11. What is scope resolution?

In Python, a scope defines the region of code where an object remains valid and accessible.
Every object in Python operates within its designated scope. Namespaces are used to uniquely
identify objects within a program, and each namespace is associated with a specific scope where
objects can be used without any prefix. The scope of a variable determines its accessibility and
lifespan.

Let’s explore the different scopes created during code execution:

 Local scope: This refers to the objects that are defined within the current function and
are accessible only within that function.
 Global scope: Objects in the global scope are available throughout the execution of the
code. 
 Module-level scope: This scope encompasses global objects that are associated with the
current module in the program. These objects are accessible within the module.
 Outermost scope: This refers to all the built-in names that can be called from anywhere
in the program.

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12. What is a dictionary in Python?

Python supports various data types, including dictionaries. A dictionary in Python is a collection
of elements that are stored as key-value pairs. It is an unordered data structure, and the indexing
is done based on the keys assigned to each element. Let’s consider an example: we have a
dictionary named ‘dict’ with two keys, ‘Country’ and ‘Capital’, which have corresponding
values ‘India’ and ‘New Delhi’, respectively.

Syntax:

dict={‘Country’:’India’,’Capital’:’New Delhi’, }

Output: Country: India, Capital: New Delhi

13. What are functions in Python?

A function is a segment of code that runs only when it is called. The “def” keyword is utilized to
define a specific function, as exemplified below:

def my_function():
    print("Hi, Welcome to Intellipaat")
my_function()  # call to the function

Output:
Hi, Welcome to Intellipaat
14. What is __init__ in Python?

In Python classes, the reserved method init serves a similar purpose as constructors in object-
oriented programming (OOP) terminology. When a new object is created, the init method is
automatically called, initializing the object and allocating memory for it. This method can also be
utilized to set initial values for variables.

Below is an example:

class Human:
    def __init__(self, age):
        self.age = age
    def say(self):
        print('Hello, my age is', self.age)
h = Human(22)
h.say()

Output:

Hello, my age is 22

15. What are the common built-in data types in Python?

Python supports the below-mentioned built-in data types:

Immutable data types:

 Number
 String
 Tuple

Mutable data types:

 List
 Dictionary
 set

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16. What are local variables and global variables in Python?

A local variable is a variable that is defined within a specific function and is only accessible
within that function. It cannot be accessed by other functions within the program.

In contrast, a global variable is a variable that is declared outside of any function, allowing it to
be accessed by all functions in the program

g=4 #global variable

def func_multiply():
l=5 #local variable
m=g*l
return m
func_multiply()

Output: 20

If you attempt to access the local variable outside the func_multiply function, you will encounter
an error.

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17. What is type conversion in Python?

Python offers a valuable feature that allows for the conversion of data types as needed. This
process is referred to as type conversion in Python.

Type conversion can be divided into two types:

Implicit Type Conversion: This type of conversion is automatically performed by the Python
interpreter without requiring any user intervention.

Explicit Type Conversion: This type of conversion involves the user explicitly changing the
data type to the desired type.

Below are several functions for explicit type conversion:

int(): This function converts any data type to an integer.

float(): This function converts any data type to a float.

ord(): This function returns an integer representing the Unicode character.

hex(): This function converts integers to hexadecimal strings.

oct(): This function converts integers to octal strings.

tuple(): This function converts a value to a tuple.

set(): This function returns the type after converting to a set.

list(): This function converts any data type to a list.

dict(): This function is used to convert a tuple of key-value pairs into a dictionary.

str(): This function is used to convert an integer into a string.

complex(real, imag): This function is used to convert real numbers to complex numbers in the
form of complex(real, imag).

18. How to install Python on Windows and set a path variable?

To install Python on Windows and set a path variable, follow the steps below:

Download Python:

 Visit the official Python website at www.python.org.

 Click on the “Downloads” tab.
 Choose the latest version of Python for Windows.
 Select the appropriate installer based on your system (32-bit or 64-bit).

Run the Installer:

 Double-click the downloaded installer.

 Check the box stating “Add Python to PATH” during the installation process.
  Click on the “Customize installation” option if you want to customize the installation
location or components.

Set the Path Variable:

 After opening the Start menu, search “Environment Variables” or “Edit the system
environment variables.”
 Click on the “Environment Variables” button.
 Find the “Path” variable in “System Variables” and click “Edit.”
 Select “New” and then provide the path to your Python installation directory. It is
typically found at “C:PythonXX” (XX represents the Python version number).
 Click “OK” to save the changes.

