Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Division of Biliran
NAVAL SCHOOL OF FISHERIES
Caraycaray Naval, Biliran

LEARNING MODULE

TECHNICAL DRAWING
(3rd Quarter and 4th Quarter)

Grade 8

Prepared by:
REMELYN C. RODRIGO, LPT
Unit of Competency: PREPARE FREEHAND
DRAWING
Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing

MODULE N0. 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

How to Use this Module ……………………………………………….. I

Introduction ……………………………………………….. ii
Technical Terms …………………………………………………………. iii

Learning Outcome 1 – Perform Freehand Sketches ………………… 3

Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………….. 4
Information Sheet 3.1 ……………………………………………… 5
Self – Check 3.1 ……………………………………………… 8
Operation Sheet 3.1 ……………………………………………… 10
Self – Check 3.2 ……………………………………………… 13
Assessment Resources ………………………………………………….. 15

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on your
own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable
attitude you need in technical drawing.

A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine your

learning level and need.

The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task.
This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a post assessment is
given to check if the student is already competent with the specified learning
outcome/s and ready for the next task.

Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better understanding.

Subject : TECHNICAL DRAWING 8

Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

 Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing

INTRODUCTION

People around the world speak with different languages but they come up with
common understanding on drawing. That’s the reason why drawing becomes a
universal language.
This module is intended to provide a thorough coverage of technical drawing
for use as a classroom text and/or as a reference manual. Performing freehand
sketches, sketching simple object: and perform different lettering styles and
techniques are discussed in the module. Equipped with all the concepts, the
student can then competently transmit the ideas through a drawing.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to:
LO1. Perform sketches.

TECHNICAL TERMS

Accented is a form of heavy and light elements of letters.

Slant line is an inclined line.
Style is the manner of designing or shaping a drawing.
Sketching is a preliminary drafting.
Stroke is the technique of printing letters.
Uppercase Letters are the big letters of the alphabets.
Proportion refers to the quality standard of shape, figure, form of object or drawing.
Freehand Drawing. is performed without the use of mechanical drawing instruments. it is
purely done by pencil rendering.
 Subject : TECHNICAL DRAWING 8

Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing

Learning outcome 1: Perform freehand sketches

Assessment Criteria

1. Drawing pencils are selected based on specific job requirements.

2. Proper care and manipulation of drawing tools, materials and equipment are
observed and practiced.

3. Techniques on line exercises are demonstrated according to standard

procedure.

4. Shading techniques are applied making use of appropriate standard

specification.

5. Pencil rendering techniques are applied according to appropriate drawing

materials.

6. Creativity on value scale in shading is applied .

References:
1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company:
1949.

2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book

Company,10th editon: 1960

3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977
LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ EXPERIENCES

Learning Outcome # 1: Perform Sketches

Learning Activities Special Instruction

Try to answer the self check.

1. Read information sheet no. 3.

2. Answer self check no. 3.1 to test

your understanding.

If not able to answer all items

correctly, review again the Ask the teacher when some items
information no. 3 are difficult to understand.

4. Read operation sheet no. 3.1

Observe carefully the

Ask your teacher for some
teacher’s demonstration
clarifications.
5. Read operation sheet no. 3.2,
analyze the given procedure.

6. Perform self check no. 3.2 to

test your knowledge on
freehand sketches.

INFORMATION SHEET 3.1

LO1. Perform freehand drawing

Drawing Principles Freehand and Sketching

Freehand sketches are of great assistance to the designers in organizing their

thought and recording their ideas. They are effective and economical means of
formulating various solutions to a given problem so that a choice can be made
between them at the outset. Often, much time can be made between them at the
outset. Much time can be lost if the designer starts his scaled layout before
adequate preliminary study with the aid of sketches. Information concerning
changes design, covering replacement of broken parts or lost drawing, is usually
conveyed through sketches.

Drawing Tools, Equipment, and Materials

1. Drawing Paper- is manufactured in four colors, namely: white, cream,

light green and buff. It comes in different sizes of various sheet thickness.

2. Ruler- is used for marking out distances as well as for measuring

purposes.

3. Pencil- is manufactured in various grades of hardness ranging from 7H

which is very soft up to 9H. The lead of pencil is a mixture graphite, clay and
wax. The clay makes the lead hard. The harder the pencil is, the lighter the line
is produced.
4. Drawing Table– may refer to any ordinary table found in a school shop or in the
home with convenient height that will make you comfortable while working.
Its main purpose is to provide you a place where you can fasten your paper.

5. Drawing Board- is necessary if no drawing bench is available. The common size

of drawing board is 45.71 cm X 61 cm.

6. T-square- is an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It also supports

the triangle for vertical or sloping line drawing.

7. Triangle- is used to draw both vertical and oblique lines. It is the 45

degree triangle and the 30-60-degree triangle.
8. Drawing Tape-is used before any drawing activity is to be started.
the drawing paper has to be fastened on the drawing board.
The acceptable method of fastening is with the use of tape.

9. Eraser – has two kinds: the red rubber and the yellow art gum. Of the two
kinds of eraser the yellow art gum is better to use for it correct errors easily
and removes unwanted lines.

