Capitol University

Senior High School 

Corrales Ext. St., Cagayan de Oro City

Knowledge Level of Middle and Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime and HUMSS Criminology Students on Sexual Health Education

in a Private Non-Sectarian Institution

By:

Biola, Althea D.

Caare, Isaleah B.

Lugar, Myrine

Luis, Gian Matteo Fernan L.

Macapundag, Jeri Carmen Marie G.

Zurita, Rishi Rayland A.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

i. Acknowledgement

ii. Approval Sheet

iii. Abstract of the Study

iv. Research Instrument

v. Communication Letter

vi. Documentation

vii. Researchers’ Curriculum Vitae 

Chapter I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

1.2 Theoretical Framework

1.3 Conceptual Framework

1.4 Statement of the Problem

1.5 Research Objective

1.6 Significant of the Study

1.7 Scope and Limitation

1.8 Definition of Terms

Chapter II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chapter III. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

 3.2 Research Respondents

3.3 Research Locale

3.4 Sampling Technique

3.5 Research Instrument

3.6 Data Gathering Procedure

3.7 Statistical Treatment

3.8 Research Parameter

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His

showers of blessings throughout our research and its successful completion.

The researchers would also like to express our deep and sincere gratitude

to our research adviser, for providing us invaluable supervision, support, and

tutelage during our research study. We would also like to thank him for his
empathy, patience, and knowledge that he imparts unto us. It was a great

privilege and honor to work and study under his guidance.

The researchers’ gratitude also extends to Capitol University for giving us

this learning opportunity that helped us develop valuable life lessons of

patience perseverance, teamwork, resilience, cooperation, and most of all, the

endless pursuit of knowledge. Also, to the senior high teachers who have given

their consent for the full participation of the grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime and HUMSS Criminology students. Without their help, our research

paper would not be possible. Our thanks and appreciations also go to our

respondents who willingly helped with their full cooperation which has made

the research study achieve its smooth completion.

Last but not the least, to our dearest parents for their deep consideration

for the finances and undying support throughout the making of the research

study. As well as for their words of encouragement to all those nights that

we’ve spent making the research study.

The Researchers

APPROVAL SHEET

APPROVAL SHEET

This research paper entitled “Students’ Perception on the Disaster Preparedness

of a
Private Institution in Cagayan de Oro City” prepared and submitted by Howell

Gorgolon, Alysha Mae Cabugsa, Ivy Grace Malacaya, Nikka Salan, Crisem Kyth

Barbado, Judy Abiva, and Jude Roxas, in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for

the Practical Research 02 has been examined and recommended for acceptance

and

approval for oral examination.

ABSTRACT OF THE STUDY

This study was conducted to determine the Knowledge Level of Middle

and Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology

Students on Sexual Health Education respondents enrolled in the selected

Private Non-Sectarian Institution at Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines. An

adopted survey questionnaire was the main instrument in gathering the data

used in answering the research problems and in testing the hypothesis. The

questionnaires were distributed to Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS

Criminology Students. A total of 99 samples were the respondents of the study.

They were chosen using random sampling techniques. Thereafter the raw data

were encoded and statistically treated for analyses and interpretation to find

answers to the research problems and test the hypotheses. The assessment of

the respondents was quantified using the weighted mean.

Index Terms: Knowledge Level, Sexual Health, Middle and Late Adolescence.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In this study, the researchers used a survey questionnaire with two (2)

parts to get the appropriate data needed. Part I is about the Personal Data of

the respondents. The researchers made the tool for profiling; it determines

their strand and gender.

Part II consists of four (4) sub-topics: Gender identity, Self-Protection

Education, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Sex Prevention. Each sub-topic

consists of five (5) statements. The researchers used Likert Scale Method in the

survey questionnaire. This tool determined the knowledge level of Middle and

Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology

Students on Sexual Health Education in a Private Non-Sectarian Institution.

COMMUNICATION LETTER

March 30, 2023

Amor Q. de Torres, PhD

Vice President for Academic Affairs
Capitol University

Dear Ma’am:

The researchers are currently conducting a study entitled “Knowledge Level of

Middle and Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS
Criminology Students on Sexual Health Education in a Private Non-Sectarian
Institution” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course Inquiries,
Investigation, and Immersion.

