Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department 1

Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department 1

Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Scope

This chapter presents the introduction of the research study and its problem. It

includes the dependent and independent variables that are used in the study as well as the

significance and limitations.

1.1 Background of the Study

The Philippines experiences extreme heat from the sun due to its equatorial location.

In a 2019 research, the Institute for Economics and Peace identified the Philippines as the

nation most susceptible to climate change. The Philippines had a rise in annual average mean

temperature of 0.62°C between 1958 and 2014, with the pace of change accelerating with

time. Making an insulation board out of goosegrass is one of the better solutions offered for

solving this issue. It can reduce the amount of heat entering the house through the ceiling by

using an insulation board. Highly effective heat resistance insulation board is made possible

by understanding the temperature state with the help of a thermometer. Insulation board

would also aid in lowering the potential risk of perspiration owing to hot temperatures. Due

to this phenomenon, Filipinos must find ways to survive the heat of the environment they

experienced or will experience in the future.

Eleusine indica is the scientific name for a species of grass in the Poaceae family. It is

also referred to as Indian goosegrass, yard-grass, goosegrass, wiregrass, or crowfootgrass. A

little annual grass, it can be found in the tropics and subtropics up to a latitude of 50 degrees.
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According to Askew (2014), goosegrass is known for literally growing in cracks in concrete.

Those are very hot habitats, and goosegrass is a heat-loving plant, it tends to have a little more

continuous germination into the hotter period of the year. At hotter soil temperatures, it will

continue to germinate. Due to the fact that goosegrass absorbs heat, the researchers came up

with an idea to develop a cost-effective insulator board made from goosegrass which is a

great alternative. Moreover, people in Cagayan de Oro deal with a hot environment and

humid air. Buildings that can take advantage of natural ventilation in this environment are

challenging to construct. As a result, urban homes frequently have air conditioning systems.

In order to operate these systems efficiently and economically, homes must have building

envelopes that can minimize the entry of heat and moisture from the outside environment.

According to Al-Homoud (n.d), thermal insulation used in building walls and roofs helps

reduce the size of the air-conditioning system needed while also lowering yearly energy costs.

Additionally, it assists in extending the times when a person can remain comfortable without

using mechanical air conditioning, particularly during the transitional seasons. Thermal

comfort is improved in buildings when thermal insulation is used properly, and running costs

are reduced.
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1.2 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to determine the capability of Eleusine indica

(goosegrass) as a thermal insulator board that can minimize the entry of heat coming from

the house's ceiling.

It specifically will aim to:

1. assess if goosegrass can be an effective thermal insulator board.

2. develop and utilize Goosegrass to make an insulator board more effective and

efficient.

3. determine the thermal resistance (R) of Goosegrass as thermal insulating

material.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study was aimed to determine the potential of Eleusine Indica (Goosegrass) as an

thermal insulator board for reducing thermal conductivity in a room climate.

Specially, it aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the composition of goosegrass that can be used for thermal insulation?

2. How can goosegrass be used to make an insulator board more effective and

efficient?

3. What is the thermal resistance (R) of Goosegrass as thermal insulating material?

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1.4 Hypothesis of the Study

The following is the null hypothesis of this research:

There is no significant relation between Eleusine Indica (Goosegrass) and thermal

insulator board.

The Eleusine Indica (Goosegrass) has no significant effect on the thermal insulator

board.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study aims to determine the capability of Eleusine Indica as a thermal insulator

board in balancing the effect of temperature on the room climate. The findings of this study

will redound to the benefit of society considering that the Philippines is characterized by

relatively high temperature in which an insulator plays an important role to minimize its

effects.

This research is of great significance in the field of engineering because this could

serve as a baseline data to improve building insulators at home for a better product quality.

In addition, this will help certain groups and organizations such as manufacturers in

the sense that it may provide them with insights on the capability of goosegrass as an

insulator board which may lead to creating and innovating a new product in relation to this

study for a product advancement.

Moreover, this will benefit the homeowners since this study can help them to develop

a comfortable and fresh home where sweats and hotness won’t be an issue.

Lastly, this paper can serve as a related literature for future researchers who plan to

explore the same topic.

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1.6 Conceptual Framework

There are multiple steps involved in the process of manufacturing a thermal insulator

board. As is the case with all novel concepts, it was tested in order to determine its

applicability. This usefulness can be brought to the construction industry to sustain 'green

building,' which is important to keep in mind when thinking about one's responsibility toward

the environment. At this crucial juncture in its development, its cost-effectiveness, ease of

installation, and efficient use of energy sustainability make it an attractive option. The final

result of this study is the culmination of many steps that went into its product.

