LITERATURE REVIEW

(pls rewrite it it sucks and gets like 90% turnitin)

1. Social media
 Definition of social media
The Literature Review commences with the concept of social media, which is a term that
encompass the all-inclusive research.
In a 1994 article published in a Tokyo digital media platform called Matisse, the phrase "social
media" was first used (Bercovivi, 2010). According to Oxford Reference, social media is a broad
category or genre of communications medium that encourages or enables social contact among
groups of people, whether they are acquainted or not, gathered in one location or dispersed
geographically (Chandler & Munday, 2011). This new medium comprises MMOGs, social
networking sites, and newsgroups. These media may be symbolically perceived as online
gathering spaces which are intended to facilitate the sharing of media content among users who
are both creators and users.
In other words, social media refers to online platforms and technologies that allow users
generate, distribute, and engage with information as well as interact with others electronically.
Through numerous online channels, it enables people to maintain relationships with friends,
family, and even completely unrelated individuals. Users of social media platforms can exchange
messages, photos, videos, and other types of multimedia material, as well as engage in
synchronous or asynchronous conversations. Social media's primary characteristic is its
interactiveness, which enables users to have two-way conversations, voice their viewpoints, and
take part in discussions. By permitting people to establish personal profiles, communicate with
people who have comparable interests, join groups or communities, and follow or be followed by
other users, it fosters networking and community development.
In the era of broadcasting, the media is nearly fully concentrated when one organization, such
as a radio station, television station, press agency, or film studio, disseminates a message to a
large audience. Conventional media frequently elicits indirect, tardy, and impersonal responses.
Interpersonal communication frequently takes place on a much smaller scale, typically over the
phone or by personal mail, however it can also occasionally take place on a little larger scale
using tools such as duplicated family newsletters. (Manning, 2014)
Practically speaking, it is a group of software-based digital technologies that give users access to
digital environments where they may send and receive digital content or information across an
online social network. These technologies are typically displayed as applications and websites
(Gil Appel, 2020). Social media platforms frequently incorporate services that make it possible
for users to interact with material and one another, such as news feeds, notifications, likes,
comments, shares, and encrypted conversations. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn,
Snapchat, and YouTube are a few examples of popular social media networks.
  Characteristics of social media.
Social media networks are developing quickly, keeping up with the availability of faster-
changing technical tools. Whilst the characteristics may periodically alter, it is still feasible to
point out several distinctive traits of social networks, including the following three key concepts.
1. Participatory culture
It is crucial to consider the fundamental concept of participation in social media. The name
"social media" and the prefix "social" imply that these platforms facilitate social interactions.
The word "participatory" also emphasizes the importance of human cooperation (van Dijck,
2013)
The phrase "participatory culture" is frequently used to describe the participation of users,
audiences, customers, and fans in the production of culture and material. Examples include
collaboratively amending a Wikipedia page, posting photos or videos to YouTube, Flickr, or
Facebook, or writing brief remarks on Twitter or Weibo. The mass media and broadcasting
paradigm common to newspapers, radio, and television, where there is one sender and numerous
recipients, is sometimes opposed to the participatory culture approach (Fuchs, 2014)
Jenkins (2006) compares participatory culture with earlier concepts of passive media intake and
viewing. Media creators and consumers may be viewed as cooperating and engaging rather than
as playing distinct roles. Social media platforms frequently include collaboration features that let
users collaborate and co-create content. Users may cooperate on projects, participate in online
activities, or gather together to support a common cause, for instance. This collaborative quality
encourages collective intelligence and makes it possible for people with different viewpoints to
work together to meet shared objectives or obstacles.
2. Mobile communication
In order to facilitate quick interactions and conversations, social media platforms frequently
provide instant or almost instant communication channels, such as chat tools or direct messaging.
New websites are another characteristic of social media. Many of the most recent are geared
toward mobile communication and offer services to tablet and smartphone users. Technology's
dynamic and ever-evolving nature has contributed to social media's global popularity growth
(Lipschultz, 2018). The earliest cell phones supported voice communication. However
throughout the years, more features have been developed, such as integrated calendars, name
registers, and online games. In recent years, access to a wide range of internet information has
become a bigger part of this. Short messaging service, often known as texting, was one of the
first extra communication features.This feature enabled instantaneous text-based communication
by pressing messages to recipients (Ling, 2015). Communication boundaries are no longer an
obstacle because of this exceptional feature. One individual may communicate with numerous
others all over the world by sending hundreds of thousands of messages each day. In 2021, about
2 trillion SMS or MMS messages were exchanged by mobile phone users in the US alone.
Online communication that enables users to connect with one another in real-time without any
noticeable delays is known as real-time communication (RTC). Even over great geographic
distances, information is instantly sent between senders and receivers via RTC, without being
delayed or stored at any intermediary locations. (Bhattacharya, 2023) Individuals could make
judgments more quickly and in one motion thanks to real-time communication because there was
no waiting for peers to respond and no disruptions or delays. This led to better overall agility and
effective reaction management. Instant reaction through real-time communication may be very
useful for both professional and personal purposes in cases when time is of the matter, such as in
emergency response scenarios or time-sensitive business agreements.
3. Virality
Social media has the capacity to quickly spread material online. When a post receives a lot of
attention, it may be extensively shared and distributed, getting to a lot of users quickly. In fact,
virality has emerged as a crucial concept in a wide range of fields, including computer science,
marketing, communication studies, sociology, and information systems. The practice community
is aware that social media return on investment (ROI) is correlated with virality, whether through
corporate social media accounts or interactions with social influencers (V. Kumar, 2013).
Going viral is more frequently used to describe the spread of an object than information,
especially in the context of social media. Even if a fact, remark, joke, or other content can move
quickly over networks, it is more typical for a photo, video, sound bite, or website to accomplish
so. The goal of viral marketing is released into the environment and spreads and multiplies
without the help of its creator, almost precisely like a biological or computer virus (Mills, 2012).
However, things that become renowned too rapidly tend to go away swiftly, which helps to
explain in part why social networks are so much volatile and capricious. As can be seen, social
media is a dynamic field that constantly evolves. New platforms, features, and trends emerge
regularly, reflecting the changing needs and preferences of users.

Manning, J. (2014.) Social

media, definition and classes of.
In K. Harvey (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of social media
and politics (pp. 1158-1162).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Manning, J. (2014.) Social
media, definition and classes of.
In K. Harvey (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of social media
and politics (pp. 1158-1162).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Manning, J. (2014.) Social media, definition and classes of. In K. Harvey (Ed.), Encyclopedia of
social media and politics (pp. 1158-1162). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Bercovici J. (2010) Who coined social media? Web pioneers compete for credit.
Forbes. http://forbes.com/sites/jeffbercovici/2010/12/09/who-coinedsocial-media-web-pioneers-
compete-for-credit/2/ 
2.
Aichner, T., Grünfelder, M., Maurer, O., & Jegeni, D. (2020). Twenty-Five Years of Social

Media: a Review of Social Media Applications and Definitions from 1994 to 2019.

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24(4), 215–222.

https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0134

Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R., & Stephen, A. T. (2019). The Future of Social Media in

Marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48(1), 79–95. Springer.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00695-1

Fuchs, C. (2014). Social Media as Participatory Culture. Social Media: A Critical Introduction,

52–68. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446270066.n3

van Dijck, J. (2009). Users like you? Theorizing agency in user-generated content. Media,

Culture & Society, 31(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443708098245

Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New

York University Press