In this regard, the undersigned respectfully seek permission to solicit some

vital information from the Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS
Criminology Students of your school. The process of data collection will only
take an approximate 10-15 minutes of their time. The data and result of this
study will be treated with strict confidentiality and will be used for educational
purposes only.

Thank you very much in anticipation of your favorable approval and support.

Respectfully yours,

ALTHEA D. BIOLA ISALEAH B. CAARE

MYRINE LUGAR
GIANMATTEO FERNAN L. LUIS
JERI CARMEN MARIE G. MACAPUNDAG RISHI RAYLAND A.
ZURITA

Researchers

Noted:

Erwin B. Langam
Research Paper Adviser

Approved:

Amor Q. de Torres, PhD

Vice President for Academic Affairs
Capitol University

DOCUMENTATION
RESEARCHER’S CURRICULUM VITAE

ALTHEA D. BIOLA

Address: Bobontugan, Jasaan, Misamis Oriental

Contact Number: 09263996992 

E-mail Address: 2079880@g.cu.edu.ph

PERSONAL PROFILE

Date of Birth: May 17, 2005 Father’s Name: Marlon L. Biola

Religion: Roman Catholic Sex: Female
Mother’s Name: Ediltha D. Biola Height and Weight: 5’2, 56 kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary School          Bobontugan Elementary School

                                       Zone 6, Bobontugan, Jasaan Misamis Oriental
                                         June 2011 - April 2017
Junior High School     St. Mary’s Academy of Jasaan
                                       Zone 9, Upper Jasaan, Jasaan, Misamis Oriental
                                         June 2017 - March 2021

Senior High School     Capitol University

                                       Corrales- Osmeña Extension, Cagayan de Oro City
                                         August 2021 - June 2022

Awards and Achievements:

Consistent Honor Student (Grade 1-6, BES) 
Second Honor (Grade 11, CU)

ISALEAH B. CAARE

Address: Tablon, Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental

Contact Number: 09266692707

E-mail Address: 2080408@g.cu.edu.ph

PERSONAL PROFILE

Date of Birth: July 8, 2004 Father’s Name: Jessie Rey O. Caare

Religion: Roman Catholic Sex: Female
Mother’s Name: Marissa B. Caare Height and Weight: 5’4, 51 kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary School         Tablon Elementary School

                                      Zone 1, Tablon, Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental
                                        June 2011 - April 2016
Junior High School   Tablon National High School 
                                      Zone 1-A, Tablon, Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental
                                        June 2016 - March 2021

Senior High School   Capitol University

                                      Corrales-Osmeña Extension, Cagayan de Oro City
                                        August 2021 – Present

Awards and Achievements:

Consistent Honor Student (Grade 1-6, TES) 
First Honor (Grade 11, CU)

MYRINE LUGAR

Address: Zone 4, Gaston, Lagonglong,

Misamis Oriental

Contact Number: 0943 2790 875

E-mail Address: 2080408@g.cu.edu.ph

PERSONAL PROFILE

Date of Birth: July 19, 2005 Father’s Name: N/A

Religion: Roman Catholic Sex: Female
Mother’s Name: Arlene L. Gardonez Height and Weight: 5’0, 59 kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary School Gaston Elementary School

Gaston, Lagonglong, Misamis Oriental

June 2011 – March 2017

Junior High School St. John the Baptist High School

Poblacion, Lagonglong, Misamis Orientall

June 2017 – March 2021

Senior High School Capitol University

Corrales-Osmena Ext., Cagayan de Oro City

August 2021 – June 2022

Awards & Achievements:

With Honor (Grade 7 ,8, 10)

With High Honor (Grade 9)

1st Honor, CUSHS

GIANMATTEO FERNAN L. LUIS

Address: Poblacion 3, Villanuevea,

Misamis Oriental

Contact Number: 09673903674

E-mail Address: 2080109@g.cu.edu.ph

PERSONAL PROFILE

Date of Birth: April 30, 2005 Father’s Name: N/A

Religion: Born Again Sex: Male
Mother’s Name: Riojean L. Suaiban Height and Weight: 5’6, 55 kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary School Liberty Christian School