Verify the Installation:

 Open a new Command Prompt window.

 Type “python” and press Enter.
 If Python is installed correctly, you will see the Python interpreter prompt with the
version information.

Here’s the code to check the Python version using Command Prompt:

python –version

19. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?

Criteria Python Arrays  Python Lists

Arrays are data structures that hold Lists are versatile data structures that can
Definition
fixed-size elements of the same type. hold elements of different types and sizes.
Arrays are mutable, meaning their
Lists are mutable, allowing for modification
Mutable elements can be modified once
of elements after creation.
created.
Lists can dynamically resize to
Array size is fixed upon creation and
Size accommodate new elements or remove
cannot be changed.
existing elements.
Arrays store elements of the same Lists can store elements of different data
Homogeneous
data type, ensuring homogeneity. types, allowing heterogeneity.
Access Elements in an array can be accessed Elements in a list can be accessed using
 using indexing. indexing.
Arrays support mathematical and Lists provide a wide range of built-in
Operations logical operations on their elements methods and operations for manipulation
efficiently. and data handling.
Arrays consume less memory Lists consume more memory due to their
Memory
compared to lists. flexibility and dynamic resizing.

20. Is python case sensitive?

Yes, Python is a case sensitive language. In Python, it is important to note that “Function” and
“function” are distinct entities, similar to how SQL and Pascal handle them differently.

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21. What does [::-1] do?

[::-1] ,take this example of slice notation and it helps in reversing the sequence, all with the help
of indexing.

[Start,stop,step count]

Let’s understand with an example of an array:

import array as arr

Array_d=arr.array('i',[1,2,3,4,5])
Array_d[::-1]          #reverse the array or sequence

Output: 5,4,3,2,1

22. What are Python packages?

A Python package is a compilation of various sub-packages and modules organized according to

their functional similarities.

23. What are decorators?

In Python, decorators serve as essential functions that enable the addition of functionality to an
already existing function without altering its structure. These decorators are denoted by the
@decorator_name syntax in Python and are invoked in a bottom-up manner. Below is an
example illustrating how decorators work correctly:
def decorator_lowercase(function):   # defining a Python decorator
    def wrapper():
        result = function()
        result_lowercase = result.lower()
        return result_lowercase
    return wrapper
@decorator_lowercase ## calling the decorator
def intro():                    # Normal function
    return 'Hello, I AM SAM'

print(intro())

Output: ‘hello,i am sam’

24. Is indentation required in Python?

Indentation is an essential aspect of Python syntax, ensuring proper code structure. It is a method
used by programming languages to determine the scope and extent of code blocks. In Python,
indentation serves this purpose. The mandatory requirement of indentation in Python not only
enforces consistent code formatting but also enhances code readability, which is likely the reason
behind its inclusion.

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25. How does break, continue, and pass work?

The following statements assist in altering the course of execution from the regular flow, which
categorizes them as loop control statements.

 Python break: This statement aids in discontinuing the loop or the statement and
transferring control to the subsequent statement.
 Python continue: This statement enforces the execution of the subsequent iteration when
a particular condition is met, instead of terminating it.
 Python pass: This statement allows the syntactical writing of code while intending to
bypass its execution. It is also recognized as a null operation, as no action is taken when
the pass statement is executed.

26. How can you randomize the items of a list in place in Python?

This can be easily achieved by using the Shuffle() function from the random library as shown
below:

from random import shuffle

List = ['He', 'Loves', 'To', 'Code', 'In', 'Python']

shuffle(List)
print(List)
Output: [‘Loves’,’He’ ,’To ,’In’, ‘Python’,’Code’]

27. How to comment with multiple lines in Python?

To include a multiline comment in Python, each line should begin with the # symbol. This
practice ensures that the code is clear and easily understood.

28. What type of language is python? Programming or scripting?

Python is a versatile programming language that excels not only as a general-purpose language
but also as a scripting tool.

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29. What are negative indexes and why are they used?

To retrieve an item from a sequential collection, we can simply utilize its index, which represents
the position of that specific item. Conventionally, the index commences at 0, implying that the
initial element has an index of 0, the second element has an index of 1, and so forth.

When employing reverse indexing, we access elements from the opposite end of the sequence. In
this case, the indexing initiates from the last element, denoted by the index number ‘-1’. The
second-to-last element is assigned an index of ‘-2’, and so forth. These negative indexes
employed in reverse indexing are specifically referred to as negative indexes.