10. Protractor- is used to lay out angles. It is made of transparent plastic

and a half circle shape. It has two scales: the outside scale
which is from zero to 180 degrees going to the left and the inside scale which is the
opposite.

11. Compass- is an instrument for drawing arcs and circles. The common
kinds of compass are the pencil compass and
the drawing
 compass. The pencil compass has an opening for the pencil while the drawing
compass has a piece of lead fitted intone of its leg.

12. French curve – is an instrument for drawing irregular curves other than
arcs and circles.
 12. Ruling Pen – is an instrument for inking drawings. It is adjustable in
order to produce thickness and thickness of lines.

14. Divider- is used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts.
15. Scale- is used for measuring and for scaling process.

Proper Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools and Instruments

1. Keep your instruments and equipment clean.

2. Wipe the pencil point with a piece of cotton and not your finger.
keep your drawing tools and instruments in proper places before and
after using.
Basic consideration in freehand sketches

It is necessary to expose the learner in the different line exercises as basic activities
in freehand sketches. The following are the forms of lines:

1. Horizontal line. It is a line parallel to the horizon or a line that form 180 deg.
It is drawn from left to right.

2. Vertical line. Is a line that can be obtained by suspending plumb and this line
form 90 degrees from the horizontal line. It is drawn from top to bottom.

3. Inclined line. It is neither horizontal nor vertical line.

4. Curve line. A line produced by a circular movement.

Importance of Shading in freehand drawing and sketches

Shading is the process of making the visible surfaces of an object. It is

applied in a variety of tones or values.
 The following are the tones or values of shading:

1. Light Values. This represents the surface which receives the

greatest amount of light.

2. The Medium Values. This represents the surface which receives

less amount of light.

3. Dark Values. This represents the surface very little amount of

light.

In shading application, the source of light is assumed to be coming from

the upper left-hand corner of the drawing paper and rays of light are imagined to
be inclining at an angle of 45 degrees.

Techniques in Shading Application

1. Apply the lightest shading on the part of a surface which receives more light.

2. Shade the portion of a surface which receives less light with medium values.

3. Shade the portion of a surface which receives little amount of light with a
heavy shade.

Methods of shading application

1. Line shading. A technique of showing the various shades of an object

by using lines.
2. Stippling. It is applied by dabbing the pencil point or pen to produce
dots on the surface of the object.

3. Mixed shading. It is called mixed because it applies both the line and
dotted shading. However, the lines and dotted shading
must not be applied to the same surface of the object.
 4. Continuous Tone Shading or
Smudge Shading. This is applied by using the powdered graphite or lead of a
pencil.

Note:
Refer to Operation Sheet No. 3.2 and Self Check No. 3.2 for the
application of this activity.

SELF CHECK 3.1

LO1. Perform freehand sketches

Direction: A. Identification: Write the correct answer in each blank.

____________________1. An instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It

also supports the triangle for vertical and sloping line
drawing.
____________________2. It is an ordinary table found in a school shop or in
the home with a convenient height that will make you
comfortable while drawing.
____________________3. An instrument used for marking out distances as
well as measuring purposes.
____________________4. An instrument used for drawing irregular curves
other than arc s and circles.
____________________5. An instrument used for dividing lines or distances
into equal parts.
____________________6. A tool used to draw both vertical and oblique lines

B. Enumeration:
7-10 Four colors of drawing papers

OPERATION SHEET 3.1

LO1. Perform freehand sketches

Skill in line exercises is a basic requirement prior to exposing the learner
to higher drawing activities considering that all forms of drawing emanates
from a line, it might be horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curve lines.

Procedures in sketching horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curve lines

1. Sketch a rectangle at 120 mm x 160 mm.

2. Divide the rectangle into four equal parts.

3. Sketch horizontal lines on the first part of the rectangle, start at
the left going to the right. (Each line must have 5mm gap
distance).
4. Sketch vertical lines on the second part of the rectangle. Start at
the top down to the bottom. (Each line must have 5mm gap
distance).
5. Sketch inclined lines on the third part of the rectangle with a
downward stroke. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance).
6. Sketch curve lines from left to right. (Each line must have 5mm
gap distance).
(See figure 3.5)
Figure 3.5
 OPERATION SHEET 3.2

LO3. Perform freehand drawing

Freehand drawing is executed without the use of mechanical

drawing instruments. It is purely done by means of sketching.

Procedure in making freehand drawing:

1. Prepare the model/object.

2. Imagine the basic shape from which the model originates and
sketch on the appropriate drawing paper.

3. Analyze the proportion and sketch the temporary line ( width).

 WIDTH

4. Complete the freehand drawing activity.

5. Darken the final edges and erase the sketching lines.

6. Apply line shading.

 SELF CHECK 3.2
DIRECTION: Sketch the given model below and apply continuous
tone shading.
 ASSESSMENT RESOURCES Performance
Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
(Tick the corresponding pts.)

Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total

Performance Criteria:

 Accuracy
50 pts - The output is accurately done.
45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.

 Speed
10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time.
8 pts - The output is done on time.
6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.

 Neatness
25 pts. - No errors made on the output.
 20 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output.
15 pts - Four or more erasures made on the output.

 Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly
printed.
10 pts. - Aieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.
Subject : TECHNICAL DRAWING 8 (4th Quarter)

Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL

FIGURE

Module Title : Constructing Geometrical

Figures
 MODULE NO. 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

How to Use this Module ……………………………………………….. I

Introduction ……………………………………………….. ii
Technical Terms …………………………………………………………. Iii

Learning Outcome 1 – Bisect Lines, Arcs, Circles & Angles ……….. 1

Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………. 2

Information Sheet 1.1 …………………………………………… 3

Operation sheet 1.1 ……………………………………………….. 5

Self- Check Sheet 1.1 …………………………………………………… 11

Self – Check 1.2 …………………………………………………….. 13

Learning Outcome 2 – Draw Regular Polygons ……………………… 15

Learning Experiences/Activities ………………………………….. 16

Information Sheet 2.1 ……………………………………………… 17

Operation Sheet 2.1 ……………………………………………… 18

Self Check 2.1 ………………………………………………………… 23

Learning Outcome 3 – Draw Regular Solids …………………………. 24

Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………….. 25

Information Sheet 3.1 ………………………………………………. 26

Self – Check 3.2 ……………………………………………… 29

Assessment Resources ………………………………………………….. 30
 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on your
own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable
attitude you need in technical drawing.

A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to

determine your learning level and need.

The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task.
This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a post assessment
is given to check if the student is already competent with the specified
learning outcome/s and ready for the next task.

Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better

understanding.

Subject : TECHNICAL DRAWING 8

Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE

Module Title : Constructing Geometrical Figures

INTRODUCTION

This module is designed for the student to familiarize with geometrical

figures and plane geometry and to be able to draw mechanically using
compass, triangle, dividers, pencils and erasers. The basic knowledge in
geometric construction which will be integrated or applied in any area of
specialization are discussed in this module.

Accuracy, proper practice in holding different materials and instruments

and safety measures are also included in this module.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to:
LO1 Bisect lines, arcs, circles, and angles
LO2 Draw regular polygons
LO3 Draw regular solids

TECHNICAL TERMS

Bisect- means to divide in half.

Degree- is a unit of angular measurement.
Divider- is a device used to transfer measurements or to scribe arcs on hard
Surfaces.
Hexagon- is a polygon with six sides.
Octagon- is a polygon with eight sides.
Pentagon- is a polygon with five sides.
Radius- is the length of a straight line connecting the center of a circle with
a point on the circumference of a circle.
Vertex- is a point in the intersection of two or more sides.
Inscribe- means a polygon is drawn inside a circle.
Circumscribe- means a polygon is drawn outside the circle.
Tetrahedron- is a solid with four triangles.
Hexahedron- is a cube.
Octahedron- is a solid with eight triangles.
Dodecahedron- is a solid with twelve pentagons.
Icosahedron- is a solid with twenty triangles.
Prism- has two bases which are parallel equal polygon.
Pyramid- has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting
at a common point called vertex.
Cylinder- is generated by a straight line called the generatrix, moving in
contact with a curve line and always remaining parallel.
Cone – is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curved line in
passing through a fix point.
Sphere- is generated by a circle revolving about one of each diameter.
Subject : TECHNICAL DRAWING 8

Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE

Module Title : Constructing Geometrical Figures

Learning Outcome 1: Bisect lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles

Assessment Criteria

1. Drawing tools and instruments in bisecting lines, angles and arcs are identified.

2. Appropriate steps and procedures are demonstrated in bisecting lines, arcs, circle and
angle.

3. Geometric figures are accurately constructed.

4. Proper handling of drafting tools and equipment is observed.

5. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of.

6. Safety work habits are manifested.

References:
Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company:
1949.

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th editon: 1960

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977

1
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 1: Bisect lines, arcs, circles, and angles.

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 1

on bisecting lines, arcs, circles,
and angles.  Try to answer self-check no.
2.1.

2. Answer self check no. 1.1

3. Check your answers using the

answer key.

 Try to perform the said

4. Read operation sheet no. 1.1
Activity.
about the procedure in
 Consult your teacher on the
bisecting lines, arcs, circles,
items which are difficult to
and angles.
perform.

5. Perform task on self check no.

1.2.

6. Review the steps in operation

sheet no. 1.1 if some steps
were not properly
demonstrated.

2
 INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1

LO1 : Bisect lines, arcs, circles and angles

Geometric Construction

Constructing Geometric Forms with drawing instruments is always observed in

Technical Drawing. They are in the form of lines, angles, ellipses, quadrilaterals,
solids, circle and polygons.

Classifications of Drawing Tools

Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools

• Do not use compass or divider as pick.

• Never use the edge of straight ledge in cutting with knife or cutter.
• Use clean dump cloth in cleaning the T – Square & Triangle.
• Never use the triangular scale in drawing lines.

• Always use a sharp pencil.

3
Proper Handling of Drafting Tools & Equipment

• Use T-Square in drawing horizontal lines.

• Use triangles in drawing vertical & inclined lines.
• Hold the compass by the handle while making circular features.
• Hold the pencil 60º angle while drawing.

Safety Reminders to Remember while Drawing

• Be sure to keep your hands and instruments clean.