Katipunan, Villanueva, Misamis Oriental

June 2011 – March 2017

Junior High School Villanueva National High School

Villanueva, Misamis Oriental

June 2017 – March 2021

Senior High School Capitol University

Corrales-Osmena Ext., Cagayan de Oro City

August 2021 – June 2022

Awards & Achievements:

With Honor (Grade 7-8)

JERI CARMEN MARIE G. MACAPUNDAG

Address: Zone 5, Bobontugan, Jasaan, Misamis

Oriental

Contact Number: 09979070256

E-mail Address: 2079951@g.cu.edu.ph

PERSONAL PROFILE

Date of Birth: April 30, 2005 Father’s Name: N/A

Religion: Born Again Sex: Male
Mother’s Name: Riojean L. Suaiban Height and Weight: 5’6, 55 kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary School Liberty Christian School

Katipunan, Villanueva, Misamis Oriental

June 2011 – March 2017

Junior High School Villanueva National High School

Villanueva, Misamis Oriental

June 2017 – March 2021

Senior High School Capitol University

Corrales-Osmena Ext., Cagayan de Oro City

August 2021 – June 2022

Awards & Achievements:

Acolytes Award (Grade 8, 9, 10)

Drum and Lyre Corps

2nd Honor (Grade 11)

RISHI RAYLAND A. ZURITA

Address: Zone 5, Acacia St., Tablon, Cagayan

de Oro City

Contact Number: 09059765733

E-mail Address: 2080107@g.cu.edu.ph

PERSONAL PROFILE

Date of Birth: August 7, 2004 Father’s Name: Romland M. Zurita

Religion: Roman Catholic Sex: Male
Mother’s Name: Coronacion A. Height and Weight: 5’6, 55 kg
Zurita

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary School Sacred Heart Academy of Bugo

 Reyes Village, Bugo, Cagayan de Oro City

June 2011 – March 2017

Junior High School Saint Mary’s Academy of Tagoloan

Poblacion, Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental

June 2017 – March 2021

Senior High School Capitol University

Corrales-Osmena Ext., Cagayan de Oro City

August 2021 – June 2023

Awards & Achievements:

With Honors Grade 11

CHAPTER I

1.1. INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Adolescence is one of life's most complex stages, when young people take

on new responsibilities and experiment with independence. When engaged and

supported, adolescents thrive and contribute to communities and families.

When encouraged, they have the potential to change negative social norms and

pave a brighter future for themselves and their future families. According to the

World Health Organization, there are currently around 1.2 billion teenagers

totaling one-sixth of the global population living in the globe today, regarded as

great resources for socio-economic development of countries. Adolescence is a

life period characterized by physical and hormonal changes that might lead to

sexual maturation and fertility. Yet as adolescents around the world enter

puberty, taboos, discomfort, and fear prevent parents and other trusted adults

from teaching relevant information to help adolescents navigate the

complexities of their emerging sexuality. These modifications also render them

susceptible to risks. Today, sexual, and reproductive health issues, such as

unintended pregnancies, infections with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

(AIDS), and hepatitis, are among the leading causes of adolescent mortality

worldwide. The prevention of most of these deaths justifies the adoption of

significant measures to enhance adolescent health worldwide, including in the

Philippines. It should be acknowledged that adolescence is a time when

individuals can be aided in realizing their full potential, making educated

decisions about their sexual and reproductive health, and being protected from

connected disorders. Families, schools, and communities may encounter

difficulties discussing sexual and reproductive matters. In many poor nations,

negative attitudes toward sexual health education, ineffective communication

skills, inadequate teaching materials, and a lack of parental and educator

awareness have impeded teenagers’ access to fundamental knowledge in this

area.

Consequently, adolescents engage in sexual activity, followed by

sexually transmitted diseases or unintended pregnancies. In terms of sexual

health education, there is also evidence that boys are treated with less respect.

Teenage boys and young men have frequently been overlooked, they represent
half of the issue and half of the solution. According to the Department of

Health in the Philippines, 874 confirmed HIV-positive people were reported to

the HIV/AIDS & ART Registry of the Philippines (HARP) in January 2022,

contributing to the total number of reported cases (95,212) since January

1984.