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30. Explain split(), sub(), subn() methods of “re” module in Python?
These methods belong to the Python RegEx or ‘re’ module and are used to modify strings.

 split(): This method is used to split a given string into a list.

 sub(): This method is used to find a substring where a regex pattern matches, and then it
replaces the matched substring with a different string.
 subn(): This method is similar to the sub() method, but it returns the new string, along
with the number of replacements.

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31. What do you mean by Python literals?

In programming, literals are used to represent specific values assigned to variables or constants.
Python offers various types of literals, including string literals, numeric literals, and boolean
literals. Here are examples of each:

String Literals:

String literals are created by enclosing text within either single or double quotes. They can
represent any sequence of characters.

Example:

“Intellipaat”

‘45879’

Numeric Literals:

Numeric literals in Python encompass three types:

Integer: Integer literals represent whole numbers without any fractional part.

Example: I = 10

Float: Float literals are used to denote decimal numbers.

Example: i = 5.2

Complex: Complex literals are used for representing complex numbers.

Example: 1.73j

Boolean Literals:

Boolean literals are utilized to denote boolean values, which can only be True or False.
Example: x = True

32. What is a map function in Python?

The map() function in Python has two parameters, function and iterable. The map() function is a
powerful tool that allows you to apply a specified function to every element within an iterable. It
takes two arguments: the function you want to apply and the iterable containing the elements you
want to process. This function is a versatile way to perform operations on multiple items
simultaneously, making your code more efficient and concise

For example:

def calculateSq(n):
return n*n
numbers = (2, 3, 4, 5)
result = map( calculateSq, numbers)
print(list(result))

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33. What are the generators in python?

Generators in Python are special functions that can be used to create iterable objects. Unlike
regular functions that return a value and then terminate, generators use the yield keyword to
suspend execution temporarily and yield a value one at a time. This makes generators memory
efficient as they don’t generate the entire sequence of values upfront but rather generate values
on-demand.

Generators are helpful when dealing with large datasets or when the complete sequence of values
is not needed at once. They allow us to iterate over a potentially infinite sequence without
consuming excessive memory.

34. What are python iterators?

Python iterators are objects that allow you to access elements of a collection one at a time. They
use the __iter__() and __next__() methods to retrieve the next element until there are no more.
Iterators are commonly used in for loops and can be created for custom objects. They promote
efficient memory usage and enable lazy evaluation of elements. In summary, iterators provide a
convenient way to iterate over data structures in a controlled and efficient manner.

35. Do we need to declare variables with respective data types in Python?

No. Python is a dynamically typed language, i.e., the Python Interpreter automatically identifies
the data type of a variable based on the type of value assigned.
36. What are Dict and List comprehensions?

Python comprehensions are like decorators that help to build altered and filtered lists,
dictionaries, or sets from a given list, dictionary, or a set. Comprehension is a powerful feature in
Python that offers a convenient way to create lists, dictionaries, and sets with concise
expressions. It eliminates the need for explicit loops, which can help reduce code size and save
time during development.

Comprehensions are beneficial in the following scenarios:

 Performing mathematical operations on the entire list

 Performing conditional filtering operations on the entire list
 Combining multiple lists into one
 Flattening a multi-dimensional list

For example:

my_list = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11]

squared_list = [x**2 for x in my_list]    # list comprehension

# output => [4 , 9 , 25 , 49 , 121]

squared_dict = {x:x**2 for x in my_list}    # dict comprehension

# output => {11: 121, 2: 4 , 3: 9 , 5: 25 , 7: 49}

37. How do you write comments in python?

Python comments are statements used by the programmer to increase the readability of the code.
With the help of the #, you can define a single comment. Another way of commenting is to use
the docstrings (strings enclosed within triple quotes).
For example:

#Comments in Python
print("Comments in Python ")

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38. Is multiple inheritance supported in Python?

Yes, unlike Java, Python provides users with a range of support in terms of inheritance and its
usage. Multiple inheritance refers to a scenario where a class is instantiated from more than one
individual parent class. This provides a lot of functionality and advantages to users.
39. What is the difference between range & xrange?

Functions in Python, range() and xrange(), are used to iterate inside a for loop for a fixed number
of times. Functionality-wise, both these functions are the same. The difference comes when
talking about the Python version support for these functions and their return values.

range() Method xrange() Method

In Python 3, xrange() is not supported; instead, the The xrange() function is used in Python 2 to
range() function is used to iterate inside for loops iterate inside for loops
It returns a generator object as it doesn’t
It returns a list
really generate a static list at the run time
It takes more memory as it keeps the entire list of It takes less memory as it keeps only one
iterating numbers in memory number at a time in memory

40. What is pickling and unpickling?

The Pickle module accepts the Python object and converts it into a string representation and
stores it into a file by using the dump function. This process is called pickling. On the other
hand, the process of retrieving the original Python objects from the string representation is called
unpickling.