• Never sharpen pencil over your board while working.
• Avoid eating sticky and wet food while drawing.
• Always listen to the instruction of the teacher on how a drawing will be done.

• Concentrate. A person who concentrates well in his work will be able to do work
accurately, neatly and will be able to finish at the given time frame.

Operation Sheet No. 1.1

4
LO1 : Bisect Lines, Arcs, Circles and Angles

Steps in Bisecting Lines

A B

1. Given Line AB

A B
2. Strike arcs greater than the radius with points A and B as centers.

A O B

3. Through the intersections of the arcs at 1 and 2, draw a light vertical

line.
This line will divide the given line AB at point O. Line AO equals line OB.

Steps in Bisecting Arc

5
 A B

A B

1 .Given an Arc AB connect the extremities of the arc with a straight line.
Use the same procedure as in bisecting a line.

6
Steps in Bisecting Angle

A
B

7
 1
A
B

2
C
1.Given an angle ABC, With B as center, strike an arc in any convenient
radius passing through the given angle and name the intersections 1 and
2

1
A
B

2. Now strike another arc using the intersections 1 and 2 as your centers.

1
A
B

3. Connect vertex of angle (B) to intersecting arcs (O) for angle’s bisector.
Angle ABO equals angle OBC.

8
Steps in Bisecting Circle

1. Given a circle strike an arc from the circumference greater than the radius.

9
2. Repeat Step 2 at the opposite through approximation. Your arc this time intersects
the existing arcs.

3. Now connect the two intersecting arcs with each other with a line to complete your
bisected circle.

10
 SELF – CHECK 1.1

LO1. Bisect Lines, Arc, Circle and Angle

.

I. DIRECTION: Read each sentence carefully. Choose the letter that

corresponds to your answer. Write the letter of the correct
answer on the space provided.

-------------1. A tool used for drawing circular features.

a. compass b. Triangle c. T-Square d. Protractor

-------------2. Which of the following is the primary use of the T-square?

a. Drawing vertical lines

b. Diagonal lines

c. Drawing horizontal lines

d. Scribing circular features

-------------3. This tool is used to measure out distances.

a. Triangular scale b. Protractor c. Compass d. Divider

-------------4 Dividing lines requires the use of____________________.

a. Circular template b. Protractor c. Divider d. French

curve

--------------5. The following are ways in handling drafting tools an equipment properly
EXCEPT:

a. Hold the pencil 60º angle while drawing.

b. Use T-square line drawing horizontal lines.

c. Always use a sharp pencil.

d. Use the triangles in drawing vertical & inclined lines.

11
II Enumeration:

Give 5 safety reminders to remember while drawing.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

12
 SELF – CHECK # 1.2

LO1. Bisect lines, arc, circle and angle

Procedure:

1. Prepare drawing instruments.

2. Perform bisecting line, arcs, circles and angle on the following given figures.

Bisect lines

13
Bisect arcs.

Bisect an angle .

Bisect a circle .

14
Subject : TECHNICAL DRAWING 8

Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE

Module Title : Constructing Geometrical Figures

Learning Outcome 2: Draw regular polygons

Assessment Criteria:

1. Regular polygons are correctly identified.

2. Appropriate steps and procedures are demonstrated in drawing regular polygons.

3. Tools and instrument in drawing regular polygons are identified.

4. Regular polygons are drawn according to standard specifications.

5. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of.

6. Safety work habits are manifested.

References:
1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949.

15
2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book
Company,10th editon: 1960

3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 2: Draw Regular Polygon

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 2.

about the kinds of polygon.
 Try to perform the said activity

2. Perform operation sheet no. with 80% level of accuracy.

2.1

3. If the 80% level of accuracy was  Try to perform the job sheet for

not achieved, go over again with self checking.

the activity.

4. Proceed to operation sheet no.

2.1.

16
 5. If there are items not perfectly
done in the job sheet, repeat
the activity.

INFORMATION SHEET # 2.1

LO2. Draw regular polygons

Polygons

A polygon is a plane figure bounded by straight lines.

In geometry, a polygon is a plane figure made up of line segments connected to form a closed
polygonal chain. The segments of a closed polygonal chain are called its edges or sides.

Regular Polygons

If a polygon has equal angles & equal sides, it can be inscribed in or circumscribed
around a circle

17
 Inscribe Circumscribe

An inscribed polygon is a polygon in which all vertices lie on a circle. The polygon is inscribed
in the circle and the circle is circumscribed about the polygon. ( It is a polygon in a circle) A
circumscribed polygon is a polygon in which each side is a tangent to a circle.

A circumscribed polygon is a polygon in which each side is a tangent to a circle. The circle is
inscribed in the polygon and the polygon is circumscribed about the circle. (It is a circle in a
polygon).

Common Regular Polygon

Triangle square pentagon hexagon octagon

OPERATION SHEET # 2.1

LO2. draw regular polygon

Procedures:

18
1. Draw a 4 cm. horizontal line (fig. 1)

FIGURE 1

2. Extend the line with its same length. (fig. 2)

FIGURE 2

3. Draw a semi circle, using the center of the combined line which
endpoints will be its diameter (fig. 3).

19
 FIGURE 4

5. Bisect the third line from your extended line (See fig. 5)

20
 FIGURE 5

6. Now bisect your given line (See fig. 6) .

FIGURE 6

7. Connect the two bisectors of your line to locate the center of

your circumscribed hexagon ( Fig. 7).