1.2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study is related to Stephan Mueller's psychological sex education

symbolic theory, in which he states that what society says and does, affects the

integrity of young people. The individual's actions affect the understanding of

the social world in which they live. This theory explains that adolescents do

what they are vulnerable to do. It accentuates that people follow what they

have seen through others that they think is appropriate. (Mueller, 2018). This

theory relates to our research regarding the fact that our research is about

collecting data about the perception of students, which relates to the use of

knowledge regarding sexual health education.   

      Basic knowledge of morality begins at home. Children that are the

offspring of young parents are less educated about open issues due to their

parents' low level of educational attainment. Teenage parents have lower

chances of finishing their degrees. Lack of expanded knowledge to pass on to

their children. Young people at the age range of 12-18 years old receive sex

education from multiple sources. Religious institutions were commonly

reported in 2015–2018 as a source of sex education, but they rarely offered

comprehensive information. Sexual health education can be obtained first at

home, in religious institutions, schools, and community settings.

       Dicenso (2018) stated that the primary goal of sex education is to inform

and guide youth in making informed life decisions. Young people are at risk for

misinformation, poverty, STDs, and unintended pregnancies due to the lack of

comprehensive sexual health education. Implementing sexual health education

in schools will help the students be guided and prevent them from

encountering these types of inconveniences in the future.

1.3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

“Knowledge Level of Middle and Late Adolescence of Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime and HUMSS Criminology Students on Sexual Health Education in a

Private Non-Sectarian Institute”

 Output
Input Process
Demographic profile of
respondents: Secure letter of approval
1.1 Gender from schools’ Knowledge Level of
1.2 Section administration for data Middle and Late
1.3 Strand
gathering.
Knowledge Level of Middle Adolescence Pre-
and Late Adolescence
Administer data Baccalaureate Maritime
Pre-Baccalaureate
Maritime and HUMSS on collection using self- and HUMSS Criminology
Sexual Health Education. formulated survey
Students on Sexual
In terms of: questionnaires.
2.1 Gender Identity Health Education in a
2.2 Sex Protection Gather data from the Private Non-Sectarian
Education
respondents. Institution
2.3 Sexually
Transmitted Disease
2.4 Sex Prevention

Implication of the
demographic profile of the
respondents to the
knowledge level on Sex
Education.

The figure shows the conceptual framework of the study Knowledge

Level of Middle and Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS

Criminology Students on Sexual Health Education in a Private Non-Sectarian

Institute.

Input

The input phase or the gathering of personal information and opinion

stage consists of the demographic profile of respondents, knowledge about

sexual health, and the comparison of knowledge levels in sexual health

education.

Process

The process phase, or the requirements and stages the researchers need

to perform and accomplish to be legally permitted and to proceed with their

research study.

Outputs 

The final product of the study is the knowledge level of Middle and Late

Adolescence of Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology students

and the average level of awareness a student should perceive in Sexual Health

Education. Implementation of awareness in Sexual Health Education is highly

encouraged.

1.4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study was conducted by the researchers to attempt to assess the

Knowledge Level of Middle and Late Adolescents of Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime

and HUMSS Criminology Students on Sexual Health Education in a Private

Non-Sectarian Institute. This study seeks to address a multitude of issues in

the modern world, primarily focusing on high rates of teen pregnancy, and the

rise of HIV. 

Specifically, it aims to answer the following research questions: 

1. What is the demographic profile of grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime

and HUMSS Criminology students on Sexual Health Education in terms

of:

1.1 Gender

1.2 Section

1.3 Strand

2. What is the knowledge level of middle and late adolescence Pre-

Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS on Sexual Health Education. In

terms of: 

2.1 Gender identity

2.2 Sex Protection Education

2.3 Sexually Transmitted Disease

2.4 Sex Prevention

3. What is the implication of the demographic profile of the respondents to

the knowledge level on Sex Education?

1.5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

The objective of this research is to know the knowledge level of Middle

and Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology

students about sexual health education. The objective of this research will be

to explore and critically analyze important studies on the topic of school-based

sex education. Unintended pregnancies, and sexually transmitted illnesses like

HIV, and AIDS, are some of the risks connected with unsafe sex that can be

taught. It is important to educate the students so that they can arm

themselves with knowledge and be better prepared. The objective of this study

is the following:

 To determine the demographic profile of grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime and HUMSS Criminology research study respondents in terms

of their Gender, and Section and Strand

 To recognize the knowledge level of Middle and Late Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime and HUMSS Criminology students on sexual health education.

