7 - Spec of Train18

BS
EN 13262:2020
BSI Standards Publication
Railway applications — Wheelsets and

bogies — Wheels — Product requirements
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Date: 2022.01.18
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BS EN 13262:2020 BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13262:2020. It
supersedes BS EN 13262:2004+A2:2011, which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee RAE/3/-/1, Railway Applications - Wheels and Wheelsets.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on
request to its committee manager.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
© The British Standards Institution 2020
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2020
ISBN 978 0 580 98207 1
ICS 45.040
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2020.
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected
BS EN 13262:2020
EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13262

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM September 2020
ICS 45.040 Supersedes EN 13262:2004+A2:2011
English Version
Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Wheels -

Product requirements
Applications ferroviaires - Essieux montés et bogies - Bahnanwendungen - Radsätze und Drehgestelle -
Roues - Prescriptions pour le produit Räder - Produktanforderungen
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 July 2020.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13262:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1 European scope ................................................................................................................................................. 7
2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................... 7
3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................... 8
4 Product definition ............................................................................................................................................ 9
4.1 Chemical composition ....................................................................................................................................................9
4.1.1 Values to be obtained .....................................................................................................................................................9
4.1.2 Sampling position ............................................................................................................................................................9
4.1.3 Chemical analysis .............................................................................................................................................................9
4.2 Mechanical characteristics ........................................................................................................................................ 10
4.2.1 Characteristics from the tensile testing ............................................................................................................... 10
4.2.2 Hardness characteristics in the rim ...................................................................................................................... 12
4.2.3 Impact resistance characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 14
4.2.4 Fatigue characteristics ................................................................................................................................................ 14
4.2.5 Toughness characteristics of the rim .................................................................................................................... 15
4.3 Heat treatment homogeneity ................................................................................................................................... 17
4.3.1 Values to be obtained .................................................................................................................................................. 17
4.3.2 Test pieces........................................................................................................................................................................ 17
4.3.3 Test method..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Material cleanliness ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.4.1 Micrographic cleanliness ........................................................................................................................................... 17
4.4.2 Internal integrity ........................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.5 Residual stresses ........................................................................................................................................................... 22
4.5.1 General .............................................................................................................................................................................. 22
4.5.2 Values to be obtained .................................................................................................................................................. 22
4.5.3 Test piece .......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
4.5.4 Measurement methods ............................................................................................................................................... 22
4.6 Surface characteristics ................................................................................................................................................ 22
4.6.1 Surface finish................................................................................................................................................................... 22
4.6.2 Surface condition for the oil injection hole ........................................................................................................ 23
4.6.3 Surface integrity ............................................................................................................................................................ 23
4.7 Geometrical tolerances ............................................................................................................................................... 24
4.7.1 General .............................................................................................................................................................................. 24
4.7.2 Wear groove .................................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.8 Static imbalance ............................................................................................................................................................. 27
4.9 Corrosion protection ................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.10 Marking ............................................................................................................................................................................. 28
5 Product qualification .................................................................................................................................... 29
6 Conditions of supply of the product ....................................................................................................... 29
7 Tips for choosing the steel grade............................................................................................................. 29
Annexe A (normative) Evaluation process for the acceptance of new materials ................................. 30
A.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 30
A.2 First step: Characterisation of a new steel grade ............................................................................. 30
A.3 Step two: Testing in service ....................................................................................................................... 30
A.4 Step three: Report .......................................................................................................................................... 31
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Annexe B (informative) Examples of test benches for fatigue testing ......................................................32

B.1 Test piece ...........................................................................................................................................................32
B.2 First test method.............................................................................................................................................32
B.2.1 Test rig ................................................................................................................................................................32
B.2.2 Test control .......................................................................................................................................................32
B.3 Second test method .......................................................................................................................................33
B.3.1 Test rig ................................................................................................................................................................33
B.3.2 Control of the test ...........................................................................................................................................34
B.4 Third test method ...........................................................................................................................................34
B.4.1 Test rig ................................................................................................................................................................34
B.4.2 Control of the test ...........................................................................................................................................35
Annexe C (informative) Strain gauge method of determining the variation in circumferential
residual stresses deep under the running surface (destructive method) .............................36
C.1 Method principle.............................................................................................................................................36
C.2 Procedure...........................................................................................................................................................36
C.2.1 Strain gauge equipment for a section of the rim before cutting the wheel (Figure C.1) .36
C.2.2 Making the cuts (Figure C.2) ......................................................................................................................36
C.2.3 Operations to be performed during cutting ........................................................................................37
C.3 Calculation of the variation of the circumferential residual stress deep under the
running surface ...............................................................................................................................................37
C.3.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................37
C.3.2 Calculation of the variation of the circumferential stress produced by cutting
operation no. 1 .................................................................................................................................................37
operation no. 2 .................................................................................................................................................38
operation no. 3 .................................................................................................................................................38
C.3.5 Final diagram showing the variation of the circumferential stress deep under the
running surface ...............................................................................................................................................38
Annexe D (normative) Product qualification .......................................................................................................41
D.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................41
D.2 General ................................................................................................................................................................41
D.3 Requirements ...................................................................................................................................................42
D.3.1 Requirements to be met by the manufacturing process ...............................................................42
D.3.1.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................42
D.3.1.2 Quality organisation ......................................................................................................................................42
D.3.1.3 Staff qualification ............................................................................................................................................42
D.3.1.4 Equipment .........................................................................................................................................................42
D.3.2 Requirements to be met by the product ...............................................................................................42
D.4 Qualification procedure ...............................................................................................................................42
D.4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................42
D.4.2 Documentation required .............................................................................................................................43
D.4.3 Evaluation of production facilities and production process ........................................................43
D.4.4 Laboratory tests ..............................................................................................................................................44
D.4.5 Wheel tests ........................................................................................................................................................44
D.4.5.1 Extended production control ....................................................................................................................44
D.4.5.2 Commissioning ................................................................................................................................................45
D.4.5.3 Result of monitoring in service ................................................................................................................45
D.5 Validity of the qualification ........................................................................................................................45
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D.5.1 Condition of validity ...................................................................................................................................... 45

D.5.2 Modification and extension ........................................................................................................................ 45
D.5.3 Transfer .............................................................................................................................................................. 45
D.5.4 Expiry .................................................................................................................................................................. 46
D.5.5 Withdrawal ....................................................................................................................................................... 46
D.6 Qualification record....................................................................................................................................... 46
Annexe E (normative) Conditions of supply of the product .......................................................................... 47
E.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 47
E.2 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 47
E.3 Delivery states ................................................................................................................................................. 48
E.4 Unit checks ........................................................................................................................................................ 48
E.5 Batch sampling check ................................................................................................................................... 48
E.5.1 Checks to be carried out .............................................................................................................................. 48
E.5.2 Batch homogeneity by measuring rim hardness .............................................................................. 49
E.5.3 Orientation of residual stresses on treated wheels ......................................................................... 50
E.5.4 Visual inspection............................................................................................................................................. 50
E.6 Quality plan ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
E.6.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 50
E.6.2 Objectives........................................................................................................................................................... 50
E.6.3 Methods of application................................................................................................................................. 50
E.7 Permissible repairs........................................................................................................................................ 51
E.8 Retest ................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Annexe F (normative) Measurement of the hydrogen content at the time of development of
steel for monobloc wheels .......................................................................................................................... 52
F.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 52
F.2 Sampling ............................................................................................................................................................. 52
F.3 Analysis method.............................................................................................................................................. 52
F.4 Precautions ....................................................................................................................................................... 52
Annexe G (informative) Common applications of steel grades .................................................................... 53
Annexe ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2016/797/EC to be met ........................................................................ 54
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................................... 57
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 13262:2020) has been prepared by the CEN/TC 256 “Railway applications”
Technical Committee, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, by March 2021 at the latest, and all conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn no later than March 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights or similar rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying all or
some of these patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 13262:2004+A2:2011.
This document has been prepared within the framework of a mandate given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association and supports the essential requirements of
Directive 2016/797/EC.
For the relationship with Directive 2016/797/EC, see informative Annex ZA, which forms an integral
part of this document.
For a description of the technical changes made in this new edition, see the Introduction.
The informative annexes to this document provide additional guidance that is not mandatory but that
helps to understand or use the document.
NOTE The informative annexes may contain optional requirements. For example, a test method that is
optional, or presented as an example, may contain requirements, but it is not necessary to meet these
requirements to be in compliance with the document.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are required to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the
Republic of North Macedonia, the Republic of Serbia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
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Introduction
Since its first edition in 2004, the use of this document has shown the need for clarification and
improvements.
The most important changes are due to the difficulties encountered in product testing.
Some parameters were not sufficiently precise and could be misinterpreted (e.g. collection of test pieces,
conditions of use, interpretation of measurement).
Another development is the introduction of a new material, ERS8, which can provide increased
resistance to contact fatigue (RCF).
In order to anticipate requests for the introduction of other grades, an evaluation process for the
acceptance of new materials has been added.
The product requirements have been harmonised in the three documents concerning the wheelsets,
wheels and axles.
In addition, the annexes concerning the qualification of the product and the conditions of supply of the
product, which were previously informative, have been modified taking the feedback into account and
have become normative.
Also, the “freight wagon” and “locomotive and passenger vehicle” TSIs require the existence of a
production verification process.
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1 European scope
This document specifies the characteristics of railway wheels, used for all track gauges.
This document applies to heavy railway vehicles but may also apply to other applications such as light
railway vehicles, trams or underground systems. Five steel grades, ER6, ER7, ER8, ERS8 and ER9, are
defined in this document.
NOTE 1 Steel grade ERS8 has been introduced in this document as an optimisation of steel grades ER8 and ER9
due to contact fatigue (RCF), taking into account service feedback from Europe, for example, BS 5892-3 in force in
the United Kingdom.
Some features are provided as a Category 1 or Category 2 function.
The requirements defined in this standard apply to cylindrical bores. Most requirements also apply to
wheels with tapered bores. Specific requirements for tapered bores (e.g. geometrical dimensions, etc.)
are defined in the technical specification.
This document applies to monobloc wheels in vacuum degassed steel, forged and rolled, with surface
treated rims, which have already been the subject of extensive commercial applications on a European
network or have complied with a technical approval procedure according to EN 13979 – 1: 2019 to
validate their design.
Annex A describes the evaluation process for accepting new materials that are not included in this
document.
This document defines the requirements to be met for wheels; the technical approval procedure is not
part of the scope of this document.
NOTE 2 A "surface-treated rim" is achieved by heat treatment which aims to harden the rim and create
compressive residual stress.
2 Normative references
The following documents referred to in the text constitute, for all or part of their content, requirements
of this document. For dated references, only the cited edition applies. For undated references, the last
edition of the reference document applies (including any amendments).
EN 10020:2000, Definition and classification of grades of steel
EN 13979-1:2020, Railway Applications – Wheelsets and bogies – Monobloc wheels – Technical approval
procedure – Part 1: Forged and rolled wheels
EN ISO 148-1:2018, Metallic materials – Charpy pendulum impact test – Part 1: Test method (ISO 148-1)
EN ISO 1101:2017, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Geometrical tolerancing - Tolerances of