21
 FIGURE 7

8. Draw a circle. The intersection from fig. 7 will be the

center of your circle and one of the endpoints of your
given line will serve as your radius (Fig. 8).

FIGURE 8

22
 9 . Extend your divided line to the circumference of your circle.

FIGURE 9

10. Connect intersections of the lines that were extended to other intersection
of your extended lines (fig. 10).

FIGURE 10

Note:
Teacher may use other methods.

SELF – CHECK NO. 2.1

23
LO2. draw regular polygon

Direction: Referring to your operation sheet #2.1, draw a Circumscribed pentagon.

Given: 4 cm line

24
Subject : TECHNICAL DRAWING 8

Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT GEOMETRICAL FIGURE

Module Title : Constructing Geometrical Figures

Learning Outcome 3: Draw regular solids

Assessment Criteria:

1. Regular solids are correctly identified.

2. Tools and instruments in drawing regular solids are identified.

3. Regular solids are drawn according to exact shape.

4. All drafting tools, equipment and materials are well taken care of.

5. Safety work habits are manifested.

Resources:
1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan Company: 1949.

2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book

Company,10th editon: 1960

3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing: 1977

LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ ACTIVITIES

25
Learning Outcome # 3: Draw regular solids

Learning Activities Special Instruction

Try to perform the said activity for self

checking.
1. Read information sheet no. 3 about
the kinds of solid.

2. Perform self check no. 3.1.

3. If the activity was not properly

accomplished, practice again to
achieve accuracy.

4. Answer self check no. 3.2

INFORMATION SHEET # 3.1

26
LO3. Draw regular solids

Drawing Regular Solids

Solids - are figures bounded by plane surfaces.

The five regular solids

Tetrahedron, Hexahedron, Octahedron, Dodecahedron, Icosahedron

(4 triangles) (cube) (8 triangles) (12 pentagons) (20 triangles)
Prism- has two bases which are parallel equal polygon and three or more lateral faces which
are parallelogram.

Right Right Oblique square

rectangular rectangular
Pyramid- has a polygon for a base and triangular lateral faces intersecting at a
common point called vertex.

Right Right Square Oblique

Triangular pentagonal

27
Cylinder- is generated by a straight line called the generatrix, moving in contact with a curve
line and always remaining parallel.

Right Oblique
Circular Circular

Cone – is generated by a straight line moving in contact with a curve line in passing through a
fix point.

Right circular Oblique circle Oblique circle

(frustum)
(truncated)

Sphere- is generated by a circle revolving about one of each diameter.

28
 SELF CHECK # 3.1

LO3. Draw regular solids

Procedure:

1. Draw regular solids and label them properly. (Dimension is optional )

29
 SELF CHECK # 3.2

LO3. Draw regular solids

Direction: Write the correct answer on the space provided before each number.

___________________________1. It is a solid with eight triangles.

___________________________2. It is a regular solid with four triangles.
___________________________3. It is a cube solid.
___________________________4. A regular solid with twenty triangles.
___________________________5. A solid composed of twelve pentagon.

30
 ASSESSMENT RESOURCES
Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics

Criteria Score
(Tick the corresponding pts.)

Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total

Performance Criteria:

 Accuracy
50 pts - The output is accurately done.
45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.

 Speed
10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time.
8 pts - The output is done on time.
6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.

 Neatness
25 pts. - has no error

31
20 pts - has two to three erasures
15 pts - has four or more erasures

Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All pieces of information are completely indicated and 12 legibly printed.
pts. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing.
10 pts. - All pieces of information are legibly printed but some are missing and
misspelled.
8 pts. - Pieces of information are not legibly printed and words are misspelled.

32
Subject : TECHNICAL DRAWING 8

Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTIONS

Module Title : Constructing Orthographic

Projections

MODULE NO. 3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

How to Use this Module ……………………………………………….. I

Introduction ……………………………………………….. ii

Technical Terms …………………………………………………………. iii

Learning Outcome 1 –Construct Orthographic Views ………………….. 1

Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………. 2

Information Sheet 1.1 …………………………………………… 3

Operation Sheet 1.1 …………………………………………… 14

Self – Check 1.1 …………………………………………………….. 28

Self - Check 1.2 …………………………………………… 29

Self -Check 1.3 ……………………………………………………… 30

Self -Check 1.4 ………………………………………………….. 31

Operation Sheet 1.2 ………………………………………….. 34

Self – Check 1.5 …………………………………………………….. 38

Self – Check 1.6 …………………………………………………….. 39

Self – Check 1.7 …………………………………………………….. 40

Learning Outcome 2 – Apply General Specific Dimensions ……… 41

Learning Experiences/Activities ………………………………….. 42

Information Sheet 2.1 ……………………………………………… 43

Self Check 2.1 ………………………………………………………… 45

Self Check 2.2 ………………………………………………………… 47

HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

 Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on your own
pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable attitude you
need in technical drawing.

A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to determine

your learning level and need.