 To recognize what is the implication of the demographic profile of the

respondents to the knowledge level on Sex Education.

1.6. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 This study was conducted inside the Capitol University School premises

to know the knowledge level of Middle and Late Adolescence Pre -

Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS criminology Students about Sexual

Health Education. Also, to perceive and let the students understand the issues

of sexual health education circulating in the country.

The researchers

This study adds knowledge to the thoughts or perceptions of the students

gathered by the researchers resulting in more information about the topic that

made this research paper relevant and helped aspiring researchers gain

knowledge and ideas for their research papers when conducting a similar

issue.

The readers

         This paper was intended to spread a message and awareness to the

readers to be open-minded and to broaden their thoughts and opinions about

the issues of sexual health education in the Country, the lack of knowledge

among teens and pre-adult people about safe sex practices, and the absence of

some schools to educate students about sex education. 

The students

       This study helped the students to be aware of sexual health education

issues so that problems related to sex education will be lessened soon.

The Teachers, Staff, and Higher-ups

 This study was beneficial to the teachers and higher-ups inside the

school because it gave them the idea to propose an optional subject that can

benefit the learners, especially the Grade 12 Senior High School Students.

1.7. SCOPE AND LIMITATION

 This study focused on the Knowledge Level of Middle and Late

Adolescence Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology

Students on Sexual Health Education in a Private, Non-Sectarian Institution.

Recent research and studies related to the topic was used as a reference for

this study as the source of information. This study's primary focus was the

students' views and responses to questions about sexual health education. The

research is descriptive, and the researcher didn’t delve further into how to

assess students' understanding of sexual health education issues. The primary

weakness of this research was there's a limited amount of information. We only

included the co-educational school; hence it cannot be generalized to all

adolescence schools because sex education is a sensitive subject, and we

cannot guarantee that the answers will be truthful.

1.8. DEFINITION OF TERMS

  The following terms are defined for the purpose of this study: 

        Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). A virus that attacks cells that

help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other

infections and diseases. (HIV.gov, 2022) 

      Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). Infections that are passed from

one person to another through sexual contact. The contact is usually vaginal,

oral, or anal sex. (Medline Plus, 2021)

      Sexual Health Education- Sex education involves teaching young people

how to talk about and make decisions about sex and their sexual health as well

as providing information about body development, sex, sexuality, and

relationships.

Middle Adolescence and Late Adolescence – Ages fifteen (15) to seventeen

(17); and late adolescence, ages eighteen (18) to twenty-one (21).

Gender Identity - Gender identity is the personal sense of one's own gender.

Gender identity can correlate with a person's assigned sex or can differ from it.

In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent,

and consistent with the individual's gender identity.

 CHAPTER II.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of literature for this study focuses on sexual health education

issues being tackled around the globe. This study will give the knowledge level

of Middle and Late Adolescents   Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS

Criminology students on sexual health education. In this contemporary world,

sexual health education is a topic that is being avoided much in the public.

Much of the people, children, young adults, and teens are becoming exposed

without a proper orientation of sex Weksler (2021). Wilson (2019) said that

communication is the key that young people must use to express themselves in

the right way. As Michael (2022) stated, sex education began to be taught in

school as an initiative to stop the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Also,

its objectives are to help the young generation to have a healthy relationship as

they may choose to abstain or practice responsible sexual behavior. (Forrest,

Strange, Oakley, and the RIPPLE team, p. 200). But this is not the case. Some

schools are not teaching or informing their students about sexual health

education. Some of it lacks teaching which results in ignorance. Being exposed

so easily without knowing the consequences of it is the problem. They lack

assistance in terms of sex. Students or teens began to read about articles that

having sex is healthy or can benefit them, on the other hand, it says, prevent

sex to avoid pregnancies and contracting diseases. This will result in their

confusion of beliefs and end up trying it. Sexual education comes in. In sexual
health, facts should be stated, and biased words are not welcome. Not only

schools but in the house. Education begins inside the house and parents are

responsible to teach their children such manners, traits, attitudes, and other

life or school related purposes. Since parents are the closest people to their

children and can transmit sources with authority (Swan 2013). Parents should

be open minded to such topics and not avoid topics such as sex that can make

their children ignorant. Parents who avoid sex-related topics will make their

children do such things without being aware of the consequences. Children

exposed to knowledge they have discovered without the guidance of their

parents about sex, they will start experimenting young, this will result in

unwanted pregnancies. Therefore, communication and proper education is

important to younger generations or students because of technology, they are

highly exposed to such topics without the basic knowledge of it.