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41. What do you understand by the word Tkinter?

Tkinter is a built-in Python module that is used to create GUI applications and it is Python’s
standard toolkit for GUI development. Tkinter comes pre-loaded with Python so there is no
separate installation needed. You can start using it by importing it in your script.
42. Is Python fully object oriented?

Python does follow an object-oriented programming paradigm and has all the basic OOPs
concepts such as inheritance, polymorphism, and more, with the exception of access specifiers.
Python doesn’t support strong encapsulation (adding a private keyword before data members).
Although, it has a convention that can be used for data hiding, i.e., prefixing a data member with
two underscores.

43. Differentiate between NumPy and SciPy?

NumPy SciPy
NumPy stands for Numerical Python SciPy stands for Scientific Python
It is used for efficient and general numeric This module is a collection of tools in
computations on numerical data saved in arrays. Python used to perform operations such as
E.g., sorting, indexing, reshaping, and more integration, differentiation, and more
Full-fledged algebraic functions are
There are some linear algebraic functions available
available in SciPy for algebraic
in this module, but they are not full-fledged
computations

44. Explain all file processing modes supported in Python?

Python has various file processing modes.

For opening files, there are three modes:

 read-only mode (r)

 write-only mode (w)
  read–write mode (rw)

For opening a text file using the above modes, we will have to append ‘t’ with them as follows:

 read-only mode (rt)

 write-only mode (wt)
 read–write mode (rwt)

Similarly, a binary file can be opened by appending ‘b’ with them as follows:

 read-only mode (rb)

 write-only mode (wb)
 read–write mode (rwb)

To append the content in the files, we can use the append mode (a):

 For text files, the mode would be ‘at’

 For binary files, it would be ‘ab’

45. What do file-related modules in Python do? Can you name some file-related
modules in Python?

Python comes with some file-related modules that have functions to manipulate text files and
binary files in a file system. These modules can be used to create text or binary files, update
content by carrying out operations like copy, delete, and more.

Some file-related modules are os, os.path, and shutil.os. The os.path module has functions to
access the file system, while the shutil.os module can be used to copy or delete files.

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46. Explain the use of the 'with' statement and its syntax?

In Python, using the ‘with’ statement, we can open a file and close it as soon as the block of
code, where ‘with’ is used, exits. In this way, we can opt for not using the close() method.

with open("filename", "mode") as file_var:

47. Write a code to display the contents of a file in reverse?

To display the contents of a file in reverse, the following code can be used:

filename = "filename.txt"
with open(filename, "r") as file:
    lines = file.readlines()
for line in reversed(lines):
    print(line.rstrip())

48. Which of the following is an invalid statement?

1. xyz = 1,000,000
2. x y z = 1000 2000 3000
3. x,y,z = 1000, 2000, 3000
4. x_y_z = 1,000,000

Ans. 2 statement is invalid.

49. Write a command to open the file c:\hello.txt for writing?

Command:

f= open(“hello.txt”, “wt”)

50. What does len() do?

len() is an inbuilt function used to calculate the length of sequences like list, python string, and
array.

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
length = len(my_list)
print(length)

51. What does *args and **kwargs mean in Python?

 .*args: It is used to pass multiple arguments in a function.

 **kwargs: It is used to pass multiple keyworded arguments in a function in Python.

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52. How will you remove duplicate elements from a list?

To remove duplicate elements from the list we use the set() function.

Consider the below example:

demo_list = [5, 4, 4, 6, 8, 12, 12, 1, 5]

unique_list = list(set(demo_list))
output = [1, 5, 6, 8, 12]

53. How can files be deleted in Python?

You need to import the OS Module and use os.remove() function for deleting a file in python.
consider the code below:

import os
os.remove("file_name.txt")

54. How will you read a random line in a file?

We can read a random line in a file using the random module.

For example:

import random
def read_random(fname):
lines = open(fname).read().splitlines()
return random.choice(lines)
print(read_random('hello.txt'))

55. Write a Python program to count the total number of lines in a text file?

Refer the code below to count the total number of lines in a text file-

def file_count(fname):
    with open(fname) as f:
        for i, _ in enumerate(f):
            pass
    return i + 1

print("Total number of lines in the text file:",

file_count("file.txt"))

56. What would be the output if I run the following code block?
list1 = [2, 33, 222, 14, 25]
print(list1[-2])

1. 14
2. 33
3. 25
4. Error

Ans. output:14

In Python, negative indexing allows you to access elements from the end of the list. The index -1
represents the last element, -2 represents the second-to-last element, and so on.