The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task.
This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a postassessment is given
to check if you are already competent with the specified learning outcome/s and
ready for the next task.

Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better

understanding.

Subject : TECHNICAL DRAWING 8

Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTIONS

Module Title : Constructing Orthographic Projections

INTRODUCTION

Orthographic Projection is the graphical representation of the different views of an

object to show the necessary information. Through this module, a student can
construct two forms of orthographic projection such as orthographic views and
pictorial views. Orthographic views represent front view, top view, right side view,
bottom view, rear view and left side view while pictorial view represents a complete
shape of an object.
Also, through this module, a student can apply general and specific dimension: the
height, width, and depth of an object.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to:
LO1 Construct Orthographic Views
LO2 Apply general and specific dimensions

TECHNICAL TERMS
Orthographic - is a method of representing three dimensions.
Projection- is an object on a plane having only length and breadth.
Right Angle – is an angle with a measure of 90 degrees.
Dimension – is a radial or linear length (width, height, depth) labeled on a
technical drawing.
Measurement – is the process or result of measuring anything. Metric
system of measurement – is an international system of
measurement
English system of measurement- is an American standard system
of measurement
Metric – pertains to the metric system of measurement.
Dimensioning – is an act of measuring a drawing.
 Subject : TECHNICAL DRAWING 8

Unit of Competency : CONSTRUCT ORTHOGRAPHIC

PROJECTIONS

Module Title : Constructing Orthographic Projections

LO1.Construct orthographic views Assessment Criteria:

1. Principles of orthographic projection are clearly explained and
discussed.
2. Projection of principal views is clearly demonstrated.
3. Principal views are accurately constructed based on a given pictorial.

4. Supplying missing lines is accurately solved and illustrated.

5. Proper manipulation of drafting tools and equipment is performed.

6. Safety work habits are highly practiced.

References:

Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan

Company: 1949.

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th

edition: 1960

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishin

1
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 1: Construct Orthographic Drawing

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. After reading the information
sheet no. 1 and 2, you are
required to answer the self
check 1.1.

2. Given the operation sheet no.

1.1, read and perform the
procedure in constructing
orthographic views on self • Ask your teacher for further
checks 1.2, 1.3, 1.4. clarification on items not clear
3. Proceed to operation sheet no. to you.
1.2, read and analyze the • When you are through with the
operating steps in activity, review/ check your
constructing pictorial view. work.
4. Perform the task on self
checks no. 1.2, 1.3, 1.4.

2
 INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1

LO1. Construct orthographic drawing

Orthographic projection is a method of representing the exact

shape of the object by dropping two or more perpendicular to a plane
generally at right angle.

As basic requirement in performing drawing activities, the students must

have the basic knowledge on alphabet of lines.
The following are the basic alphabet of lines that are used in orthographic
drawing.

1. Visible lines – Used to show visible edges or contours of an object (NOTE:

Visible lines are sometimes called object lines.)

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

2. Hidden lines – Represented by a series of medium weight dashes used to

show the hidden or invisible edges of an object.

3
3. Center lines – Used to show the centers of holes of circular object or
shape.

THIN

4. Section lines – Used to show a surface that has been cut in a section
view. The surface indicated with section line is presumed to be solid
portion.

MEDIUM

5. Extension lines – Indicates the limit of a dimension line.

THIN

4
6.Dimension lines – Used to show the size (dimensions) of an object;
spans from one extension line to the next, has arrowhead at both ends,
and is broken in the middle fro the measurement number (dimension).

7.Leader lines – Used to direct descriptive major information, notes, or special

dimensions to features on the drawing and done mechanically.

LEADER LINE

Both are

cutting-plane lines

8.Cutting-plane lines – Used to show where a section has been taken; arrows
on the end show the direction in which the section was taken.

9.Break lines – Used to show that part of the object has been removed or broken
away

a. Short break lines are for freehand, jagged lines and applicable
for small objects only.

MEDIUM

b. Long break lines are solid with a Z symbol inserted in several

places and done mechanically and applicable for big objects
only.

5
 MEDIUM

10.Reference line – an irregular fine curve line with an arrowhead at one

end used for indicating the measurement and name of a part.

THIN

Two Methods of Shape Representation

A. Orthographic Views

B. Pictorial Views (Refer to Operation Sheet #1.2)

Orthographic view-is a representation of two or more separate views. This can

be represented into six principal views and regular views

1. The Three Regular Views

Orthographic views can be represented by two or more separate views,
however, it is advisable to illustrate three views to show clear and detail presentation
of at least three principal views of the object. The following are:

1. Top View

2. Front View

3. Side View

TOP VIEW

6
 FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

Fig. 1. Three Regular Views

2. The Six Principal Views (see Fig. 2)

1. Top View. It is drawn above the front.

2. Front View. It is drawn vertically aligned and below the top view

3. Right Side View. This located at the right side and aligned
with the front view.

4. Left Side View. The opposite of the right side view. It is located
at the left side and aligned with the front view.

5. Rear View. The opposite view of the front view. It is located

aligned after either at the right side view or left
side view.