Figure 1. Research Conceptual Framework

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1.7 Scope and Limitations

The study's main focus of the study will be on the potential of Eleusine Indica

(Goosegrass) as a Thermal Insulator Board. The researchers aim to create an insulator board

from goosegrass or eleusine indica that could assist people avoid excessive heat in their

house, particularly those who live in urban areas. The scope of this study will primarily focus

on undesirable weeds which are sufficient in producing an insulator board such as;

Goosegrass.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

For better clarification and understanding of the terms related to this study, the following

terms were defined operationally according to how they are being used in the study.

Capability - “A capability is the ability to achieve a desired effect under specified standards

and conditions. In NAF, the term is reserved for the specification of an ability to achieve an

outcome. In that sense, it is dispositional – i.e. resources may possess a Capability even if

they have never manifested that capability”(NATO Architecture Framework,2022).

Cellulose - a tough, fibrous, and water-insoluble polysaccharide, plays an integral role in

keeping the structure of plant cell walls stable. 20. Cellulose chains are arranged in

microfibrils or bundles of polysaccharide that are arranged in fibrils (bundles of microfibrils),

which in turn make up the plant cell wall.

Conductivity - being able to transfer heat or energy from one location to another.
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Crowfootgrass - Egyptian crowfoot grass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd.) is a tufted,

slightly stoloniferous annual or short-lived perennial grass, up to 75 cm high. It is much

branched. The stems are slender, erect or geniculate, and ascending. The stolons may creep

and they root from the lower nodes.(Quattrocchi, 2006; Bogdan, 1977; Bartha, 1970)..

Drought tolerant - refers to the degree to which a plant is adapted to arid or drought

conditions. The plants in dry environments are subjected to random droughts, and it is

generally impossible for them to escape from such adverse conditions.

Ethnoveterinary medicine - the scientific term for traditional animal health care, provides

low-cost alternatives to allopathic drugs.

Germination - the sprouting of a seed, spore, or other reproductive body, usually after a

period of dormancy. The absorption of water, the passage of time, chilling, warming, oxygen

availability, and light exposure may all operate in initiating the process.

Goosegrass - Goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.) is an annual or short-lived perennial

pantropical grass that is mostly considered as a noxious weed (Jalaludin et al., 2010).

Heat resistance - is a quantification of how difficult it is for heat to be conducted.

Hemp - is a botanical class of Cannabis sativa cultivars grown specifically for industrial or

medicinal use. It can be used to make a wide range of products. Along with bamboo, hemp is

among the fastest growing plants on Earth.

Innovating - make changes in something established.

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Insulator - material such as glass or porcelain with negligible electrical or thermal

conductivity.

Mineral wool - is any fibrous material formed by spinning or drawing molten mineral or rock

materials such as slag and ceramics. Applications of mineral wool include thermal insulation,

filtration, soundproofing, and hydroponic growth medium.

Mycelium - is a network of fungal threads or hyphae. Mycelia often grow underground but

can also thrive in other places such as rotting tree trunks. A single spore can develop into a

mycelium. The fruiting bodies of fungi, such as mushrooms, can sprout from a mycelium.

Natural starch-type binders - It is specially developed to act as a natural binder for

manufacturing feed pellets, briquettes, mosquito coil and welding electrode. It instantly

solubilizes in cold water, forming a high tack adhesive which holds stuff together.

Perspiration - the process of sweating.

Phenomenon - something that has been shown to happen or exist.

Plant-based Straws - PLA “biodegradable” straws are positioned as straws made from plants

that can break down in the environment. They are made from naturally occurring, plant

material such as renewable resources like cornstarch or sugar cane.

Polystyrene (PS) - is a polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is

commercially manufactured from petroleum.

Redound - have an effect for good or ill, contribute, return or recoil.

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Renewable - capable of being renewed.

Repercussion - A repercussion is something that happens because of another action. You

could quit paying your rent, but getting evicted from your apartment might be the

repercussion.

Resin - are solid or semisolid, water-insoluble, organic substances with little or no tendency

to crystallize. They are the basic components of plastics and are also used for coatings on

paper, particleboard, and other surfaces that require a decorative, protective, or

special-purpose finish.