form, orientation, location and run-out (ISO 1101)
EN ISO 6506-1:2014, Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test – Part 1: Test method (ISO 6506-1:2005)
EN ISO 6892-1:2016, Metallic materials – Tensile testing – Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
(ISO 6892-1)
EN ISO 14284:2002, Steel and iron - Sampling and preparation of samples for the determination of
chemical composition (ISO 14284:1996)
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ASTM E399-19, Standard test method for linear-elastic plane-strain fracture toughness KIc of metallic
materials
ISO 4967:2013, Steel - Determination of content of non-metallic inclusions - Micrographic method using
standard diagrams
ISO 5948:2018, Railway rolling stock material - Ultrasonic acceptance testing
ISO 6933:1986, Railway rolling stock material - Magnetic particle acceptance testing
ISO/TR 9769:20181)), Steel and iron - Review of available methods of analysis
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for standardisation, which can be accessed at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
Technical specification
A document describing specific parameters and/or product requirements in addition to the
requirements of this document
3.2
Batch
Batch consisting of wheels assumed to have the same characteristics
Note 1 to clause: A batch consists of wheels of the same design, forged with the raw material from a single cast
with the same warm forging process and a single heat treatment process. If the raw material is obtained from
several casts with the expected chemical composition, the resulting wheels can be combined in a batch. In this
case, it is necessary to demonstrate in the product qualification that the wheels manufactured from these different
casts meet the requirements for product qualification.
1) See also CEN/TR 10261.
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3.3
Wheel categories
Classification of the component, based on operational aspects, which determines the list of
requirements to be applied
Note 1 to clause: Category 1 is generally selected when the traffic speed is greater than 200 km/h.
Note 2 to clause: Vehicles travelling at speeds of 200 km/h or less typically use Category 2 wheels.
Note 3 to clause: These categories can also be defined in accordance with the technical specification.
4 Product definition
4.1 Chemical composition
4.1.1 Values to be obtained
The maximum percentages of the different elements specified are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Maximum percentages of the different elements specified

Maximum content in % a
Steel \tab Cr + Mo +
C Si Min Pb Sbc Cr Cu Mb Ni
grade V Ni
ER6 0.48 0.40 0.75 0.020 0.015 0.30 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.06 0.50
ER7 0.52 0.40 0.80 0.020 0.015 0.30 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.06 0.50
ER8 0.56 0.40 0.80 0.020 0.015 0.30 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.06 0.50
ERS8 0.57 1.10 1.10 0.020 0.015 0.30 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.06 0.60
ER9 0.60 0.40 0.80 0.020 0.015 0.30 0.30 0.08 0.30 0.06 0.50
a For specific applications, variations of requirements within the limits of the maximum levels can be agreed in the technical specification
b A maximum content of 0.025% may be agreed in the technical specification for specific applications
c A minimum sulphur content may be agreed in the technical specification based on the steel development process to protect against
hydrogen embrittlement
4.1.2 Sampling position
The sample for determining the chemical composition shall be taken from the running tread 15 mm
under the running surface considered to be at nominal diameter.
Note The running tread is the nominal position on the running surface where the wheel and rail are in
contact.
The chemical composition can also be determined by casting analysis. In this case, the chemical
composition must be adapted in the technical specification.
4.1.3 Chemical analysis
The chemical composition analysis must be performed in accordance with ISO/TR 9769:2018 unless
another standard is defined in the technical specification.
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For example, ASTM E415-14 and ASTM E1019-11 can be applied.

4.2 Mechanical characteristics
4.2.1 Characteristics from the tensile testing
4.2.1.1 Values to be obtained
Characteristics in the wheel rim and plate are given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Characteristics in the wheel rim and plate

Rim Plate
Steel grade ReH a Rm A5 Reduction of Rm b A5
(MPa) (MPa) % (MPa) %
ER6 ≥ 500 780/900 ≥ 15 ≥ 100 ≥ 16
ER7 ≥ 520 820/940 ≥ 14 ≥ 110 ≥ 16
ER8 ≥ 540 860/980 ≥ 13 ≥ 120 ≥ 16
ERS8 ≥ 580 900/1,020 ≥ 13 ≥ 110 ≥ 14
ER9 ≥ 580 900/1,050 ≥ 12 ≥ 130 ≥ 14
a If there is no apparent yield strength, the conventional Rp0.2 limit must be determined.
b Decrease in tensile strength of the plate relative to the rim for the same wheel.
If there are no other requirements in the technical specification, for steel grades ER7, ER8, ERS8 and
ER9, a minimum value of 355 MPa for the yield strength in the plate is required. For steel grade ER6, a
minimum value of 310 MPa for the yield strength in the plate is required.
4.2.1.2 Positions of the test pieces
The test pieces must be collected from the wheel rim and plate. Their positions are shown in Figure 1.
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Dimensions in millimetres
Wheel rejected
1 Tensile test piece in the rim (15 mm axis under the running surface considering its nominal diameter)
2 Tensile test piece in the plate
3 Impact bending test piece
4 Nominal diameter
5 Notch
Figure 1 — Position of test pieces
4.2.1.3 Test method
The test must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of EN ISO 6892-1:2016. The nominal
diameter of the test piece should be at least 10 mm and the length of the deformation gauge should be 5
times the diameter. If the test pieces cannot be taken from the plate, a smaller diameter must be agreed
in the technical specification.
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4.2.2 Hardness characteristics in the rim
The minimum Brinell hardness values given in Table 3 apply up to a maximum of 35 mm of wear range
under the running surface. If the thickness of the wear range is greater than 35 mm, the values must be
defined in the technical specification.
The hardness value at the connection between the plate and the rim (point A in Figure 2) should be at
least 10 points lower than that measured at the wear range limit.
Table 3 — Values to be obtained for hardness characteristics in the rim

Minimum Brinell hardness value
Steel grade Category 1 Category 2
ER6 — 225
ER7 245 235
ER8 245 245
ERS8 250 250
ER9 255 255
4.2.2.2 Position of measuring points
Four measurements are made on a radial section of the rim, as shown in Figure 2.
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Wheel rejected
1 Limit of wear range or diameter of last achievable re-profiling (according to technical specification).
2 Nominal diameter
3 Internal diameter (on external face)
Figure 2 — Measurements made on a radial section of the rim
The values in Figure 2 are valid for standard gauge axles and for a rim profile width of 135 mm and
above. Other gauges and profiles may be defined in the technical specification.
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4.2.2.3 Test method
It must be carried out according to EN ISO 6506-1:2014. The diameter of the ball is 5 mm.
4.2.3 Impact resistance characteristics
The values to be obtained for the impact test are given in Table 4. They represent, by test temperature,
on the one hand the average of the results on the three test pieces defined in 4.2.3.2, and on the other
hand the minimum unit values. At + 20°C, U-notch test pieces should be used. At – 20°C, V-notch test
pieces should be used.
Table 4 — Values to be obtained for impact resistance characteristics

KU (Joules) at + 20°C KV (Joules) at – 20°C
Steel grade
Average values Minimum values Average values Minimum values
ER6 ≥ 17 ≥ 12 ≥ 12 ≥8
ER7 ≥ 17 ≥ 12 ≥ 10 ≥7
ER8 ≥ 17 ≥ 12 ≥ 10 ≥5
ERS8 ≥15 ≥11 ≥9 ≥5
ER9 ≥ 13 ≥9 ≥8 ≥5
4.2.3.2 Position of the test pieces
The position of the three test pieces is given in Figure 1. The axis of the bottom of the notches should be
parallel to the A-A axis in Figure 1.
4.2.3.3 Test method
The test must be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 148-1:2018.