This study aims to; recognize the knowledge level of Middle and Late

Adolescents Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology students on

sexual health education, to assess the problems and issues of sex education in

the Philippines, and to quantify the advantages of introducing Sexual Health

Education in Middle and Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and

HUMSS Criminology. 

According to (Diaz & Fiel, 2019), their study concluded that the

respondents who become pregnant between the ages of 11 - 14 are more

disadvantaged than other respondents in terms of their characteristics,

parental influence and home environment, contextual factors, and socio-

demographic background. They also have different attitudes and behaviors

regarding fertility. Pregnant teenagers also have significantly poorer

educational performance and wages than young adults in the same study.

Mainly, behavior issues and criminality were more prevalent among pregnant

teenagers, and they also had lower self-worth, academic prowess, risk aversion,

and educational expectations for their offspring. It's stated that at home, kids

had less mental and emotional stimulation, shared fewer significant life events

with their parents, & Fiel, 2019). Students in the traditional teaching method

group were subjected to reduced expectations for their future. (Diaz appeared

to be more satisfied with their teaching approach to imparting sexual health

knowledge. (Haruna, 2018). Although all students agreed that the three

teaching methods could be used to teach sexual and reproductive health

issues, their perspectives on their effectiveness differed, with one participant in

the gamification condition reporting that “it is easy to understand and catch-up

learning”. These findings support the use of gamification teaching methods to

effectively deliver and improve adolescents' sexual health knowledge, as stated

(Haruna, 2018).  In the findings of different studies, teenagers should be

taught about healthy relationships, birth control options, and sexual

development. Additionally, it must discuss abortion in detail and provide

examples from real life. Young people will receive sufficient concepts from this

material to help them make wise decisions in their life. According to A Review

of Psychological Theories That Underlie Sex Education. (n.d). Sex education is

administered by the parents, guardians, society learning institutions and

young people themselves. They must work together to influence the youths

positively by encouraging what is morally accepted. (Hayek, 2020) Since

children who receive sexual health education are less likely to engage in risky

sexual activities. If a youth chooses to remain sexually active then they should

use contraceptives and protection (pills, condoms) to prevent STDs, and

unplanned pregnancies. Dr. Randhir Kumar stated that students felt that sex

education is necessary and should be introduced in school curriculum (2019).

In which we agree because it is important for students to have knowledge

about sexual health education. Age- and sex-appropriate health education

programs can facilitate the development of healthy reproductive and sexual

behavior patterns among adolescents through the enhancement of knowledge

and development of right attitude. (Phalke, 2019) 

        Sexual health education programs can provide an important bridge to

local clinic services and address adolescents' concerns (Decker, 2021). Because

they are already open-minded about sexual health education, those who are

dealing with something won't be ashamed to inquire about it at the local clinics

in their area. It is better to seek professional assistance than to keep your

worries to yourself because you may not realize how serious they are at this

point. Education on sexual health should be taken seriously in all aspects.

Teenage pregnancy remains a contentious issue, depicted as everything from a

pathological problem contributing to intergenerational disadvantage to a trivial

event that diverts attention from greater barriers to attainment and mobility

(Furstenberg 2003; Geronimus 2021). 

  In conclusion, this literature review gives the idea that many different

factors result in the issues of sexual health education. It demonstrates that

when it comes to sexual-related issues, most young people are embarrassed to

tackle this topic, which will relate to our research about getting the perception

of grade 12 students in sexual health education. The problems with the related

literature include that it solely concentrates on providing sexual health

education in school programs while ignoring the reality that there are children

who are already impacted by the issue, resulting in poverty and the inability to

attend school, wherein our study aims to determine grade 12 students'

perception of sexual health education. We agree that establishing sexual health

education as a curriculum will also be accurate. According to the literature

review, students believe sex education is vital and should be in the school

curriculum. We agree because students must comprehend sexual health

education by implementing information and developing the proper attitude

according to their age and physical intimacy. Health education programs can

help teenagers establish healthy, reproductive, safe sexual behavior patterns,

healthy life, and a better life.  