Sufficient - enough to satisfy a situation's requirements or a proposed end

Thermal - Relating to or associated with heat.

Thermometer - is an instrument that measures temperature. It can measure the temperature

of a solid such as food, a liquid such as water, or a gas such as air. The three most common

units of measurement for temperature are Celsius, Fahrenheit, and kelvin. The Celsius scale is

part of the metric system.

Urban - is a region surrounding a city.

Ventilation - Ventilation is when you let fresh air into a place, or air a room out.

Weeds - is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, growing where it is not

wanted. The concept of weeds is particularly significant in agriculture, where the aim is

growing crops or pastures of a single species, or a mixture of a few desired species.

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Wood Fiber - are usually cellulosic elements that are extracted from trees and used to make

materials including paper. The end paper product dictates the species, or species blend, that is

best suited to provide the desirable sheet characteristics, and also dictates the required fibre

processing.

Juncture - the relationship between one sound and the sounds that immediately precede and

follow it (Roach 1991: 129)

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the relevant and related literature that the researcher considered

in strengthening the importance of the present study. It also presents the synthesis of the art to

fully understand the research for better comprehension of the study. Hence, the following

related literature is necessary data for contrast and complement of this research.

2.1 Composition of Goosegrass

Goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.) is an annual or short-lived perennial

pantropical grass that is mostly considered as a noxious weed (Jalaludin et al., 2010). It can

however be a productive forage providing up to 30 t/ha of fresh matter, and it can be eaten by

livestock at early stages of growth (Ecocrop, 2019; FAO, 2017). Goose grass has a hardy root

structure that makes it useful for stabilizing sandy soil. It is used in ethnoveterinary medicine

to cure fever in ruminants. (Pattanayak et al., 2017).Furthermore, Goose grass is a summer,

fast growing grass that optimally grows in full sunlight, where average temperature is 23°C

and where annual rainfall ranges from 500 to 1200 mm. It withstands some dry periods thanks

to its extensive root system. It can grow on very shallow or compacted soils (Wagner et al.,

1999).

In order to assess its potential for application as reinforcement in composite materials,

Khan et al. (2019) describes the extraction and characterisation of Eleusine indica grass.

According to the findings, Eleusine indica grass has a low density (1143 kg/m3) and a high
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cellulose content (61.3 weight percent). Eleusine indica grass's crystallinity index was

discovered to be 45%. Eleusine indica grass's tensile strength was enhanced for

semi-structural uses. Because of its important physical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal

qualities, the Eleusine indica grass was shown to be a better substitute material for risky

synthetic fibers.

2.2 Thermal resistance of Goosegrass

Goosegrass cannot withstand prolonged exposure to temperatures below freezing and

will perish after even a brief exposure. If it has healthy roots, it can survive in hot, dry

circumstances for shorter periods of time, but it is not fully drought resistant. It thrives on

soils that are compacted, can withstand high levels of both moisture and heat stress, and

produces copious seedheads below the mowing height. According to the findings of a study

that was carried out by Breeden and Brosnan (2019), goosegrass is a problematic weed that

can be found in regions with fine turf, such as golf courses and cultivated areas. It can be

found all over the world, from the tropics to the temperate zones and everywhere in between.

There have been quite a few investigations into its germination, despite the fact that there

have been quite a few control studies. Goosegrass is a type of grassy weed that grows during

the summer months and is an annual that germinates in the late spring.

Based on the study conducted by Taghvaei et al.,(2022) at lowest alternating

temperatures (25/15 C), seed germination was not significantly affected by the light

conditions. At higher temperatures (30/20 and 35/25 C), however, germination was

significantly greater in light/dark (68 to 72%) than in the dark (17 to 25%). Greater

germination at the higher temperatures (30/20 and 35/25 C) rather than the lower alternating
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temperatures (25/15 C) might be expected of a tropical weed.

This weed is a warm-season summer annual, and it germinates in soil temperatures

that reach 60-65 degrees F at a 4-inch depth. It is generally thought to emerge about three to

four weeks after crabgrass. This weed seeks out warmth and can be found throughout the

majority of the U.S., but in cooler climates, it tends to be located near areas that heat up

quickly during the summer months (Richter, 2019).