In the given code, list1[-2] refers to the second-to-last element in the list list1, which is 14.
Therefore, the output of the code will be 14.
57. What is the purpose of “is”, “not” and “in” operators?

Operators are referred to as special functions that take one or more values (operands) and
produce a corresponding result.

 is: returns the true value when both the operands are true  (Example: “x” is ‘x’)
 not: returns the inverse of the boolean value based upon the operands (example:”1”
returns “0” and vice-versa.
 In: helps to check if the element is present in a given Sequence or not.

58. Whenever Python exits, why isn’t all the memory de-allocated?

 Whenever Python exits, especially those Python modules which are having circular
references to other objects or the objects that are referenced from the global namespaces,
the memory is not always de-allocated or freed.
 It is not possible to de-allocate those portions of memory that are reserved by the C
library.
 On exit, because of having its own efficient clean up mechanism, Python will try to de-
allocate every object.

59. How can the ternary operators be used in python?

The ternary operator is the operator that is used to show conditional statements in Python. This
consists of the boolean true or false values with a statement that has to be checked.

Syntax:

x , y=10,20
count = x if x<y else y

Explanation:

The expression count = x if x < y else y is evaluated as follows:

If the condition x < y is true, then the value of x is assigned to count. This means that if the value
of x is less than the value of y, count will be equal to x.

If the condition x < y is false, then the value of y is assigned to count. This means that if the
value of x is not less than the value of y, count will be equal to y.

60. How to add values to a python array?

In python, adding elements in an array can be easily done with the help of extend(),append()
and insert() functions.
Consider the following example:
x=arr.array('d', [11.1 , 2.1 ,3.1] )
x.append(10.1)
print(x) #[11.1,2.1,3.1,10.1]
x.extend([8.3,1.3,5.3])
print(x) #[11.1,2.1,3.1,10.1,8.3,1.3,5.3]
x.insert(2,6.2)
print(x) # [11.1,2.1,6.2,3.1,10.1,8.3,1.3,5.3]

61. How to remove values to a python array?

Elements can be removed from a python array by using pop() or remove() methods.

pop(): This function will return the removed element .

remove():It will not return the removed element.

Consider the below example :

x=arr.array('d', [8.1, 2.4, 6.8, 1.1, 7.7, 1.2, 3.6])

print(x.pop())
print(x.pop(3))
x.remove(8.1)
print(x)

Output:

3.6
1.1  # element popped at 3 rd  index
array('d', [ 2.4, 6.8, 7.7, 1.2])

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62. Write a code to sort a numerical list in Python?

The following code can be used to sort a numerical list in Python:

numbers = ["2", "5", "7", "8", "1"]

numbers = [int(i) for i in numbers]
numbers.sort()
print(numbers)

63. Can you write an efficient code to count the number of capital letters in a
file?

The normal solution for this problem statement would be as follows:

with open(SOME_LARGE_FILE) as countletter:

count = 0
text = countletter.read()
for character in text:
    if character.isupper():
        count += 1

To make this code more efficient the whole code block can be converted into a one-line code
using the feature called generator expression. With this, the equivalent code line of the above
code block would be as follows:

count = sum(1 for line in countletter for character in line if character.isupper())

64. How will you reverse a list in Python?

To reverse a list in Python, you can use the slicing technique. Here’s a brief explanation of the
process:

Start with the original list that you want to reverse.

Use the slicing syntax [::-1] to create a new list that includes all elements from the original list in
reverse order.

Assign the reversed list to a new variable or overwrite the original list with the reversed version.

original_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

reversed_list = original_list[::-1]

65. How will you remove the last object from a list in Python?
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
my_list.pop()

Here, −1 represents the last element of the list. Hence, the pop() function removes the last object
(obj) from the list.

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66. How can you generate random numbers in Python?

This is achieved by importing the random module. It is the module that is used to generate
random numbers.

Syntax:

import random
random.random # returns the floating point random number between the range of
[0,1].
67. How will you convert a string to all lowercase?

To convert a string to all lowercase in Python, you can use the built-in lower() method. The
lower() method is available for strings and returns a new string with all characters converted to
lowercase.