4.2.4 Fatigue characteristics
The stress magnitude Δσ that a wheel plate must withstand, regardless of the steel grade, for 107 cycles
without showing crack initiation with a probability of 99.7% is given in Table 5.
This requirement is met by testing two wheels, in accordance with Annex D.4.4.
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Table 5 — Values to be obtained for fatigue characteristics of the plate
Maximum roughness Fatigue stress limits according to Values to be obtained

the wheel design evaluation for fatigue
Ra
procedure (EN 13979-1:2019) characteristics
µm
Δσ Δσ (99.7%)
(MPa) (MPa)
6.3 360 450
12.5 290 315
NOTE The purpose of obtaining these values is to ensure that the product has characteristics superior to
those used to define the allowable stresses required to size the wheel plate under fatigue.
Given the approximations inherent in a fatigue calculation, the differentiation of five steel grades is
unrealistic for this characteristic. For steel grade ER6, if a lower value is expected, it must be specified
and justified in the technical specification.
4.2.4.2 Fatigue test pieces
The test pieces must be made up from wheels as delivered. In particular, the surface finishes of the
plates are those defined in 4.6.
4.2.4.3 Test method
The test method must enable bending stresses to be created in a section of the wheel plate.
The tests must be conducted in order to be able to use a fatigue test statistical counting method.
The tests are controlled from the radial stresses existing in the cracking area of the wheel plate.
Examples of test methods are given in Annex B.
4.2.5 Toughness characteristics of the rim
4.2.5.1 General
This characteristic is only checked on wheels that are braked by shoes (service brake or parking brake)
or equipped with a running surface cleaning system (e.g. scrubbers), whether they are Category 1 or
Category 2.
For steel wheels of grade ER6, the average value obtained on six test pieces must be greater than or
equal to 100 MPa m and each individual value must be greater than or equal to 80 MPa m.
For steel wheels of grade ER7, the average value obtained on six test pieces must be greater than or
equal to 80 MPa m and each individual value must be greater than or equal to 70 MPa m.
For wheels of other steel grades, the values to be obtained must be contained in the technical
specification.
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4.2.5.3 Position of the test pieces
Six test pieces must be collected from the rim as shown in Figure 3.
The test pieces must be evenly distributed across the entire rim.
Wheel rejected
1 nominal diameter
Figure 3 — Test pieces collected from the rim
4.2.5.4 Test method
The test must be performed according to ASTM E399-19.

The special conditions that should be used are:
— Compact 30 mm thick tensile test pieces (CT30), with chevron notch with aperture angle of 90°;
— Test temperature between + 15°C and + 25°C;
— Measurement of the notch opening at the end of the test piece;
— Rate of increase of stress intensity ΔK/s, for the tensile test, between 0.55 MPa m /s and 1 MPa
m /s.
The toughness value considered must be the value KQ, calculated from the force FQ, determined on the
tensile test curve.
For steel grade ER6, when Fmax/Fq ≥ 1.4, the value Fmax can be used to determine the value of KQ.
NOTE This option is explained in document ERRI B169 DT 251.
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4.3 Heat treatment homogeneity
For Category 1 wheels, the variation in the Brinell hardness value measured on the outer face of the rim
of the tested wheel must be 30 HB or less.
NOTE The values are not correlated with the hardness values measured in the rim according to 4.2.2 or with
the results of the wheel rim tensile test according to 4.2.1.
4.3.2 Test pieces
The hardness values must be measured at three points located at 120° on the outer face of the rim. The
impressions must be made on the same diameter in an area whose position is defined in Figure 4.
Wheel rejected
1 Nominal diameter on the running tread
2 Area for Brinell hardness measurement
Figure 4 — Hardness impression area
4.3.3 Test method
The measurements must be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 6506-1. The diameter of the ball is
10 mm.
4.4 Material cleanliness
4.4.1 Micrographic cleanliness
4.4.1.1 Level to be obtained
The assessment must be determined from the micrographic examination according to 4.4.1.3. The
values to be obtained are given in Table 6.
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Table 6 — Level to be obtained for the micrographic examination

Category 1 Category 2
Type of inclusions Thick series Thin series Thick series Thin series
(max) (max) (max) (max)
A (Sulphide) 1.5 1.5 1.5 2
B (Aluminium) 1 1.5 1.5 2
C (Silicates) 1 1.5 1.5 2
D (Globular oxides) 1 1.5 1.5 2
B+C+D 2 3 3 4
DS 1.5 2
4.4.1.2 Location of the micrographic sample
The field to be examined corresponds to the hatched area in Figure 5.

Its centre "F" is located 15 mm below the running surface.
Wheel rejected
1 Nominal running tread
Figure 5 — Location of the micrographic sample
4.4.1.3 Test method
The level of cleanliness shall be determined in accordance with ISO 4967:2013, Method "A".
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4.4.2 Internal integrity
4.4.2.1 General
The internal integrity of the wheels must be determined from an ultrasound examination. Standard
defects are flat bottomed holes of different diameters.
4.4.2.2.1 Wheel rim
The wheel rims must not have internal defects giving indications of anomalies equal to or greater than
those obtained for standard defects, located at the same depth. The diameter of this standard defect is
given in Table 7.
Table 7 — Diameter of the standard defect

Standard defect diameter (mm) 1 2a
a A value of 3 mm can only be adopted for wheels up to 120 km/h, and must be indicated in the technical specification.
No attenuation of the bottom echo greater than or equal to 4 dB should be tolerated when examining
the rims in the axial direction.
4.4.2.2.2 Wheel plate
The wheel plate must not have:

— More than 10 indications of anomalies equal to or greater than those observed for standard defects
of ∅ 3 mm;
— Indications of anomalies equal to or greater than those observed for standard defects of ∅ 5 mm.
The permissible anomalies must be at least 50 mm apart.

4.4.2.2.3 Wheel hub
The wheel hub must not have:

— More than 3 indications of anomalies equal to or greater than those observed for standard defects of
∅ 3 mm;
— Indications of anomalies equal to or greater than those observed for standard defects of ∅ 5 mm.
The permissible anomalies must be at least 50 mm apart.

For the same circumferential examination, no attenuation of the bottom echo equal to or greater than
6 dB is tolerated.
4.4.2.3 Test piece
The test piece shall consist of the complete wheel, after heat treatment, either in its as-cast state or
delivery state, and before corrosion protection.
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4.4.2.4 Examination methods
4.4.2.4.1 General
The test must be conducted by qualified personnel.

EN ISO 9712 must be used to meet this requirement.
The general conditions of ultrasound examinations are given by ISO 5948 and must be supplemented by
the following special terms and conditions.
4.4.2.4.2 Wheel rim
The rim should be examined using methods D1 and D2 in ISO 5948:2018, Table 1.
Defect estimation must be made by comparison with the artificial defects of the standard rim described
in ISO 5948:2018, Annex A.
4.4.2.4.3 Wheel plate
The type of curvature (convex/concave) of the wheel plate must be taken into account in determining
the sensitivity of the test procedure.
The artificial reference defect must be positioned both on the inner face and on the outer face of the
wheel plate.
The plate must be examined on both sides. The examination is carried out in a direction perpendicular
to the surface.
Defect estimation must be made by comparison with the artificial defects of the standard plate.
The plate is defined as the portion of the wheel between the two diameters where m and n are defined
in Figure 7.
The thickness e of the plate is defined by:
mn
e
2
The position of the artificial defects is given according to the value of e. Two artificial defects must be
circumferentially spaced at least 100 mm apart.
• e ≤ 10 mm:
— A 3 mm diameter flat-bottomed hole located 5 mm below the surface of the inner face of the
plate;
— A 5 mm diameter flat-bottomed hole located 5 mm below the surface of the inner face of the
plate;
• 10 mm < e ≤ 20 mm:
— Two 3 mm diameter flat-bottomed holes located 5 mm and (e – 5) mm below the surface of the
inner face of the plate;
— Two 5 mm diameter flat-bottomed holes located 5 mm and (e – 5) mm below the surface of the
inner face of the plate;
• e > 20 mm:
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e
 
2
— Three 3 mm diameter flat-bottomed holes located 5 mm,   mm and (e – 5) mm below the
surface of the inner face of the plate;
e
 
