following de by separable variables .
    𝑑𝑦
    = 𝑥 + 1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 2
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
    Multiply by
    𝑦2
    1
    𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 then integrating two sides we get:
    𝑦2

    𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

    𝑦 −1
    = − 𝑥 + 1 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶 derivative integrate
    −1
    −1 X+1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
    = −𝑥 − 1 − 1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶 … .∗ (−1)
    𝑦 1 - −𝑒 −𝑥
    1 0 + 𝑒 −𝑥
    = 𝑥 + 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝐶
    𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑥
    1
    𝑦=
    𝑥 + 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝐶
    • Homogeneous FODE:
    𝑦
    𝑦 ′ = 𝑓( ) ………………(1)
    𝑥

    𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
    𝑑𝑥
    = 𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 substitution this term in the eq.(1) we get:

    𝑑𝑢 𝑦
    𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑢 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥

    𝑑𝑢
    𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = f u − u then 𝑥𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 % 𝑥
    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑢 −𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
    𝑥
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
    = this is the formula for homogeneous D.E.
    𝑥 𝑓 𝑢 −𝑢
    See example 8: in page 18 (Erwin Kreyszig 10th edition)

    Example(1): solve the FODE. By homogeneous method


    (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

    𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
    1+ 2 − =0 let u =
    𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑓 𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
    𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
    2
    1 + 𝑢2
    1+𝑢 −𝑢𝑓 𝑢 =0 %𝑢 𝑓 𝑢 =
    𝑢
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
    The formula of homo. =
    𝑥 𝑓 𝑢 −𝑢

    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
    = 1+𝑢2 then = udu integrating it we get:
    𝑥 −𝑢
    𝑥
    𝑢

    𝑢2 𝑦2
    Ln (x)= +𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ln 𝑥 − 𝐶 = multiplying by 2𝑥 2
    2 2𝑥 2

    𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝐶

    𝑦= 2𝑥 2 (ln 𝑥 − 𝑐)
    Example2: solve the FODE.by homogeneous method
    𝑦
    𝑥. sec + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
    𝑥
    𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
    Divided by xdx sec 𝑥
    + 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
    𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
    sec + = let u= and 𝐹 𝑢 =
    𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
    𝐹 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝑢 remember the formula =
    𝑥 𝑓 𝑢 −𝑢
    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
    =
    𝑥 sec 𝑢 + 𝑢 − 𝑢

    𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1
    = = cos 𝑥
    𝑥 sec 𝑢 sec 𝑥

    ln 𝑥 = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ln 𝑥 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶

    𝑦 𝑦
    Ln (x)= sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 𝐶 = sin(𝑥 )
    𝑦
    = sin−1 (ln 𝑥 − 𝐶) *x we get
    𝑥
    𝑦 = 𝑥. sin−1 (ln 𝑥 − 𝐶)

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