For Example:

demo_string='ROSES'
print(demo_string.lower())

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68. Why would you use NumPy arrays instead of lists in Python?

NumPy arrays provide users with three main advantages as shown below:

 NumPy arrays consume a lot less memory, thereby making the code more efficient.
 NumPy arrays execute faster and do not add heavy processing to the runtime.
 NumPy has a highly readable syntax, making it easy and convenient for programmers.

69. What is polymorphism in Python?

Polymorphism is the ability of the code to take multiple forms. Let’s say, if the parent class has a
method named XYZ then the child class can also have a method with the same name XYZ
having its own variables and parameters.

70. Define encapsulation in Python?

Encapsulation in Python refers to the process of wrapping up the variables and different
functions into a single entity or capsule. The Python class is the best example of encapsulation in
python.

71. What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over (nested) Python lists?

Nested Lists:

 Python lists are efficient, general-purpose containers that support efficient operations like
insertion, appending, deletion and concatenation.
 The limitations of lists are that they don’t support “vectorized” operations like element
wise addition and multiplication, and the fact that they can contain objects of differing
types means that Python must store the data type information for every element, and must
execute type dispatching code when operating on each element.

Numpy:
  NumPy is more efficient and more convenient as you get a lot of vector and matrix
operations for free, this helps avoid unnecessary work and complexity of the code.
NumPy is also efficiently implemented when compared to nested lists.
 NumPy array is faster and contains a lot of built-in functions which will help in FFTs,
convolutions, fast searching, linear algebra,basic statistics, histograms,etc.

Advanced Python Interview Questions for Experienced

Professionals
72. What is the lambda function in Python?

A lambda function is an anonymous function (a function that does not have a name) in Python.
To define anonymous functions, we use the ‘lambda’ keyword instead of the ‘def’ keyword,
hence the name ‘lambda function’. Lambda functions can have any number of arguments but
only one statement.

For example:

l = lambda x,y : x*y

print(a(5, 6))

Output:30

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get them clarified today!

73. What is self in Python?

Self is an object or an instance of a class. This is explicitly included as the first parameter in
Python. On the other hand, in Java it is optional. It helps differentiate between the methods and
attributes of a class with local variables.

The self variable in the init method refers to the newly created object, while in other methods, it
refers to the object whose method was called.

Syntax:

Class A:
    def func(self):
        print("Hi")

74. What is the difference between append() and extend() methods?

Both append() and extend() methods are methods used to add elements at the end of a list.
The primary differentiation between the append() and extend() methods in Python is that
append() is used to add a single element to the end of a list. In contrast, open () is used to append
multiple aspects, such as another list or an iterable, to the end of a list.

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75. How does Python Flask handle database requests?

Flask supports a database-powered application (RDBS). Such a system requires creating a

schema, which needs piping the schema.sql file into the sqlite3 command. Python developers
need to install the sqlite3 command to create or initiate the database in Flask.

Flask allows to request for a database in three ways:

 before_request(): They are called before a request and pass no arguments.

 after_request(): They are called after a request and pass the response that will be sent to
the client.
 teardown_request(): They are called in a situation when an exception is raised and
responses are not guaranteed. They are called after the response has been constructed.
They are not allowed to modify the request, and their values are ignored.

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76. What is docstring in Python?

Python lets users include a description (or quick notes) for their methods using documentation
strings or docstrings. Docstrings are different from regular comments in Python. Rather than
being completely ignored by the Python interpreter like in the case of comments, these are
defined within triple quotes.

Syntax:

"""
Using docstring as a comment.
This code add two numbers
"""
x=7
y=9
z=x+y
print(z)

77. How is multi-threading achieved in Python?

Python has a multi-threading package but commonly not considered a good practice to use it as it
results in increased code execution time.
  Python has a constructor called the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). The GIL ensures that
only one of your ‘threads’ can execute at one time. The process makes sure that a thread
acquires the GIL, does work, then passes the GIL onto the next thread.
 This occurs almost instantaneously, giving the illusion of parallel execution to the human
observer. However, the threads execute sequentially, taking turns utilizing the same CPU
core.

78. What is slicing in Python?

Slicing is a technique employed to extract a specific range of elements from sequential data
types, such as lists, strings, and tuples. Slicing is beneficial and easy to extract out elements. It
requires a : (colon) which separates the start index and end index of the field. All the data
sequence types, list or tuple, allows users to use slicing to get the needed elements. Although we
can get elements by specifying an index, we get only a single element. Whereas, using slicing,
we can get a group or appropriate range of  needed elements.