2
— Three 5 mm diameter flat-bottomed holes located 5 mm,   mm and (e – 5) mm below the
surface of the inner face of the plate.
4.4.2.4.4 Wheel hub
The hub must be examined on both sides. The direction of the examination is perpendicular to the
surface.
Defect estimation is made by comparison with the artificial defects of the standard hub described in
Figure 6.
NOTE Calibration references are:
• 3 holes of ∅ 3 mm located at different depths
• 3 holes of ∅ 5 mm located at different depths
spaced as shown above.
Figure 6 — Standard hub for ultrasound examination
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4.5 Residual stresses
4.5.1 General
The heat treatment performed on the wheel must create a compressive circumferential residual stress
field in the rim.
The circumferential residual stresses σcrs on the surface of the finished wheel running surface must be
in compression where σcrs ≤ − 80 MPa. If the value of the circumferential residual stress on the surface
of the finished wheel running surface is less than -200 MPa, it must be demonstrated that the level of
radial residual stresses in the wheel plate as a result is acceptable.
The residual tensile stresses in the wheel plate can influence the fatigue resistance of the wheel plate.
An assessment of this effect can be demonstrated, for example, by means of feedback, a fatigue test on
the wheel plate, a calculation taking into account the effect of the mean stress in relation to residual
stress, etc.
Circumferential residual stresses must be compressed over the entire wear range.
NOTE The compression stress value is assumed to reach zero in the rim. A typical depth of this transition is in
the area between the wear limit and 15 mm below.
4.5.3 Test piece
The test piece must consist of the complete wheel, after heat treatment and final machining.
4.5.4 Measurement methods
Measurement methods (for example, ultrasound or destructive) should determine the variation in
circumferential stresses deep under the running surface. This method must be defined in the technical
specification.
Annex C sets out a method for this destructive testing measurement.
4.6 Surface characteristics
4.6.1 Surface finish
4.6.1.1 General
Machined wheel plates are recommended for all wheel applications. When non-machined wheel plates
are used (for example for double ripple wheels), magnetic particle examination must be performed in
accordance with Subclause 4.6.3.
Parts that remain "as-forged" and/or "as-rolled" must be cleaned by mechanical means (e.g.
shot-blasting) to remove any irregularities from the forging and heat treatment process and must be
smoothly blended into the machined areas.
4.6.1.2 Characteristics to be obtained
Depending on their use, the wheels can be fully machined or not. They must have no surface marks (for
example, tightening marks) other than those specified at the positions provided in this document (for
example, marking, indentation hardness).
The roughness (Ra) of surfaces in the "finished" and "ready to assemble" states of the wheels is given in
Table 8.
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Table 8 — Roughness of wheel surfaces (Ra) in delivery state

Roughness Ra
Part of the wheel Delivery state a (µm)
Bore Finished ≤ 12.5
Ready to assemble b 0.8 to 3.2
≤ 6.3
(the value 12.5 can be
used if evidence is
Plate and hub Finished c ≤ 3.2 provided of the fatigue
limit being reached in
accordance with
EN 13979-1:2019)
Running surface Finished ≤ 6.3 ≤ 12.5 d
Rim faces Finished ≤ 6.3 ≤ 12.5 d
a See E.3.
b If the wheel is to be fitted to a hollow axle, other values may be stipulated in the technical specification to allow ultrasound examinations
in service.
c If the technical specification so defines, these parts may be non-machined to the extent that the roughness tolerances meet the
requirements of this Table.
d ≤ 6.3 if a standard defect of 2 mm is prescribed (see 4.4.2).
4.6.1.3 Measurement and inspection method
The general condition of the wheel surface must be visually inspected.

The roughness of the wheel surfaces (Ra) in the delivery state, as shown in Table 8, must be checked by
comparison with the surface finish reference standards or measured with a roughness meter on the flat
surfaces.
4.6.2 Surface condition for the oil injection hole
The oil injection hole for the wheel and the groove must be free of dirt and other obstructions. They
must be protected from dirt during transport and storage after final machining of the wheel is carried
out.
4.6.3 Surface integrity
4.6.3.1 General
The surface integrity of the wheels must be defined from magnetic particle examination, or other
methods can be used for delivery if the technical specification so provides (see Table E.1).
Examinations must be carried out by qualified personnel.
EN ISO 9712 must be used to meet this requirement.
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
Unless otherwise specified in the technical specification, the maximum lengths of permissible
surface-breaking defects must be:
• 2 mm on machined surfaces,
• 6 mm on as-forged or as-rolled surfaces.
4.6.3.3 Test piece
The test piece must consist of the wheel, after heat treatment, in delivery state and before corrosion
protection.
4.6.3.4 Examination methods
Magnetic particle examination must be carried out under the general conditions required by
ISO 6933:1986, with the exception of:
— The value of the magnetic surface induction which must be 4 mT or greater;
— The irradiance of the ultraviolet light which must be 15 W/m² or greater.
The method of magnetisation to be used is that indicated in ISO 6933:1986, Figure C.

The equipment used must highlight defects at any point in the wheel, regardless of their orientation.
After performing a magnetic particle examination, the wheels must be de-magnetised. Residual
magnetism should be less than 4 A/cm.
4.7 Geometrical tolerances
4.7.1 General
The geometry and dimensions of the wheels must be defined by the drawings attached to the technical
specification.
The geometrical tolerances must meet those shown in Table 9. The symbols used are defined in Figure
7.
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
Wheel rejected
1 Dimension specified in drawing (position of the running tread)
Figure 7 — Symbols
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
Table 9 — Geometrical tolerances

TOLERANCES
Values Cat.
Values Cat. 2
Symbols (see Figure 7) 1
mm
Description mm
Not Machine
Dimensional Geometrical a
machined d
Outer diameter Key - 0/+ 4 b - 0/+ 4 b
Inside diameter (outer side) b1 - 0/– 2 - 0/– 4
Inner diameter (inner side) b2 - 0/– 2 0/– 6 0/– 4
Width d - ±1 - ±1
Running profile c - v ≤ 0.5 - ≤ 0.5
Rim
Roundness of running tread - s ≤ 0.1 - ≤ 0.2
Axial run-out of tread - t ≤ 0.2 - ≤ 0.3
Radial run-out of rim - j ≤ 0.2 - ≤ 0.2
Outer diameter of w 0/+ 2 0/+ 2
- -
the wear limit groove
Outer diameter (outer side) f1 - 0/+ 2 0/+ 10 0/+ 5
Outer diameter (inner side) f2 - 0/+ 2 0/+ 10 0/+ 5
Bore internal diameter: g1 0/– 2 0/– 2
- -
— Finished d
— Finished ready to g2 In relation to the drawing or
assemble d - standards in order to ensure
interference
Cylindricity of inner x1 ≤ 0.1 ≤ 0.2
diameter
- -
Hub of hub
— Finished d
— Finished ready to x2 ≤ 0.02 e ≤ 0.02 e
- -
assemble d
Length h - 0/+ 2 b - 0/+ 2 b
Hub to rim overhang r - 0/+ 2 b - 0/+ 2 b
Bore run-out q1 ≤ 0.2 ≤ 0.2
- -
— Finished d
— Finished ready to q2 ≤ 0.1 ≤ 0.1
- -
assemble d
Shape f - k ≤4 ≤8 ≤8
Plate Thickness at rim connection m - + 2/0 + 8/0 + 5/0
Thickness at hub connection n - + 2/0 + 10/0 + 5/0
a See EN ISO 1101:2017.
b For engine equipment, other values may be required depending on the wheelset assembly process.
c From the top of the flange to the end of the chamfer.
d See E.3 for terms related to the hub bore.
e In the case of slight taper not exceeding the permitted tolerances, the "larger" diameter must be on the inner side of the wheel.
f The configuration of the wheel plate must be considered when connecting to the rim and hub.
4.7.2 Wear groove
The wear groove diameter must be defined in the technical specification as required. The tolerances on
the wear groove diameter must correspond to the values in Table 9.
The wear groove geometry must match Figure 8.
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
Running surface side
Hub side
Figure 8 — Details of wear groove
Another type of wear groove can be used for vehicles that are not subject to Directive 2016/797/EC,
but it must not have a notch.
The presence of the wear groove according to the vehicle type subject to Directive 2016/797/EC is
given in Table 10.
Table 10 — Presence of wear groove according to vehicle type subject to Directive 2016/797/EC
Type of vehicle Wear groove on the outer face of the
rim
Cars Yes
Wagons Yes
Locomotives, other Depending on the means of control a

vehicles used by the company
a Specific measurement of the wheel diameter.
4.8 Static imbalance
The maximum static imbalance of the finished wheels in delivery state or ready-to-assemble state is
defined in Table 11.
The means and methods of measurement must be defined in the technical specification.
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Table 11 — Maximum static imbalance of finished wheels in delivery state or ready-to-assemble state
For equipment travelling Static imbalance

Symbol
at a speed v (km/h) (g.m)
v ≤ 120 ≤ 125 E3
120 < v ≤ 200 ≤ 75 E2
200 < v ≤ 250 ≤ 50 E1
v > 250 ≤ 25 E0
4.9 Corrosion protection
Protection must be provided:

— On all parts of the fully machined wheels, except the surface of the rims,
— On non-machined plates and hubs.
4.10 Marking
In order to ensure traceability, each wheel must be identified with the following indications as a
minimum:
— Manufacturer's mark,
— Cast number,
— Steel grade,
— Month and last two digits of the year of manufacture,
— Position of the imbalance and the symbol reflecting its value (see 4.8),
— Serial number after heat treatment.
These marks can be applied in accordance with Figure 9 or as defined by the technical specification.
These marks must be punched except for those relating to the imbalance which may be subject to
another type of marking. The use of sharp-edged punches is prohibited.
Figure 9 — Possible locations for marking
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
The manufacturer's marking is the unique reference for quality tracking.
5 Product qualification
Product qualification must be performed in accordance with the requirements set out in Annex D.
6 Conditions of supply of the product

The conditions of supply of the product must comply with the requirements of Annex E.
7 Tips for choosing the steel grade

Annex G (informative) provides advice on the choice of steel grade.
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
Annexe A
(normative)
Evaluation process for the acceptance of new materials
A.1 General
In order to improve wheel performance in service, this Annex defines the steps that must be followed in
order to use a new steel grade and possibly incorporate it into this document.
This Annex applies to steel grades comparable to steel grades defined in this standard (unalloyed
carbon steel according to EN 10020:2000 with C max up to 0.70%) and having the same mechanical
characteristics.
The design of the wheel with this new steel grade must be established in accordance with
EN 13979-1:2019.
The type of application for a new steel grade must be confirmed by feedback. (See Clause A.3).
A.2 First step: Characterisation of a new steel grade

A report characterising the new steel grade must be provided; this report must at a minimum define all
the characteristics of the material present in Clause 4 of this document in terms of minimum or
maximum ranges (including the results of scale 1 fatigue tests) and give a recommendation as to its
application.
If this steel grade has to be used for a design that requires different (higher or lower) acceptable fatigue
stress ranges than those defined in Clause 4, the fatigue limit must be justified using the staircase
method or an equivalent method, determining the fatigue limit with a probability of 99.7% (Δσ99.7%).
NOTE The Bastenaire method according to NF A 03-405 may be used.
A.3 Step two: Testing in service

The new steel grade must be tested in service to demonstrate safety in service and be able to quantify
performance in service. In order to determine the influence of the new steel grade, the in-service test
must be carried out in a manner comparable to an existing steel grade.
Prior to its testing in service, the first batch of wheels manufactured in the new steel grade, meeting the
characteristics defined in Clause A.2, must undergo product qualification and follow the manufacturing
process defined in Annex D, including the scale 1 fatigue test.
For the scale 1 fatigue test, the results used to define the technical specification may be used.
For the in-service test, a technical specification must define:

— The duration of the test;
— The number of parts tested;
— The control and monitoring programme.
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
The duration of the test must be sufficient to quantify performance in service without compromising
the safety of the service.
After the in-service test, a report compiling the results thereof must be produced. A recommendation on
the range of use must be given.
A.4 Step three: Report

A final report must be prepared with the analysis and comparison of the results of the first and second
phases, and must provide recommendations on whether to accept the new wheel material.
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
Annexe B
(informative)
Examples of test benches for fatigue testing
B.1 Test piece

The wheel is the test piece.
B.2 First test method

B.2.1 Test rig
A block diagram is given in Figure B.1:

— Wheel fitted to a loose axle attached to a surface plate;
— Forces applied to the rim by a hydraulic cylinder;
— Fixed wheel.
B.2.2 Test control
The cylinder is force-controlled after calibrating forces through the radial stresses measured on the test
wheel in the crack initiation area.
The minimum and maximum forces applied for each test are symmetrical with respect to 0 N
(Newtons).
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
Figure B.1 — Block diagram
B.3 Second test method

B.3.1 Test rig
The principle of the test rig is set out in Figure B.2.

The rotating-bending fatigue test bench is a resonant test machine in which the test piece plays the role
of a spring in an oscillating system. The vibration response of the test piece is mainly determined by the
mass, stiffness (spring constant) and damping parameters. Excitation of the oscillating system is
produced by a vibrating motor. The load on the test piece is controlled by the change in rotation speed
of the motor. Load changes are produced by moving over the increasing branch of the resonance curve
below the resonance frequency.
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
The test bench has a mounting plate attached to a concrete anti-vibration surface plate.
The half wheelset is attached to the mounting plate.
An electric motor with an imbalance is fitted on one end of the axle shaft.
B.3.2 Control of the test
The motor, which is mounted on one end of the axle shaft and has an imbalance, introduces a
rotating-bending movement into the axle shaft. The control is adjusted so that the stresses generated in
the wheel plate are those corresponding to the selected loading level. The test piece is then subjected to
107 stress cycles at this stress level.
B.4 Third test method

B.4.1 Test rig
The principle of the test rig is set out in Figure B.3.

The wheel rim is attached to the structure of the test bench.
A bearing is fitted on the journal, on the opposite side of the axle shaft. The bearing is placed in a metal
carriage which can move radially inside a rotor (the movement is symbolised by S in Figure B.3).
The rotating-bending stress is obtained by a rotation of the displacement (S).
The displacement S is adjusted to obtain the required stress on the area of the wheel to be checked.
Deformation is measured using deformation gauges.
Rotation is provided by an electric motor that acts on the rotor.
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
Wheel rejected
1 carriage
2 rotor
B.4.2 Control of the test
Deformation gauges placed on sections of the test wheel are continuously monitored to ensure that the
load amplitude is maintained throughout the test.
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
Annexe C
(informative)
Strain gauge method of determining the variation in circumferential

residual stresses deep under the running surface (destructive method)
C.1 Method principle

The method consists of making cuts that lead to the gradual cancellation of residual stresses existing in
the rim.
The change in residual stress state that occurs each time a cut is made is determined on the surface by
measuring the deformations to the part, using strain gauges.
The change of state inside the rim is deduced by linear interpolation from the surface-determined
interpolation.
The determination is performed in a single radial section of the rim, and experience has established that
heat treatment induces a state of near-revolution residual stress.
C.2 Procedure
C.2.1 Strain gauge equipment for a section of the rim before cutting the wheel (Figure
C.1)
Strain gauges are bonded as follows:

— In the circumferential and axial directions:
— At point 1 of the running surface located in the symmetry plane of the plate-rim connection;
— In the circumferential and radial directions:
— At points 2E of the outer face and 2I of the inner face of the rim;
— At points 3E outer and 3I inner of the plate-rim connection.
C.2.2 Making the cuts (Figure C.2)
The cuts are made by a process which is proven not to create residual stresses (except on a thin layer of
the cut surfaces).
Three cutting operations are to be performed in the following order:
a) Extraction of a rim sector of length s at least equal to twice the width of the rim, cutting in two
radial directions and a plane parallel to the axis at a minimum depth t under the deformation
gauges 3I and 3E, (operation 1 — Figure C.2 (a));
b) Cuts along a plane parallel to the axis at the beginning of the plate-rim connection, (operation 2 —
Figure C.2 (b));
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
c) Cuts along a plane parallel to the axis through the rim (operation 3 — Figure C.2 c)); this cut is only
to be made if the thickness of the rim is greater than 30 mm.
C.2.3 Operations to be performed during cutting
1) Measure the deformations of the gauges after cutting operation no. 1;
2) Take the exact profile of the radial section on one end of the rim sector;
3) Bond gauge 4 (Figure C.2 (b));
4) Measure the deformations of gauges 1 and 4 after cutting operation no. 2;
5) Measure thicknesses h1 and h2 (Figure C.2 (b));
6) Bond gauge 5 (Figure C.2 c));
7) Measure the deformations of gauges 1 and 5 after cutting operation no. 3;
8) Measure thicknesses h1 and h2 (Figure C.2 c)).
C.3 Calculation of the variation of the circumferential residual stress deep under
the running surface
C.3.1 General
i
The variation of the circumferential stress j resulting from each cutting operation “i” at the measuring
point "j" is calculated using the following formula:
E  i
i   e cir i   e  j 
j
1   2  j 
where:
E = 210,000 MPa
 = 0.28
e
cir ji = measured circumferential deformation
e i = measured axial (or radial) deformation

j
operation no. 1
 1 ,  1 ,  1 ,  1 et  1
Calculate the stresses 1 2E 2l 3E 3l .
The stress values at points 2 and 3 (Figure C.3 a)) are given by the following formulas:
a b
1  1  1
2 a  b 2E a  b 2 I
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
c d
1  1  1
3 cd 3 E c  d 3I
The radial variation of the stress is represented by the line passing through the ordinates
corresponding to points 1 and 3 in the stress diagram according to the distance from the point to the
running surface.
The representation of the calculated stress (Figure C.3 a)) at point 2 should be within ±20 MPa of this
line.
operation no. 2
2 2
Calculate the stresses 1 and 4 then the stress at point A (Figure C.2 b)) using the following formula:
( 2h  h ) S  2  h S  2
2  1 2 1 1 2 2 4
A S (h  h )
1 1 2
corresponding to points 1 and A in the stress diagram according to the distance from the point to the
running surface (Figure C.3 b)).
operation no. 3
3 3
Calculate the stresses 1 and 5 then the stress at point A (Figure C.2 c)) using the following formula:
( 2h  h ) ( h )2
3  1 2 3  2 3
B h h 1 h (h  h ) 5
1 2 1 1 2
corresponding to points 1 and B in the stress diagram according to the distance from the point to the
running surface (Figure C.3 c)).
C.3.5 Final diagram showing the variation of the circumferential stress deep under the
running surface
1 2
Determine the stress values B and B using the diagrams Figure C.3 a)) and Figure C.3 b)).

