11 IV April 2023

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.50923
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

Arduino-Based Embedded System Module

Harshita Sharma1, Hemlata Prajapat2, Jayant Yadav3, Lakshya Bhatra4, Akash Deo5
1, 2,3,4 5
Students, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and
Gramothan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract: An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system. They are important now a days as they control numerous
common devices we use. It is designed to perform functions, frequently with real-time computing constraints. The project
objective is to design a development board that consists of various modules of embedded system applications. Arduino board has
allowed numerous engineers to incorporate embedded systems in their designs due to its ease of operation. In this project, PCB is
designed on a circuit design software DIPTRACE, i.e. an ECA/CAD software to make schematic design and printed circuit
board. This project facilitates the end users by providing different operations of an embedded system on a single development
board, like a Gas sensor, Temperature sensor, motor driver, etc.
Keywords: PCB, Embedded system, DIPTRACE, ECA, CAD.

I. INTRODUCTION
The term "embedded system" refers to the union of software and hardware. The dropping price of computing power, along with the
falling price of memory, and the capability to design low-cost systems on a single chip, has led to the development and deployment
of embedded computing systems in a wide range of operation surroundings. We will use the embedded system design process as a
framework for the study of co-design[6]. Hence, an increasingly effort has been devoted to AoI optimization
in embedded systems[7]. An Arduino board is preferred because of its simplicity of use for integrating embedded systems into the
design of various circuits. Microcontrollers deliver a better outcome since they are computers on single-chip that enable the creation
of embedded smart systems, which are widely used today [1]. A Microcontroller is a small computer on a single chip comprising a
processor, memory, and programmable input and output peripherals [2]. Consequently, there is an surge in longing for new
knowledge among engineers and students also, especially in the areas of prototyping power electronic instruments to save time,
ameliorate efficiency, and promote artificial intelligence. Microcontroller topologies are also being created and enhanced to satisfy
the demands of design engineers. The knowledge of digital electronics concerning conversion from one base to the other will enable
him to program them. Arduino is an open-source prototype platform that abridges the art of designing embedded systems. It
comprises a board appertained to as an Arduino board and can be programmed in its Integrated development environment IDE [3].
Circuit prototyping is a crucial step in any electronic design process. Electronic circuit prototypes have typically been constructed
on turret boards or breadboards [4, 5], the latter of which is still the most popular prototyping method used today. The industry
evolutions have increased the importance of printed circuit boards (PCB) in electronics prototyping [11]. Arduino UNO
microcontroller core platform is employed in this project. It can be fluently interfaced with computers, drivers, and stepper motors
as well. PCBshave the additional advantage of providing robustness that breadboards cannot achieve[8]. Finally, PCBs can be
duplicated with ease, allowing parallel testing of multiple (nearly) identical prototypes. Despite their numerous advantages in the
prototyping phase of electronic design processes, usage of PCBs outside professional environments and high end academic research
groups is undervalued[9]. With the recent introduction of professional yet easy to use and affordable design suites [10], the design
of a PCB is no longer a prohibitive factor. In contrast, production processes for PCBs have become more complex due to
environmental limitations and advancing electrical requirements. As a result, the proposed module gives users the convenience of
operating and testing a variety of embedded system applications on a single board by fusing several modules together as needed.
The details of the module are given in section II.
II. PROPOSED MODULE
The development board has six independent modules that can be connected to Arduino in various ways depending on the needs of
the user. Here, DIPTRACE software, an ECA/CAD programme used to create printed circuit boards and schematic designs, is
utilised to create the modules. One can quickly create any schematics and then change them to other formats like PCB. . It is a piece
of software for circuit design that increases circuit design productivity. Diptrace provides user with the advantage of immediately
checking for mistakes while enabling user to swiftly design complex circuits. It enables the user to make use of fundamental and
adaptable features like 3D modelling, quick shape-based routing, and broad import and export options. It offers multi-sheet and
multi-level hierarchal circuits. The block diagram of the proposed module is shown in Figure (1).

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3403
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

Figure 1: Block diagram of the proposed module

The steps followed in the design of the proposed module are:

1) Open the editor section in the tool
2) Select either components/footprints to be created
3) Create new components
4) Create new footprints
5) Schematic capture
6) Verify the circuits through the simulation procedure
7) Run simulation
8) Conversion of Schematic Layout to PCB

III. SCHEMATIC DESIGNING

Initially, a schematic design of the printed circuit board must be created. The circuit needs to be set up. Making a schematic in
advance will be useful as a guide for positioning the traces and all of the components on the PCB board. Additionally, the PCB
designing software may be able to import all of the footprints, wires, and components onto the PCB file, making it simple to build
circuits overall. The user can connect the pins logically, visually, without wires, or by using the inbuilt net ports on the circuit board
in the schematic capture section. It can import and export data from different CAD/EDA applications and formats, convert
schematics to PCBs, and annotate simply and be imported/exported from other CAD/EDA software and formats. EasyEDA is a
web-based software programme that enables you to design and simulate electronic circuits as well as produce printed circuit board
(PCB) layouts. It is used to create the schematic for the proposed module. It is an easy-to-use software application for electronics
that is appropriate for both newcomers and experts. EasyEDA offers a drag-and-drop schematic capture interface that makes it
simple to position and connect electronic components. The schematic of the proposed module is shown in below figure(2).