Syntax:

List_name[start:stop]

79. What is functional programming? Does Python follow a functional

programming style? If yes, list a few methods to implement functionally oriented
programming in Python.

Functional programming is a coding style where the main source of logic in a program comes
from functions.

Incorporating functional programming in our codes means writing pure functions.

Pure functions are functions that cause little or no changes outside the scope of the function.
These changes are referred to as side effects. To reduce side effects, pure functions are used,
which makes the code easy-to-follow, test, or debug.

Python does follow a functional programming style. Following are some examples of functional
programming in Python.

filter(): Filter lets us filter some values based on a

conditional logic.
list(filter(lambda x:x>6,range(9))) [7, 8]

map(): Map applies a function to every element in an iterable.

list(map(lambda x:x**2,range(5))) [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

reduce(): Reduce repeatedly reduces a sequence pair-wise until it reaches a

single value.

from functools import reduce >>> reduce(lambda x,y:x-y,[1,2,3,4,5]) -13

80. Which one of the following is not the correct syntax for creating a set in
Python?

1. set([[1,2],[3,4],[4,5]])
2. set([1,2,2,3,4,5])
3. {1,2,3,4}
4. set((1,2,3,4))

Ans.

set([[1,2],[3,4],[4,5]])

Explanation: The argument given for the set must be iterable.

81. What is monkey patching in Python?

Monkey patching is the term used to denote modifications that are done to a class or a module
during runtime. This can only be done as Python supports changes in the behavior of the
program while being executed.

The following is an example, denoting monkey patching in Python:

# monkeyy.py
class X:
    def func(self):
        print("func() is being called")

The above module (monkeyy) is used to change the behavior of a function at the runtime as
shown below:

import monkeyy
def monkey_f(self):
    print("monkey_f() is being called")
# Replacing the address of "func" with "monkey_f"
monkeyy.X.func = monkey_f

obj = monkeyy.X()

# Calling the function "func" whose address was replaced with

the function "monkey_f()"
obj.func()

82. What is the difference between / and // operator in Python?


o /: is a division operator and returns the value of the quotient.

10/3
 3.33

o // : is known as floor division operator and used to return the value of quotient
before the decimal point.

10//3

83. What is pandas?

Pandas is an open source python library which supports data structures for data based operations
associated with data analyzing and data manipulation . Pandas, with its rich sets of features, fits
in every role of data operation, whether it be related to implementing different algorithms or for
solving complex business problems. Pandas helps to deal with a number of files in performing
certain operations on the data stored by files.

84. What are dataframes?

A dataframe refers to a two dimensional mutable data structure or data aligned in the tabular
form with labeled axes(rows and column).

Syntax:

pandas.DataFrame( data, index, columns, dtype)

 data:It refers to various forms like ndarray, series, map, lists, dict, constants and can take
other DataFrame as Input.
 index:This argument is optional as the index for row labels will be automatically taken
care of by pandas library.
 columns:This argument is optional as the index for column labels will be automatically
taken care of by pandas library.
 Dtype: refers to the data type of each column.

85. How to combine dataframes in pandas?

Different dataframes can be easily combined with the help of functions listed below:

 <li

>Append():

This function is used for horizontal stacking of dataframes.

data_frame1.append(data_frame2)
  concat(): This function is used for vertical stacking and best suited when the dataframes
to be combined possess the same column and similar fields.

pd.concat([data_frame1, data_frame2])

 join(): This function is used to extract data from different dataframes which have one or
more columns in common.

data_frame1.join(data_frame2)

86. How do you identify missing values and deal with missing values in
Dataframe?

Identification:

isnull() and isna() functions are used to identify the missing values in your data loaded into
dataframe.

missing_count=data_frame1.isnull().sum()

Handling missing Values:

There are two ways of handling the missing values :

Replace the  missing values with 0

df[‘col_name’].fillna(0)

Replace the missing values with the mean value of that column

df[‘col_name’] = df[‘col_name’].fillna((df[‘col_name’].mean()))

87. What is regression?

Regression is termed as a supervised machine learning algorithm technique which is used to find
the correlation between variables. It helps predict the value of  the dependent variable(y) based
upon the independent variable (x). It is mainly used for prediction, time series modeling,
forecasting, and determining the causal-effect relationship between variables.

Scikit library is used in python to implement the regression and all machine learning algorithms.

There are two different types of regression algorithms in machine learning :

Linear Regression: Used when the variables are continuous and numeric in nature.