The value of the circumferential residual stress 1 at point 1 is equal to the algebraic sum of the stress
values measured at each cut:
  1 2 3
1 1 1 1

Similarly, the value B at point B is equal to:
  1 2 3
B B B B
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
The final diagram of the variation of the circumferential stress at depth is represented by the line
 
passing through the ordinates 1 and B corresponding to points 1 and B in the stress diagram
according to the distance from the point to the running surface (Figure C.3 d)).
Figure C.1 — Fitting with deformation gauges
a) Operation No. 1
b) Operation No. 2
c) Operation No. 3
Figure C.2 — Cutting operations
39
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
ii) 5 kN.
i) j)
Figure C.3 — Determining the variation of the circumferential residual stress deep under the
running surface
40
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
Annexe D
(normative)
Product qualification
D.1 Introduction
This Annex describes the minimum requirements for the qualification of the product and its
manufacture.
Additional requirements may be given in the technical specification.
D.2 General
This clause defines the requirements and procedures to be applied for the qualification of the product
and its manufacture.
The qualification of a wheel is directly related to the manufacturing process, and a wheel can only be
qualified if the manufacturing process meets the requirements defined in D.3.
These requirements and procedures apply only to wheels for which the design has already been
approved:
— Either through prior use for European railway services,
— Or by a recognised technical approval procedure2.
The qualification of a product is based on the concept of product groups. Product groups are defined by
the combination of at least the following requirements:
1) Geometry – wheel plate shape: Straight plate, low ripple plate, high ripple plate, plate with bores,
special geometry (qualification for high ripple plates includes that for low ripple plates and straight
plates);
2) Category 1 or 2 (the qualification for Category 1 includes Category 2);
3) Steel grade;
4) Permissible fatigue stress amplitude (see Table D.1) (The qualification for 360 MPa includes that
for 290 MPa).
The qualification process must be applied if the wheel is not included in one of the manufacturer's
qualified wheel groups. However, it can be defined in the technical specification, depending on the
qualifications obtained in the same group, if partial or complete re-qualification is required.
Any change in the manufacturing process:
— Raw material (steel);
2 See EN 13979-1:2019.
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
— Forging;
— Heat treatment;
— Final machining;
— Location of the place of manufacture;
must be documented, communicated to the parties concerned and may lead to partial or complete
re-qualification of the product, depending on the changes made.
D.3 Requirements
D.3.1 Requirements to be met by the manufacturing process
D.3.1.1 General
If the wheel manufacturing operations to be qualified involve more than one manufacturer, the
following requirements must be met for each of them.
D.3.1.2 Quality organisation
The manufacturer must implement a quality assurance system.

NOTE EN ISO 9001 is a means of achieving this requirement.
D.3.1.3 Staff qualification
Examinations must be carried out by qualified personnel.

EN ISO 9712 should be used to achieve this requirement.
D.3.1.4 Equipment
The equipment used by the supplier for manufacturing, control and monitoring shall enable compliance
with the requirements of this document.
For ultrasonic wheel rim control, an automatic method must be used.
D.3.2 Requirements to be met by the product
The product must comply with the product requirements defined in Clause 4.
The traceability of each wheel must be established from the cast.
D.4 Qualification procedure

D.4.1 General
The product qualification procedure consists of four successive phases:

— Supply of a record by the manufacturer;
— An evaluation of the production facilities and production process;
— Laboratory testing;
— Commissioning of wheels.
42
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
After each step, a report must be produced.

A provisional qualification is issued at the end of the third phase to enable commissioning of the wheels.
D.4.2 Documentation required
For qualification, a file must be produced which includes:

— A description of the wheels that are the subject of the qualification;
— A description of the manufacturing company mentioning:
— Size of the company (number of employees, with distribution between manufacturing, control
and quality assurance);
— Annual production of wheels;
— List of all manufacturing and control equipment;
— Data on the organisation of the company, together with the corresponding organisational
charts;
— A description of the manufacturing processes with explanations of the different stages of

manufacturing;
— Raw material data with a list of all different manufacturers;
— Test results on the products subject to the qualification request;
— The qualification report, if the product was previously qualified.
If a record has already been provided by a manufacturer for the qualification of another wheel, the
record to be provided by that manufacturer for the qualification of a new wheel must contain only the
elements specific to that new wheel, or the elements that are new to the company.
D.4.3 Evaluation of production facilities and production process
This evaluation includes:

— An audit of the production facilities and monitoring of the production process;
— An audit of the raw material production facilities and a follow-up of the production process;
— An assessment of the organisation of production with respect to the requirements of D.3.1;
— An assessment relative to the information provided in the documents referred to in D.4.2.
At the end of this phase, a report must be produced. It must identify all phases of production, including
those of the raw material that are of critical importance to the quality of the finished product for which
qualification is requested. It must state whether the requirements of D.3.1 have been met and whether
the procedure will continue depending on this outcome.
NOTE The technical specification should define the parties responsible for producing the required reports.
43
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EN 13262:2020 (E)
D.4.4 Laboratory tests
All characteristics defined in Clause 4, except those for fatigue, must be obtained by checking two
wheels taken from an industrial manufacturing process.
To ensure that the characteristics defined in 4.2.4.1 are satisfied, checks must be carried out on two
other wheels, using the test method of 4.2.4.3, but without the statistical approach, for a radial stress
level equal to that given in Table D.1 and due to a symmetrical outer load, to show that there is no
initiation of fatigue cracking after 107 cycles. For steel grade ER6, if a lower value is expected, it must be
specified and justified in the technical specification.
Fatigue characteristics do not need to be checked when the maximum radial stress calculated using the
method defined in EN 13979-1:2019 is less than 50% of the allowable fatigue stress amplitude
according to Table D.1.
Table D.1 — Radial stress level

Maximum wheel plate 12.5
6.3 µm
roughness (Ra) µm
Allowable fatigue stress
amplitude according to
Value obtained from a fatigue test programme
EN 13979-1:2019
290 360 according to EN 13979-1:2019, Annex A or clause
Δσ 7.2.3
(MPa)
Radial stress for verification
(MPa) ± 168 ± 240
Additional tests (micrographs, macrographs, etc.) may be carried out in this phase for better
identification of the product to be qualified, in addition to the tests defined in Clause 4. The results of
these tests do not play a part in the final qualification decision that may be made.
A report describing the parts tested, the tests carried out and the results obtained should be produced
at the end of this phase. It should specify whether the wheels tested meet the requirements.
If they do, a provisional qualification certificate must be issued.
Depending on the process, the batch to be used for the supply must be defined.
D.4.5 Wheel tests
D.4.5.1 Extended production control
Following provisional qualification, the first production batches of the product to be qualified must be
subject to extended control according to the "Qualification" column in Table E.1. Each batch must
include wheels from the same cast, having been heat treated under the same conditions. Each batch
must contain at least 24 wheels.
44
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
D.4.5.2 Commissioning
The first wheels delivered after the provisional qualification must be subject to particular monitoring in
service. To this end, a programme must be agreed in the technical specification. It should include:
— The definition of the number of wheels to be monitored;
— The description of the intermediate and end-of-test checks;
— The duration of the test.
D.4.5.3 Result of monitoring in service
Product qualification must be given at the earliest 2 years after the first wheel is commissioned on
condition (unless otherwise specified in the technical specification) that repeated problems have not
been identified during the tests defined in the "Qualification" column in Table E.1. The number of
wheels provided in the "Qualification" column in Table E.1 is limited to 1000 wheels or 10 batches.
A new report must be produced. It must contain at least:
— The wheel and batch numbers;
— The results of monitoring in service;
— The number of wheels rejected during checks, and the causes of rejection.
D.5 Validity of the qualification

D.5.1 Condition of validity
The qualification must specify the limits of validity of this qualification in relation to the product group
(see Clause D.2).
D.5.2 Modification and extension
The scope of validity of the certification can be modified or extended if:

— Other products are considered;
— The main parameters have been modified (manufacturing processes, quality organisation, etc.).
Any modifications or changes in the scope of qualification must be approved and documented.
D.5.3 Transfer
In the event of a transfer of ownership, an existing certificate may, upon request, be transferred to
another company if the material content and prerequisites for the qualification have not been modified.
45
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
D.5.4 Expiry
The equipment and production processes described in Subclause D.4.3 must be reassessed in the
following cases:
— If, after 5 years, 300 wheels have not been supplied following the current qualification;
— If, within a period of 2 years, no wheel has been supplied within the scope of the product that was
the subject of the qualification.
The wheels from the first batch under the new production arrangement must be supplied in accordance
with the "Qualification" column in Table E.1.
D.5.5 Withdrawal
If significant defects on the product are recorded, the relevant parts of the qualification procedure must
be carried out again.
If the manufacturer has failed to meet important qualification conditions, qualification may be
withdrawn.
D.6 Qualification record