Figure 2: Schematic Diagram of modules

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

IV. PCB LAYOUT

Diptrace is a top-notch board-level design tool that can be used for intelligent placement, routing tools, shape base auto-router,
copying blocks, and creative projects. The verification feature is one of the fundamental qualities from which user may determine
using high-speed signals, we may swiftly verify the accuracy of the intricate project. PCB layout allows the user to edit and
create printed circuit boards. Switching is advantageous since it is difficult to construct courses in PCB layout directly and is
necessary when creating complex circuits.

Some basic steps for creating PCB Layout with dip trace :
1) Import the schematic
2) Create a new PCB Layout
3) Place components
4) Route traces
5) Define copper layers
6) Modify component placement
7) Make silkscreen

There are various processes involved in moving from schematics to layout, which are listed below:
a) Choose the circuit design, then pick the file, convert PCB, or press Ctrl+B. You can convert the schematics to the PCB layout in
this way.
b) You may need to renew your schematics for this at times. Navigate to the "file/renew layouts from the schematics" option in the
PCB layout's main menu.

(a) Top view

(b) Bottom view

Figure 3: Layout of PCB

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3405
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

V. PCB DESIGN PROCESS

Designing a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) involves several steps that need to be followed in sequential order.
1) Determine the System Requirements: Identity the purpose and functionality of the embedded system to be integrated into the
PCB. Determine the required components, the power supply requirements, and the interfaces that need to be included in the
design.
2) Create a Block Diagram: Develop a block diagram to visualize the main functional blocks of the system and their connections
to each other.
3) Schematic Capture: Use a schematic capture software tool to design the circuit diagram of the PCB with all the required
components and their connections.
4) Component Placement: After the schematic capture process, place all the components onto the PCB layout design. Consider the
physical size and shape of the components and their placement to each other.
5) Routing: Route the traces that connect the components according to the schematic capture design.
6) Design Rule Check: After completing the layout design, run a Design Rule Check (DRC) to identify any errors or warnings.
This process ensures that the PCB design meets the manufacturing requirements and standards.
7) Generate Gerber Files: Once the DRC process is complete and the design is error-free, generate the Gerber files that will be
used to manufacture the PCB.
8) PCB Assembly: After receiving the manufactured PCB, assemble the components onto the board. Follow the recommended
soldering techniques and procedures to ensure the proper functioning of the embedded system.
9) Testing: Finally, test the PCB to ensure that it meets the design specifications and functional requirements.

VI. PCB FABRICATION

The PCB manufacturing process as discussed below is split up into 6 phases The 6 phases include the Copper Routing Phase, the
Drilling Phase, the Solder Resist Phase, the Though Hole Plating Phase, the Surface Finish Phase, and finally the Component
Overlay Phase.
1) Copper Routing Phase: The Copper Routing Phase is the only essential phase of the manufacturing process. Two major
methods exist for routing copper-clad boards: mechanically through milling, and chemically through etching. In milling price
range is high and PCB milling machines require a processing time that is proportional to the complexity of the board being
milled. But milling is more environmentally friendly due to the absence of chemicals and the easier reuse of removed copper.
The alternative to milling is an etching, which refers to chemically removing undesired copper from the copper-clad board
utilizing a corrosive chemical etchant. Etching times range from a few seconds to dozens of minutes. Copper routing using
chemical etching requires 4 steps: transferring the artwork to an etch resist, developing the resist, etching the board, and finally
stripping the extra resist from the copper.
2) Transferring artwork to etch resist : Coating that can resist the etchant must be applied before etching. This photosensitive
coating can be applied to a blank board as a film. To transfer the copper layer information to During the etching of copper-clad
board, an etchant is used to submerge the board. To protect desired copper areas such as tracks and polygons from the etchant, a
the board, it is first printed on cellulose acetate transparencies using a high-resolution laser printer. Once printed, the protective
layer is removed from the copper-clad board and placed in an ultraviolet (UV) exposure unit. The transparency is then aligned
with the board, and exposed to ultraviolet light to cure the uncovered parts of the photosensitive laminate. Tracks are covered
by ink on the transparency and protected from ultraviolet light. Any ultraviolet light source can be used to cure the
photosensitive coating from a technical perspective, including sunlight.
3) Developing the etch resist: After curing the photosensitive coating above undesired copper, it must be washed off before
commencing the etching process. This is done by developing the photosensitive coating in a 1% sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
solution at room temperature. After developing, the board is rinsed with water to prevent NaOH from entering the etching
solution.
4) Etching the board: Any chemical substance, or combination of chemicals, may be used as the etchant to dissolve metallic
copper (Cu) while causing no damage to the board's etch resist. Etchants are generally divided into 5 groups: peroxides, metal
chlorides, chlorine-based etchants, persulfates, and nitrates. Etchants used in PCB manufacturing are- Due to its affordability
and speed of etching, ferric chloride (FeCl3) is one of the most commonly used etchants for PCBs. As a ready-to-use solution, it
is offered commercially. Other etchants, such as sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen peroxide (HCl
and H2O2) are also used.

©IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved | SJ Impact Factor 7.538 | ISRA Journal Impact Factor 7.894 | 3406
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

5) Stripping the etch resist: After the etching process is finished, the etch resist must be stripped off to expose the copper tracks
on the board so they can be treated with a surface finish. . The board is first cleaned with acetone to dissolve the coating before
being rinsed with water to remove the tainted acetone in order to remove the etch resist
Following the completion of the aforementioned steps, drilling and component soldering are carried out.

VII. 3-D VIEW

A 3D view of a printed circuit board (PCB) provides a realistic and detailed representation of the physical layout and components of
the PCB. It shows the position and orientation of each component on the PCB. This allows for visual inspection of the placement of
components, ensuring that they are correctly positioned and spaced for the proper functioning of the circuit.
The 3D view displays the layer stacking of the PCB, showing the different layers of the PCB and their location with each other: This
view also shows the routing of the traces, indicating the paths and connections between the components. This allows for a quick and
accurate visual check of the traces, ensuring that they are properly routed and spaced for optimal performance.
It also displays the mechanical dimensions of the PCB, including its size, shape, and mounting holes. This enables the designer to
check that the PCB fits within the mechanical constraints of the device for which it is designed.

Figure 4: experimental setup

VIII. FLOW CHART

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.538
Volume 11 Issue IV Apr 2023- Available at www.ijraset.com

IX. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, designing a PCB for an Arduino-based system requires a deep understanding of the system's requirements and the
principles of circuit design. It is important to choose the right components and layout to ensure proper functionality, reliability, and
efficiency.
The design process involves schematic capture, component placement, routing, and testing. It is crucial to consider factors such as
power management, signal integrity, and electromagnetic compatibility during the design phase. Adequate documentation and
quality checks should be performed to ensure that the final product meets the specifications and regulatory requirements.
By following best practices and considering key factors such as size, power consumption, and functionality, the PCB design for an
Arduino-based system can achieve optimal performance and reliability. A well-designed PCB can enhance the system's
functionality, reduce development time, and simplify maintenance and upgrades.

REFERENCES
[1] Bates, M.P.,“Programming 8-bit PIC Microcontrollers in C with Interactive Hardware Simulation,” NewnessUSA, 2008.
[2] Smith, A.G. “Introduction to Arduino: A Piece of Cake”, 2011 Retrieved online 2018 from www.intotoarduino.com
[3] Tutorialpoint. 2016.Retrieved online from www.tutorialpont.com, 2018, 24-35
[4] RAKO Paul, Prototyping Techniques: Things to Know Before Pulling the Trigger, EDN, May 2008.
[5] VERBELEN Yannick, Geïntegreerd Practicum: Robocup Project, unpublished, 2009.
[6] Wolf, W. H. (1994). Hardware-software co-design of embedded systems. Proceedings of the IEEE, 82(7), 967-989.
[7] Zhou, Z., Fu, C., Xue, C. J., Han, S., Zhang, W., & Ju, L. (2023). Optimizing Worst-Case Data Freshness in RF-Powered Networked Embedded Systems. IEEE
Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems.
[8] ZUMBAHLEN H., Linear Circuit Design Handbook, Analog Devices, ISBN 9-780-750687-03-4, April 2008.
[9] KESTER Walt, High Speed System Applications, Analog Devices, ISBN-10: 1-56619-909-3, ISBN-13: 978-1-56619-909- 4, Part 4, 2006.
[10] MAXFIELD Clive, Altium redefines board-level design, EE Times, February 2011.
[11] Verbelen, Yannick & Belle, Davy & Tiete, Jelmer. (2013). Experimental Analysis of Small Scale PCB Manufacturing Techniques for Fablabs. International
Journal of Engineering Innovation and Research. 2. 136-143.

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