Chapter 8 – Tutorial

8-63 A circuit board is cooled by passing cool air through a channel drilled into the board. The maximum
total power of the electronic components is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat flux at the top surface of the channel is
uniform, and heat transfer through other surfaces is negligible. 3 The inner surfaces of the channel are
smooth. 4 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 5 The pressure of air in the channel is 1 atm. 5
Flow is fully developed in the channel.
Properties The properties of air at 1 atm and estimated average temperature of 25°C based on the
problem statement are (Table A-15)
ρ = 1.184 kg/m 3
k = 0.02551 W/m.°C Electronic
ν = 1.562 × 10 -5 m 2 /s components, 50°C
c p = 1007 J/kg.°C
Pr = 0.7296
Analysis The cross-sectional and Air
L = 20 cm
heat transfer surface areas are Air channel
15°C
2
Ac = (0.002 m)(0.14 m) = 0.00028 m
As = (0.14 m)(0.2 m) = 0.028 m 2
To determine heat transfer coefficient, we first need to find the Reynolds number,
4 Ac 4(0.00028 m 2 )
Dh = = = 0.003944 m
P 2(0.002 m + 0.14 m)
Vavg D h (4 m/s)(0.003944 m)
Re = = = 1010
ν 1.562 × 10 −5 m 2 /s
which is less than 2300. Therefore, the flow is laminar and the thermal entry length is
Lt = 0.05 Re Pr D h = 0.05(1010)(0.7296)(0.003944 m) = 0.1453 m < 0.20 m
Therefore, we have developing flow through most of the channel. However, we take the conservative
approach and assume fully developed flow, and from Table 8-1 we read Nu = 8.24. Then the heat
transfer coefficient becomes
k 0.02551 W/m.°C
h= Nu = (8.24) = 53.30 W/m 2 .°C
Dh 0.003944 m
Also,
m = ρVAc = (1.184 kg/m 3 )(4 m/s)(0.00028 m 2 ) = 0.001326 kg/s
Heat flux at the exit can be written as q = h(Ts − Te ) where Ts = 50°C at the exit. Then the heat transfer
rate can be expressed as Q = qAs = hAs (Ts − Te ) , and the exit temperature of the air can be determined
from
 hAs (Ts − Te ) = m c p (Te − Ti )
(53.30 W/m 2 .°C)(0.028 m 2 )(50°C − Te ) = (0.001326 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.°C)(Te − 15°C)
Te = 33.5°C
Then the maximum total power of the electronic components that can safely be mounted on this circuit
board becomes
Q max = m c p (Te − Ti ) = (0.001326 kg/s)(1007 J/kg.°C)(33.5 − 15°C) = 24.7 W

Discussion The bulk mean temperature of air is (15 + 33.5)/2 = 24.3°C. This is very close to the assumed
temperature of 25°C. Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations.

8-83 The convection heat transfer coefficients for the flow of air and water are to be determined under
similar conditions.
Assumptions 1 Steady flow conditions exist. 2 The surface heat flux is uniform. 3 The inner surfaces of
the tube are smooth.
Properties The properties of air at 25°C are (Table A-15)
k = 0.02551 W/m.°C
ν = 1.562 × 10 -5 m 2 /s
Pr = 0.7296
The properties of water at 25°C are (Table A-9)
ρ = 997 kg/m 3
k = 0.607 W/m.°C
Water
ν = µ / ρ = 0.891× 10 −3 / 997 = 8.937 × 10 -7 m 2 /s
Pr = 6.14 or Air D 8
Analysis The Reynolds number is L = 10 m
VD (5 m/s)(0.08 m)
Re = = = 25,608
ν 1.562 × 10 −5 m 2 /s
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are
roughly
Lh ≈ Lt ≈ 10 D = 10(0.08 m) = 0.8 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the tube. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
hD
Nu = = 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023(25,608) 0.8 (0.7296) 0.4 = 68.18
k
Heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.02551 W/m.°C
h= Nu = (68.18) = 21.7 W/m 2 .°C
D 0.08 m
Repeating calculations for water:
VD (5 m/s)(0.08 m)
Re = = = 447,577
ν 8.937 × 10 −7 m 2 /s
 hD
Nu = = 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023(447,577) 0.8 (6.14) 0.4 = 1576
k
k 0.607 W/m.°C
h= Nu = (1576) = 11,960 W/m 2 .°C
D 0.08 m
Discussion The heat transfer coefficient for water is about 550 times that of air.

8-100 Air flows in a square cross section pipe. The rate of heat loss and the pressure difference between
the inlet and outlet sections of the duct are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant properties. 3 The
pressure of air is 1 atm.
Properties Taking a bulk mean fluid temperature of 80°C based on the problem statement (this assumes
that the air does not loose much heat to the attic), the properties of air are (Table A-15)
ρ = 0.9994 kg/m 3
k = 0.02953 W/m.°C
ν = 2.097 × 10 -5 m 2 /s
c p = 1008 J/kg.°C
Pr = 0.7154
Air
Analysis The mean velocity of air, the
hydraulic diameter, and the Reynolds 80ºC 02
number are
L=8m
V 0.15 m 3 /s
V= = = 3.75 m/s
A (0.2 m) 2

4 A 4a 2
Dh = = = a = 0.2 m
P 4a
VD h (3.75 m/s)(0.2 m)
Re = = = 35,765
ν 2.097 × 10 −5
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, the flow is turbulent and the entry lengths in this case are
roughly
Lh ≈ Lt ≈ 10 D h = 10(0.2 m) = 2 m
which is much shorter than the total length of the pipe. Therefore, we can assume fully developed
turbulent flow in the entire duct, and determine the Nusselt number from
hD h
Nu = = 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023(35,765) 0.8 (0.7154) 0.3 = 91.4
k
Heat transfer coefficient is
k 0.02953 W/m.°C
h= Nu = (91.4) = 13.5 W/m 2 .°C
D 0.2 m
Next we determine the exit temperature of air
A = 4aL = 4(0.2 m)(8 m) = 6.4 m 2
 (13.5)( 6.4 )
−
− hA /( m c p ) ( 0.9994 )( 0.15)(1008)
Te = Ts − (Ts − Ti )e = 60 − (60 − 80)e = 71.3°C
Then the rate of heat transfer becomes
Q = m c p (Te − Ti ) = (0.9994 kg/m 3 )(0.15 m 3 /s)(1008 J/kg.°C)(80 − 71.3)°C = 1315 W

From Moody chart:

Discussion The average temperature of air is (80 + 71.3)/2 = 75.7°C, which is sufficiently close to the
assumed value of 80°C. Therefore, there is no need to repeat calculations.