For each qualified product, a qualification record must be created. It must contain:
— The documents provided by the manufacturer (see D.4.2);
— The assessment reports (see D.4.3);
— The laboratory test reports (see D.4.4);
— The commissioning report (see D.4.5);
— The qualification report (see D.5);
— The definition of the batch characteristics.
46
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
Annexe E
(normative)
Conditions of supply of the product
E.1 Introduction
This Annex describes the minimum conditions for the supply of the product.
Other requirements may be indicated in the technical specification.
E.2 General
The technical specification must indicate:
— The geometry and dimensions of the wheel (drawings);
— The category of the wheel (1 or 2 – see Clause 1);
— The minimum and maximum levels of elements if necessary (see Table 1);
— The wheel braking mode, shoe braking, disc braking, etc. (see 4.2.5);
— The diameter of standard defects for the internal integrity of the Category 2 rims (see Table 7);
— The type of corrosion protection (see 4.9);
— The location of the markings (see 4.10);
— Any marking of the nominal diameter on the running tread;
— The delivery state (see E.3).
The technical specification must propose the methods for quality checking product manufacture:
— Either production batch sampling in accordance with the provisions of E.5.1;
— Or an approved quality plan, in accordance with E.6.
The technical specification must also define:

— The diameter of the test piece (see 4.2.1.3);
— Measurement methods (see 4.5.4, 4.8, E.5.3);
— Surface integrity checks (see Table E.1, Footnote f and E.5.4);
— Imbalance allowed (see E.5).
47
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
At a minimum, manufacturers must be identified and documented in the inspection certificates for the
following steps in the production process:
— Steel development;
— Forging;
— Heat treatment;
— Machining.
E.3 Delivery states

The wheels must be delivered in one of the following conditions:
— Unmachined (as-forged and/or as-rolled) where the wheel has not undergone machining other
than that which the manufacturer must perform in order to make the wheel fit the requirements of
this document;
— Rough-machined (if requested) when the wheel has been machined and requires further
machining;
— Semi-finished when the wheel has, except for the bore, finished parts and parts requiring further
machining;
— Finished when the wheel has undergone final machining (on all parts except for the bore);
— Finished, ready-to-assemble when all wheel parts including the bore are in final machining status
ready for assembly.
E.4 Unit checks

Whether product manufacturing quality is checked by batch sampling (see E.5) or using a quality plan
(see E.6), checks are required to ensure that specific properties as defined in Clause 4 are obtained.
These checks must be carried out on each wheel delivered (see E.2) and are:
— Internal integrity of the rims (see 4.4.2);
— Surface integrity (see 4.6.2 or E.5.4);
— Imbalance (see 4.8);
— Diameter of the running tread, bore diameter, out-of-roundness of the running surface and rim
profile (see 4.7).
E.5 Batch sampling check

E.5.1 Checks to be carried out
The type and number of checks to be carried out are defined in Table E.1, "Supply” column; a batch
consists of wheels from the same cast that are heat treated under the same conditions.
48
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
Table E.1 — Type and number of checks to be carried out

Number of wheels per batch to be subjected to
the checks Subclause
Characteristics to be checked
reference
Qualification (see D.4.5) Supply (see E.4)
Batch size ≤ 100 ≤ 250 > 250 -
— Chemical composition 1 1 1 4.1
— Hydrogen content Key Key Key b
— Traction characteristics
— Rim 1 1 2 4.2.1
— Plate 1 1 2 4.2.1
— Hardness on rim section 1 1 2 4.2.2
— Hardness on rim (batch 100% 100% 100% E.5.2
homogeneity)
— Impact resistance 1 1 2 4.2.3
— Toughness c 1 1 1 4.2.5
— Homogeneity of heat treatment 10% d 1 2 4.3
— Micrographic cleanliness 1 1 2 4.4.1
— Internal integrity
— Rim 100% 100% 100% 4.4.2
— Hub 100% — — 4.4.2
— Plate 20% e 4.4.2
— Orientations of residual 1 1 2 f
stresses
— Surface condition 100% 100% 100% 4.6.1
— Surface integrity 100% 100% g 100% g 4.6.3
— Geometry and dimensions 100% h 100% h 100% h 4.7
— Static imbalance 100% 100% 100% 4.8
a One analysis per cast. The sampling shall ensure that the measured content is representative of the maximum hydrogen
content of the cast.
b The hydrogen content is determined according to the methods described in Annex F which is normative. It should be less
than 2 ppm for Category 1 wheels and 2.5 ppm for Category 2 wheels.
c Shoe-braked only wheels. The result of the toughness test on test pieces from a small batch of wheels can be combined
with additional batches up to a total of 250 wheels over a 12-month period, provided that the results of previous toughness
tests have met the requirements.
d Category 1 wheels only.
e If, for a batch, a wheel is rejected, this property is then 100% checked for this batch.
f Clause 5 for qualification and Subclause E.5.3 for supply.
g For Category 2 wheels, depending on the technical specification, the magnetic particle test may be replaced by the visual
examination defined in E.5.4.
h Diameter of the running tread, bore diameter, out-of-roundness of the running surface, rim profile, conformity of the
circularity deviations on at least one wheel in a batch.
E.5.2 Batch homogeneity by measuring rim hardness
The Brinell hardness test (10-mm-diameter ball) must be checked on the rim of each wheel after heat
treatment.
The test will be carried out in accordance with the requirements of EN ISO 6506-1:2014 on the flat face
opposite the flange. The impression must be located as shown in Figure 4.
49
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
The maximum extent of the hardness values measured on the wheel rims from the same batch must not
exceed 30 HB. The Brinell hardness test impression can be left on the rim face.
This test can be done before machining the wheel. On unmachined wheels, the measuring area must be
prepared by local machining to remove the decarburised area.
E.5.3 Orientation of residual stresses on treated wheels
The existence of compression stresses must be checked by measuring the reduction in distance
between two marks 100 mm away from each other, marked in the middle of the thickness of the rim on
the flat face, on the opposite side to the flange, after a radial cut is made from the top of the flange to the
bore, halfway between the two marks.
After releasing the internal tensions, the distance between the two marks must be reduced by a value
≥ 1 mm.
The acceptable criterion and method defined in Subclause 4.5.4 may also be used and must be defined
in the technical specification.
E.5.4 Visual inspection
Visual inspection should be performed under normal conditions of vision.

NOTE EN 13018 can be used as a reference for this inspection
The acceptability criteria must be established on the basis of the reference images to be defined in the
technical specification.
E.6 Quality plan

E.6.1 General
If the products being supplied are monitored via a quality plan, this must be defined in the technical
specification.
NOTE Quality plan as defined in EN ISO 9001 or equivalent.
This quality plan should refer to the manufacturer's quality manual and contain product-specific items.
E.6.2 Objectives
The purpose of this plan to be established in the technical specification is to:

— Describe the measures taken to obtain and control the quality of the products concerned. To this
end, justifications for the chosen options must be given;
— Provide at least the same confidence in the conformity of the product as that obtained through the
batch sampling checks.
This quality plan must specify the checks carried out during manufacture and on the products delivered.
These checks can be collated in a manufacturing control plan.
E.6.3 Methods of application
Any changes to the quality plan must be defined in the technical specification.
In the event of non-compliance noted in the products delivered, the methods of application of the
quality plan must be questioned and if the results are not satisfactory, the quality plan may be
suspended.
50
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
In this case, the checks and tests defined by the “batch sampling control” mode must be applied in full
until further agreement is reached.
E.7 Permissible repairs

Surface defects can be eliminated by fine grinding with progressive connections within the limits of the
dimensional, geometric and surface finish tolerances.
Any work must be followed by a local inspection, carried out under the conditions defined in 4.6.3.
Removal of excess imbalance is permitted by eccentric turning of the fillet radius from the plate to the
rim, on the flange side. The thickness of the removed metal must not exceed 4 mm. In addition, the
surface that has been reworked must be correctly connected to the neighbouring surfaces. If damping
systems are present in this area, the balancing zone must be agreed in the technical specification.
E.8 Retest
If a mechanical test does not meet the requirements, a technical analysis of the non-conformity must be
carried out to justify the retest, if the technical specification allows this.
For example, when the values obtained during the tensile test or the impact test do not meet the
expected specifications, the tests can be repeated for a second time in their entirety according to Table
2 and Table 4, otherwise, the batch must be discarded. The retest must be carried out on test pieces
from two separate wheels (if there are not more than 250 wheels in the batch), or two separate wheels
per 250 wheels (if there are more than 250 wheels in the batch). The batch shall be withdrawn if any of
the individual results of a retest do not reach the required value. All test results must be documented.
51
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
Annexe F
(normative)
Measurement of the hydrogen content at the time

of development of steel for monobloc wheels
F.1 General
As there is no European Standard on this subject, this Annex defines the requirements for carrying out
this measurement.
F.2 Sampling
The sampling is carried out in the liquid bath. It must be performed to meet the requirements of the
specification using one of the following 4 methods:
— Copper mould;
— Fire-resistant glass vacuum tube;
— Open quartz tube (the use of translucent quartz is prohibited due to its hygroscopic power);
— Probe immersion method (carrier gas method with thermal conductivity detectors). In this case,
the sample is not taken physically.
F.3 Analysis method