6. Bottom View. The opposite view of the top view. This must be
drawn vertically aligned and below the front view.

TOP VIEW

7
 LEFT SIDE VIEW FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW REAR VIEW

BOTTOM VIEW

Fig. 2 shows the six principal views. Further, it shows

the proper location of the top view, front view, right
side view, left side view, rear view, and bottom view

Plan View or Top View

This can be little more difficult to visualize because you have to imagine

yourself moving over the top of the object and looking vertically downward. The left-

hand and right-hand illustration on the next page show how the plan is placed

above the front. Again, sketch the light vertical construction lines to locate the plan

in its proper position. Draw these upward from each corner of the front view and

line-in the plan of the right.

8
 TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW

Front View

Concentrate on the front view. If you look at it correctly the effect will
be seen below at the left, while the below right illustration shows what
you will actually see. Notice that in the left-hand drawing, you can only
see the dark-inked front “face” of the object. Notice also that you
cannot see any of the other sides of the object. This is because all
those sides are “going away” from you in your line of sight and are
simply not visible from your view point. They are still there, of course,
but are hidden behind the outer edges of the first face.

9
 FRONT VIEW
CORRECT VIEWING OF THE THE FRONT VIEW AS SEEN FRONT

FACE

Right-Side View

Right-side view should be drawn at the right side of front view. Imagine

moving around the object to look directly at its right side. How you see it is

shown below-left and what you see is shown below-right. Again the faces you

actually see are heavily outlined.

FRONT VIEW RIGHT- SIDE VIEW

The right-side view drawn at the right of the front view

1
0
 RIGHT - SIDE VIEW AS SEEN
CORRECT VIEWING OF THE
RIGHT - SIDE FACE

Pictorial View is a representation of a complete shape of the object.

Pictorial View of a Step Block

1
1
 Identifying the vertical and horizontal view
The Space Dimension
This refers to the three dimension standards of the pictorial view such as: height,
width, and depth.
Height is the distance elevation from top to bottom.
Width is the distance from left side to the right side.
Depth is the distance from front to rear.

HEIGHT

WIDTH DEPTH

Fig. 3 shows the illustration of pictorial view

1
2
The ten principles to be considered in constructing orthographic
drawing/projection are:

1. Top view is directly above the front view.

2. Side views are horizontally aligned with the front view and rear view.

3. The width of the top view is equal to the width of the side view.

4. When a line or edge is viewed perpendicularly to a plane or surface,

projection will appear as a point.

5. A line or edge parallel to a plane of projection will also appear as a line or

edge in its exact shape or true length.

6. A line or edge inclined to the plane of projection will appear shorter or

foreshortened.

7. A surface perpendicular to the plane will appear as a line or edge equal in

length to the nearest edge of the surface which in this case is either its
length or its width depending on its position.

8. A surface parallel to the plane of projection will be shown in its exact or

true shape and size.

9. A surface inclined to the plane of projection will also appear as a surface

but smaller in size and shape.

10. No line or edge of the object can be projected longer than its true length.

1
3
 OPERATION SHEET # 1.1

LO1. Construct orthographic views

Condition or Situation for the Operation:

Given pictorial view with corresponding dimensions and draw the
three regular views.

Equipment, Tools and Materials:

T-Square, triangle (30 x 60, 45 x 45), French curve compass, elliptical
template, drafting knife, butt paper and eraser

Procedure: (See follow-up illustration on the next page)

To draw orthographic views of the given pictorial view, first determine
the number of views needed, then decide which surface will become
the front view. Establish the space needed between views for
dimensioning and calculate the center of the drawing, then proceed to
the following steps.

PICTORIAL DRAWING

1
4
STEP 1. Draw the vertical and horizontal axis.

1
5
Space between top view and front view

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 2. Divide the axis by indicating marking lines

according to the given dimensions of the width of
the top view, height of the front view and space
between top view and front view.

1
6
Space between top vie w
and front view

FRONT VIEW

STEP 3. Construct the enclosing box of the top view and front view by
projecting the marking lines horizontally and vertically.

1
7
Space between top
view and front view
0
45

Length

FR ONT VIEW

STEP 4. Construct diagonal line at 45 degrees angle

using 45 deg. X 45 deg. Triangle from the
upper right corner of the enclosing box of
the front view.

1
8
 INTERSECTING POI NT

0
45

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 5. Project down the two intersecting points to

get the width of the right side view and to
form its enclosing box.

1
9
 INTERSECTING POINT

INTERSECTING POINT

0
45

Length

FRONT VIEW

STEP 6. Divide proportioning distance of top view and

front view by indicating marking lines.

2
0
 INTERSECTING POINT

0
45

FRONT VIEW

STEP 7. Draw the details of top view front view

and side view by projecting the marking
lines horizontally and vertically.

2
1
 INTERSECTING POINT

0
45

FRONT VIEW

STEP 8. Darken the final edges of the top view, front view
and right side view

FRONT VIEW

2
2
 INTERSECTING POINT

0
45

STEP 9. Divide the provided space for dimensioning by

indicating marking lines.

2
3
 INTERSECTING POINT
FRONT VIEW

STEP 10. Sketch light lines for

dimension lines
and extension lines by projecting the
marking lines horizontally and
vertically.

FRONT VIEW

STEP 11. Draw final dimension lines and extension lines.