 CHAPTER III.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methods and necessary data and

information throughout the entire duration of this conducted research study.

Reasons and presentations for the research design, research locale, research

respondents, sampling technique, and data-gathering procedure are also

stated. 

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

This study involved a descriptive quantitative method of research to

investigate the knowledge level of Middle and Late Adolescence Pre-

Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology students on sexual health

education. The number of cases involving sexual health education during the

past years inspired the researchers to investigate further the knowledge level of

Middle and Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS

Criminology students. Another concern is that the relevance of sexual health

education may not be that well implemented in some circumstances due to a

lack of implementation among some citizens, especially teenagers, leaving them

unable to understand the importance of sexual health education knowledge.

This research study seeks to discover and quantify the knowledge level of

Middle and Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS

Criminology students in private non-sectarian institutions that have their own

opinions on understanding sexual health education and how they understand

and cope with the issues of sexual health education. This study aims to learn

about students' perceptions of sexual health education and to investigate

whether implementing sexual health education in schools and public programs

is critical, especially now that cases involving sexual health education are on

the rise, such as teen pregnancy, HIV, and STDs. Researchers can accurately

explain quantitative data using unbiased statistics. The analysis, when done

correctly, allows researchers to make predictions and generalizations about

populations that are bigger and more general than the test sample.
3.2 RESEARCH RESPONDENTS

Figure 1. The Vicinity Map of Capitol University

https://www.google.com.ph/maps/place/Capitol+University/

The researchers selected the enrollees under the Senior High School

Program peculiarly, Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology

students at Capitol University Basic Education to participate as the

respondents of the research study. The respondents of the study are composed

of all the sections under Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology,

namely, Aquila, Boötes, Cassiopeia, Achilles, and Apollo. Those sections that

stated have a total of 119 students. Given the topic of the study, broad-minded

and mature respondents are necessary.

3.3. RESEARCH LOCALE

Cagayan de Oro is considered the melting pot of Northern Mindanao, as

people from the provinces seek greener pastures here, thus diversifying the

people who live in the city and the students who study in schools located in

Cagayan de Oro, and Capitol University is no exception to this condition.

Capitol University, formerly Cagayan Capitol College (1971-2003), is a co-

educational private academic institution located at Osmena-Corrales Ext.,

Barangay 23, Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental. It is a stock corporation

registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and it works with the

Department of Education for its primary and secondary programs, besides the

Commission on Higher Education for its tertiary, graduate, and postgraduate

programs. Capitol University is a non-sectarian institution that offers courses

and programs that lead to officially recognized higher education degrees such

as bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees in different fields of study.

The university is segmented into colleges such as Education and Marine.

Education, Business Administration, Nursing, Engineering, Marine

Engineering, Criminology, Liberal Arts, and Computer Studies are all master

and Doctorate Degree programs that offer a variety of master's and Doctorate

Degree programs in different fields. The school opened its Senior High School

in 2016-2017, which included several tracks and strands, including the

General Academic Strand (GAS), Science, Technology, Engineering, and

Mathematics (STEM) strand, which segregated into subspecialties that fall

under the category of STEM, which is as follows: STEM-IT, STEM-Engineering,

and STEM-Nursing Aide, Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM)

strand,  Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS), and Pre-Baccalaureate

Maritime.
3.4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

The respondents for the study were chosen using a simple probability

sampling method. Simple random sampling, as the name suggests, is a fully

random way of selecting the sample. It is as simple as assigning numbers to

the persons (sample), and then randomly choosing from those numbers

through an automated procedure. In this sampling technique, the samples are

chosen by the researchers using either the lottery system or a random number

generator/table. This sampling method typically works with a large population

and has both benefits and drawbacks.

Simple probability sampling was employed in selecting the respondents

for the study. This sampling method is as easy as assigning numbers to the

individuals (sample) and then randomly choosing from those numbers through

an automated process. Finally, the numbers that are chosen are the members

that are included in the sample. Simple random sampling, as the name

suggests, is an entirely random method of selecting the sample.