Two methods are accepted:
— Vacuum extraction apparatus operating at temperatures between 650°C and 1050°C;
— Apparatus injecting carrier gas (N2) into the molten metal; the resulting diffused gas containing
hydrogen is recovered for re-circulation and then analysed.
Other methods may be accepted in the technical specification if the same accuracy can be achieved.
F.4 Precautions
When samples are taken from molten steel, the sampling and preparation must be carried out in
accordance with EN ISO 14284:2002, 6.5.
Operators should have specific training to perform the analysis.
52
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
Annexe G
(informative)
Common applications of steel grades
The choice of steel grade for specific applications should take into account feedback and the braking
system used.
NOTE The service’s feedback on European networks has shown that steel grade ER7 is suitable for most
applications.
Table G.1 summarises the most common applications.
Table G.1 — Common applications of steel grades
Steel
Common application
grade
ER6 Steel grade ER6 is usually used in the event of reduced loading and/or heavy braking of the running
surface.
ER7 Steel grade ER7 is suitable for most applications.
ER8 Steel grade ER8 is usually used for high-demand applications.
ERS8 Steel grade ERS8 can be used for vehicles that are not 100% braked on the running surface and can
provide increased resistance to contact fatigue (RCF).
ER9 Wheels with high contact stresses such as “rolling road” or locomotives that are not 100% braked
on the running surface are typical applications for steel grade ER9.
53
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
Annexe ZA
(informative)
Relationship between this European Standard and the essential

requirements of Directive 2016/797/EC to be met
This European Standard has been developed within the framework of standardisation mandate M/483
given by the European Commission in order to provide a means to comply on a voluntary basis with the
essential requirements of Directive 2016/797/EC on the interoperability of the rail system.
Once this Standard has been quoted in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJ) under the
aforementioned Directive, compliance with the normative clauses of this Standard given in Table ZA.1
for freight wagons and Table ZA.2 for Locomotives and Passenger Vehicles, confers, within the scope of
the Standard, a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements applicable to the
aforementioned Directive and the associated EFTA Regulation.
54
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
Table ZA.1 — Correspondence between this European standard, Commission Regulation (EU) No.
321/2013 of 13 March 2013 (and its amendments 1236/2013 and 2015/924) regarding the
technical specification for interoperability concerning the "rolling stock – freight wagons"
subsystem of the rail system in the European Union and repealing Decision 2006/861/EC
(published in OJ L 104, 12.4.2013, p.1) and Directive 2016/797/EC
Corresponding text, Chapters/§/points Clauses/subclauses Comments

clauses/§/annexes to and annexes to the of this European
Directive 2016/797/EC TSI Standard
Annex III, Essential 4 Characterisation of The entire standard The previous edition
Requirements the subsystem is applicable. of this EN is
referenced in Annex
1 General requirements 4.2 Technical and
C of the TSI and is
functional specification
1.1 Safety therefore mandatory.
of the subsystem
Clauses 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3 This new edition is
1.2 Reliability and 4.2.3 Interaction with equivalent to it.
availability the track and gauge
The symbols of the
1.5 Technical compatibility
4.2.3.6 Running geometric
2 Essential requirements components parameters of the
specific to each subsystem axles are those used
4.2.3.6.3 Wheel
2.4 Rolling stock characteristics by the axle
2.4.2 Reliability and maintenance experts
5 Interoperability and are not those
availability
constituents used in the TSI.
Technical compatibility §3
5.3 Specification of
interoperability
constituents
5.3.3 Wheels
6 Conformity
assessment and EC
verification
6.1 Interoperability
constituent
6.1.2 Conformity
assessment procedures
6.1.2.3 Wheels
55
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
Table ZA.2 — Correspondence between this European standard, Commission Regulation (EU) No.
1302/2014 of 18 November 2014 regarding the technical specification for interoperability
concerning the "rolling stock - locomotives and passenger vehicles" subsystem of the rail system
in the European Union and repealing Decision 2006/861/EC (Published in the OJ L 356,
12.12.2014, p.228) and Directive 2016/797/EC
Corresponding text, Chapters/§/points and Clauses/subclauses of Comments

clauses/§/annexes to annexes to the TSI this European
Directive 2016/797/EC Standard
Annex III, Essential 4 Characterisation of the The entire standard is The symbols of the
Requirements rolling stock subsystem applicable. geometric
parameters of the
1 General requirements 4.2 Technical and
axles are those used
functional specification of
1.1 Safety by the axle
the subsystem
Clauses 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3 maintenance experts
1.2 Reliability and 4.2.3 Interaction with the and are not those
availability track and gauge used in the TSI.
1.5 Technical
4.2.3.5 Bearings
compatibility
4.2.3.5.2 Wheelset
2 Essential requirements
specific to each subsystem §4.2.3.5.2.1 Mechanical
and geometric
2.4 Rolling stock
characteristics of
2.4.2 Reliability and
wheelsets
availability
§4.2.3.5.2.2 Mechanical
Technical compatibility §3 and geometric
characteristics of wheels
5 Interoperability
constituents
5.3 Specification of
interoperability
constituents
§5.3.4 Wheels
6 Assessment of
conformity or suitability
for use and EC
verification
6.1 Interoperability
constituents
6.1.3 Special procedures
for the assessment of
Interoperability
Constituents
§6.1.3.1 Wheels
WARNING 1 — The presumption of conformity remains valid as long as the reference to this European
Standard is maintained in the list published in the Official Journal of the European Union. Users of this
standard should consult this list frequently.
WARNING 2 — Other EU regulations may apply to products falling within the scope of this standard.
56
BS EN 13262:2020
EN 13262:2020 (E)
Bibliography
[1] CEN/TR 10261, ECISS Information Circular 11 - Steels and cast iron - Chemical analysis methods
[2] EN ISO 9001, Quality management systems - Requirements (ISO 9001)
[3] EN ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing - Qualification and certification of NDT personnel (ISO 9712)
[4] BS 5892-3, Railway rolling stock materials. Specification for monobloc wheels for traction and
trailing stock
[5] ERRI B169 DT 251 Fracture toughness of railway wheels; methods of determination
[6] NF A03-405, Metal products - Fatigue testing - Data statistical processing
[7] ASTM E415-14, Standard Test Method for Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel by Spark Atomic
Emission Spectrometry
[8] ASTM E1019-11, Standard Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
in Steel, Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys by Various Combustion and Fusion Techniques
[9] EN 13018, Non-destructive testing – Visual testing – General principles
57
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BSI Standards Publication

Railway applications — Wheelsets and

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13262

ICS 45.040 Supersedes EN 13262:2004+A2:2011

Railway applications - Wheelsets and bogies - Wheels -

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 July 2020.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

Annexe B (informative) Examples of test benches for fatigue testing ......................................................32

D.5.1 Condition of validity ...................................................................................................................................... 45

This document supersedes EN 13262:2004+A2:2011.

Some features are provided as a Category 1 or Category 2 function.

EN ISO 1101:2017, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - Geometrical tolerancing - Tolerances of

ISO 5948:2018, Railway rolling stock material - Ultrasonic acceptance testing

ISO/TR 9769:20181)), Steel and iron - Review of available methods of analysis

3 Terms and definitions

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1) See also CEN/TR 10261.

4.1 Chemical composition

4.1.1 Values to be obtained

Table 1 — Maximum percentages of the different elements specified

4.1.2 Sampling position

4.1.3 Chemical analysis

For example, ASTM E415-14 and ASTM E1019-11 can be applied.

4.2.1 Characteristics from the tensile testing

4.2.1.1 Values to be obtained

Characteristics in the wheel rim and plate are given in Table 2.

Table 2 — Characteristics in the wheel rim and plate

Figure 1 — Position of test pieces

4.2.1.3 Test method

4.2.2 Hardness characteristics in the rim

4.2.2.1 Values to be obtained

Table 3 — Values to be obtained for hardness characteristics in the rim

4.2.2.2 Position of measuring points

Figure 2 — Measurements made on a radial section of the rim

4.2.2.3 Test method

4.2.3.1 Values to be obtained

Table 4 — Values to be obtained for impact resistance characteristics

4.2.3.2 Position of the test pieces

The test must be carried out in accordance with EN ISO 148-1:2018.

4.2.4.1 Values to be obtained

Table 5 — Values to be obtained for fatigue characteristics of the plate

Maximum roughness Fatigue stress limits according to Values to be obtained

12.5 290 315

4.2.5.3 Position of the test pieces

Figure 3 — Test pieces collected from the rim

4.2.5.4 Test method

The test must be performed according to ASTM E399-19.

— Test temperature between + 15°C and + 25°C;

— Measurement of the notch opening at the end of the test piece;

4.3 Heat treatment homogeneity

4.3.1 Values to be obtained

4.3.2 Test pieces

Figure 4 — Hardness impression area

4.3.3 Test method

4.4.1 Micrographic cleanliness

4.4.1.1 Level to be obtained