0
45

2
4
 INTERSECTING POINT

40
0
45

.
.

2
5
FRONT VIEW

STEP 12. Indicate the measurements.

.
.

TOP VIEW

INTERSECTING POINT

10 10 30

40 10
0
45

16 2
6

40
 12

10 10 30

40 10

16

40

12

FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

STEP 13. Label the top, front and right side views.
Finally, erase the construction lines.

Evaluation:
Teacher evaluates using the following criteria:

1. All operating steps in the construction of the given problem are correctly
followed.

2. The object is accurately drawn according to the given measurements.

3. All drawing instruments used in the drawing are properly manipulated

according to the standards.

4. The drawing is neatly done.

2
7
SELF CHECK # 1.1

2
8
Direction: On the blank provided before each item, write the words that
make the sentence complete and correct.

_________1. Dimension line must be terminated by an _____________.

_________ 2.The length of arrowhead must be _________________.

_________3. It is a thin and dark solid line that extends from a point on
the drawing to which the dimension refers.
_________4. It is a gap, and a distance of the extension line to the object.

_________5.It is the exact width of the arrowhead.

_________6. The distance from front to rear.

_________ 7. It is the opposite view of the top view.

_________ 8. The first step in constructing orthographic drawing.

_________ 9. It is the opposite view of the front view.

________ 10. It is the distance between object outline and dimension line.

SELF CHECK # 1.2

Direction: Given the pictorial view, construct the three orthographic views.

2
9
 PICTORIAL VIEW

SELF CHECK # 1.3

DIRECTION: Given pictorial drawing, solve the three

Regular views

3
0
 SELF CHECK # 1.4

DIRECTION: Given pictorial drawing, solve the three

Regular views

3
1
Other suggested Activities:

Direction: Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the Orthographic
views below.

3
2
Direction: Supply the missing visible and hidden lines in the pictorial
drawings below.

3
3
 OPERATION SHEET # 1.2

LO1. Construct orthographic drawing

3
4
Condition or Situation for the Operation:
Given the three orthographic views with corresponding dimensions, draw
the orthographic drawing (pictorial view).

Pictorial View – a drawing that represents the complete shape of an object.

Below demonstrates how pictorial drawing is constructed.

TOP VIEW

16 18 24

34 10

FRONT VIEW RIGHT SIDE VIEW

Equipment, Tools and Materials:

T-Square, triangle (30 x 60, 45 x 45), French curve compass, elliptical
template, drafting knife, butt paper, and eraser.
3
5
Procedure: (See follow-up illustration on the next page)

Precaution:
Observe and practice the proper uses and care of the drawing instruments.
Evaluation:
Teacher evaluates using the following criteria:

1. All operating steps in the construction of the given problem are correctly
followed.

2. The object is accurately drawn according to the given measurements.

3. All drawing instruments used in the drawing are properly manipulated

according to the standards.

4. The drawing is neatly done.

STEP 1. Draw the axis (Use 30 x 60 triangle for

inclined axis).

STEP 2. Lay out the proportion of an object in the

enclosing box for the whole object or principal portion of it.

3
6
STEP 3. Project measurements.

STEP 4. Sketch the enclosing box.

STEP 5. Divide one axis for

proportioning distance and

3
7
 sketch the most dominant

detail of the object.

STEP 6. Complete the construction

details.

STEP 7. Darken the final edges and erase

the construction lines.

3
8
 SELF CHECK # 1.5

Direction: Given the three orthographic views, construct a pictorial view.

TOP VIEW

50 30
15

35

3
9
FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW

SELF CHECK # 1.6

4
0
SELF CHECK # 1.7

4
1
4
2
 SELF CHECK # 2.2

Direction:

I. On the blank provided before each item, write the word

or group of words that will make the sentence complete
and correct.
_________1. Dimension line must be terminated by a _____________.

_________ 2.The length of arrowhead must be _________________.

_________3. It is a thin and dark solid line that

extends from a point on the drawing to which the
dimension refers.
_________4. It is a gap and a distance of the extension line to the object.

_________5.It is the exact width of the arrowhead.

_________6. The distance from front to rear

_________ 7. It is the opposite view of the top view

_________ 8. The first step in constructing orthographic drawing

_________ 9. It is the opposite view of the front view

________ 10. It is the distance between object outline and dimension

line
II. Enumeration:

1. Give the two systems of measurements

a.
b.

2. Identify the essential elements to be considered in dimensioning

a.

43
 b.
c.
d.
3. Enumerate the six principal views according to their standard placement.
a.
b
c
d
e
f.

4. Identify the two methods of shape representation.

a.
b.

5. Identify the three-space dimensions.

a
b
c

III Essay type

1. Discuss briefly the following;

a. Pictorial View

b. Orthographic Projection

c. Dimensioning Technique

IV. Illustrate the steps in constructing orthographic drawing

based on the given pictorial view.

44
 ASSESSMENT RESOURCES

Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics

Criteria Score
(Tick the corresponding pts.)

Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total

Performance Criteria:
 Accuracy
50 pts - The output is accurately done.
45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.
 Speed

10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time.

END OF THE QUARTER!

45
Prepared by:
REMELYN C. RODRIGO,LPT.
Subject Instructor

46