There are two ways in which researchers choose the samples in this

method of sampling: The lottery system and using number-generating

software/ random number tables. This sampling technique usually works

around a large population and has its fair share of advantages and

disadvantages as this research aims to study the knowledge level of Middle and

Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology

Students on Sexual Health Education in a Private Non-Sectarian Institution,

the targeted population would be 119 students. The said population contains

students from (5 sections) different sections of 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime

and HUMSS Criminology. Of the targeted population the sample size was

determined by utilizing Slovin’s Formula:

n = N / (1 + Ne²)

where: n = sample size

N = population size

e = margin of error

n = 119 / [1 + (119) (0.5²)]

n = 119 / [1 + (119) (0.0025)]

n = 119 / (1 + 0.2975)

n = 119 / 1.2975

n = 91.71483622

n = 91

As conveyed by Slovin's formula, the sample size will be 91 students from

the Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology population

of 119.
3.5. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In this study, the researchers used a survey questionnaire with two (2)

parts to get the appropriate data needed. Part I is about the Personal Data of

the respondents. The researchers made the tool for profiling; it determines

their strand and gender.

Part II consists of four (4) sub-topics: Gender identity, Self-Protection

Education, Sexually Transmitted Disease, and Sex Prevention. Each sub-topic

consists of five (5) statements. The researchers used Likert Scale Method in the

survey questionnaire. This tool determined the knowledge level of Middle and

Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology

Students on Sexual Health Education in a Private Non-Sectarian Institution.

3.6. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researchers make an unexceptional effort by formulating survey

questionnaires. The contents to be contemplated inside the questionnaire are

the names of the respondents and its sections, followed by the formulated

questions constructed by the researchers. Researchers will then make a letter

of request to survey the campus. If approved, researchers will distribute the

questionnaires using an online tool called Google Forms when given a signal. A

survey form will be distributed to the respondents to answer the survey

voluntarily with a formal letter of promise to keep their answers confidential.

The minimum number of respondents that expected is 80, and the maximum

number of respondents is 100. This questionnaire will be distributed to the

Grade 12 Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime and HUMSS Criminology students inside

Capitol University. The goal is to gather information about the study,

‘Knowledge Level of Middle and Late Adolescence Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime

and HUMSS Criminology Students on Sexual Health Education in a Private

Non-Secular Institution.' The responses will be kept confidential, and they will

not share personal information with the public. The researchers will do their

very best to formulate a satisfactory conclusion to the study.

3.7. STATISTICAL TREATMENT

After the researchers collected their data, it was compiled and tabulated.

They were subjected to statistical analysis to answer the study's questions. The

mean, number of responses, and standard deviation were used as statistical

tools.

1. Mean is used to get the average or central value.

   Formula:    

∑X
   X=    X = N

Where: 

X = Mean

            ∑ X = Sum of all scores

            N = Number of cases

2. Number of responses is the actual number of respondents that

answered the survey.

3. Standard deviation provides insight into how much variation there is

within a group of values.

 Formula:

√ ∑ ( X −M 2)
N −1  

Where:   

X = The individual score

               M = The mean of the sample

               N = The sample size      

             

3.8. RESEARCH PARAMETER

(2.1.1, 2, 3, 4, & 5) (2.2.4,) (2. 3. 2 &3) (2.4. 1, 2, 3, & 5)

Range Description Interpretation

 4.3 - 5.0 Strongly Agree Very Knowledgeable

3.5 - 4.2 Agree Knowledgeable

2.7 - 3.4 Neutral Neutral

1.9 - 2.6 Disagree Somewhat Poor

1.0 - 0.8 Strongly Disagree Not Poor

(2. 2. 1, 2, 3 & 5) ( 2.3. 1, 4, & 5) (2.4. 4)

Range Description Interpretation

4.3 - 5.0 Strongly Agree Very Knowledgeable

3.5 - 4.2               Agree Knowledgeable

2.7 - 3.4 Neutral Neutral

1.9 - 2.6 Disagree Somewhat Knowledgeable 

1.0 - 0.8 Strongly Disagree Not Knowledgeable