Logistic Regression: Used when the variables are continuous and categorical in nature.
88. What is classification?

Classification refers to a predictive modeling process where a class label is predicted for a given
example of input data. It helps categorize the provided input into a label that other observations
with similar features have. For example, it can be used for classifying a mail whether it is spam
or not, or for checking whether users will churn or not based on their behavior.

These are some of the classification algorithms used in Machine Learning:

 Decision tree
 Random forest classifier
 Support vector machine

89. How do you split the data in train and test dataset in python?

This can be achieved by using the scikit machine learning  library and importing train_test_split
function in python as shown below:

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

# test size = 30% and train = 70%

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.3,
random_state=0)

90. What is SVM?

Support vector machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning model that considers the
classification algorithms for two-group classification problems. Support vector machine is a
representation of the training data as points in space are separated into categories with the help of
a cleSupport Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine learning model for classifying data
into two groups. It is particularly suitable for binary classification problems. SVM represents the
training data as points in space and aims to separate them into distinct categories. The separation
is achieved by identifying a clear gap between the data points, and the SVM model strives to
maximize the width of this gap.

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Python Programming Interview Questions

91. Write a code to get the indices of N maximum values from a NumPy array?

We can get the indices of N maximum values from a NumPy array using the below code:

import numpy as np

ar = np.array([1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6])
print(ar.argsort()[-3:][::-1])

92. What is the easiest way to calculate percentiles when using Python?

The easiest and the most efficient way you can calculate percentiles in Python is to make use of
NumPy arrays and its functions.

Consider the following example:

import numpy as np
a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7])
p = np.percentile(a, 50)  #Returns the 50th percentile which is also the
median
print(p)

93. Write a Python program to check whether a given string is a palindrome or

not, without using an iterative method?

A palindrome is a word, phrase, or sequence that reads the same backward as forward, e.g.,
madam, nurses run, etc.

Consider the below code:

def fun(string):
    s1 = string
    s = string[::-1]
    if s1 == s:
        return True
    else:
        return False

print(fun("madam"))

94. Write a Python program to calculate the sum of a list of numbers?

def sum(num):
    if len(num) == 1:
       return num[0]  # With only one element in the list, the sum result
will be equal to the element.
    else:
        return num[0] + sum(num[1:])

print(sum([2, 4, 5, 6, 7]))

95. Write a program in Python to execute the Bubble sort algorithm?

Check out the code below to execute bubble sort-

def bubbleSort(x):
    n = len(x)
    # Traverse through all array elements
    for i in range(n-1):
        for j in range(0, n-i-1):
            if x[j] > x[j+1]:
                x[j], x[j+1] = x[j+1], x[j]

# Driver code to test above

arr = [25, 34, 47, 21, 22, 11, 37]
bubbleSort(arr)

print("Sorted array is:")

for i in range(len(arr)):
    print(arr[i])

Output:

11,21,22,25,34,37,47

96. Write a program in Python to produce Star triangle?

The below code produces a star triangle-

def Star_triangle(n):
    for x in range(n):
        print(' '*(n-x-1)+'*'*(2*x+1))

Star_triangle(9)

Output:

*
***
*****
*******
*********
***********
*************
***************
*****************

97. Write a program to produce Fibonacci series in Python?

The Fibonacci series refers to a series where an element is the sum of two elements prior to it.

n = int(input("number of terms? "))

n1, n2 = 0, 1
count = 0

if n <= 0:
    print("Please enter a positive integer")
elif n == 1:
    print("Fibonacci sequence upto", n, ":")
    print(n1)
else:
    print("Fibonacci sequence:")
    while count < n:
        print(n1)
        nth = n1 + n2
        n1 = n2
        n2 = nth
        count += 1

98. Write a program in Python to check if a number is prime?

The below code is used to check if a number is prime or not

num = 13

if num > 1:
    for i in range(2, int(num/2)+1):
        if (num % i) == 0:
            print(num, "is not a prime number")
            break
    else:
        print(num, "is a prime number")
else:
    print(num, "is not a prime number")

Output:

13 is a prime number

99. Write a sorting algorithm for a numerical dataset in Python?

code to sort a list in Python:

my_list = ["8", "4", "3", "6", "2"]

my_list = [int(i) for i in list]

my_list.sort()

print (my_list)

Output:

2,3,4,6,8

100. Write a Program to print ASCII Value of a character in python?

Check the below code to print ASCII value:

x= 'a'

# print the ASCII value of assigned character stored in x

print(" ASCII value of '" + x + "' is", ord(x))

Output: 65