2.3 Grass as an insulator

Patcharaphun (2002) conducted research on the production, thermal characteristics,

and heat insulation of vetiver grass. Ratchaburi-variety vetiver grass was sprayed using a

vetiver grass spray application made from natural latex. Its dimensions are 20 by 20 by 1.5

cm, and it has a 180 kg/m3 density. The insulation has a thermal conductivity of 0.0564

W/mK, which is comparable to common heat insulation. The utilization of vetiver grass and

natural latex to make heat insulation to replace thermal insulation made from synthetic fibers

is quite feasible, according to preliminary market data.

Additionally, Lojareonrat (2005) examined the thermal insulation properties of natural

latex and rice straw. The ideal ratio of natural latex to straw fiber was 1: 3. By diluting natural

rubber with water at a ratio of 1:3, it is possible to increase fire resistance while maintaining

thermal conductivity in the range of 0.04-0.05 W / mK. Borax 10% wt combined with 40% wt

of zinc borate should be added to rice straw before soaking. minimize the space between the

insulating sheet's layers. The self-extinguishing flame retardant may burn at a rate of 2-3

millimeters per minute. Thermal conductivity is not impacted by the flame retardant mixture.

A comparison research on the thermal effectiveness of rubber leaves with heat

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insulation was done by Pisoodseang (2010). In this investigation, a room measuring 3.50

meters in length, 5.00 meters in height, and 2.50 meters in height was split into a laboratory of

1.00 meters by 2.00 meters. North, east, and west sides of the four rooms were heated.

experimental equipment was installed. A 1 inch thick insulating rubber leaf, three additional

fiberglass insulation panels, and two inches of polyurethane foam insulation are all present in

the lab. For two days, data was gathered every two minutes. Nearly two inches of fiberglass

insulation serve as thermal insulation consisting of heat-resistant insulation.

As Saelee and Sikkha (2012) studied the characteristics of natural fibers, found that

the commercial grass, cassava and giant acacia are sticky, suitable to develop products. It can

be used as a color, smell and lead to the method of knitting. Sheeting Molding and casting. In

the development of the ceiling and insulation, it is found that the appropriate binder is rubber

latex. It is a transparent, lightweight, waterproof, insect-resistant, cast member. For matting

and insulation of plant fibers, the properties of the ultimate tensile material were determined

and tested. Average elongation was 3.36 percent, and average tensile strength was 0.84 MPa.

Average elongation at failure and tensile strength were both 1.00 MPa. 5.22 Plant fiber

materials combined with latex. The material had a mean temperature of 100 °C in the range of

23.56 W / mK and an average heat transfer coefficient of 0.043, according to examination and

testing of the material's heat conductor capabilities. Its average tensile strength of 1.06 MPa

was 6.50%.

The thermal conductivity characteristics of insulation made of cogon grass fiber and

rubber were investigated using the thermal conductivity analyzer Hot Disk conductivity

analyzer to test thermal conductivity in accordance with standard ASTM C177-97 (Hot disk

AB). The insulations are 10 by 10 by 1.5 cm. The thermal insulation from grass fiber and
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rubber in the ratio of 1:4 is the optimum insulation, according to the findings of the thermal

insulation test of cogon grass fiber and rubber using the measure thermal conductivity

(Nilsaengrat, n.d.

2.4 Specification for Particle Board for Insulation Purposes

The research entitled “Production of Particleboard Using Various Particle Size Hemp

Shives as Filler” by Zvirgzds, et., (2022) stated that the creation of new materials and research

into the optimization of current and emerging technologies are the two key areas in the

manufacturing and construction sectors that could contribute to achieving the goals outlined

in these agreements. The usage of hemp straws or other plant-based straws, chips with binders

like lime or cement, or other solutions have all been well studied in this subject and have

practical uses in the market. More recently, possibilities for using resin or natural starch-type

binders have been investigated to create composites and boards made from hemp fibers, rice

husks, sunflower stalks, mycelium, and nut shells that are even more ecologically beneficial.

Thus, Hemp has been proven to be an excellent filler material in composites for thermal

insulation, and adding chives to the composite will further improve it. Materials with

excellent insulating characteristics may be made when hemp shives are the primary

component. For hemp shive boards with UF binders or wood fiberboards, the thermal

conductivity values vary from 0.064 W/(mK) to 0.074 W/(mK) in prior studies. The reference

values provided for hemp shingles presently available on the market vary from 0.072 W/(mK)

to 0.094 W/(mK). In contrast, the thermal conductivity values of the most widely used

thermal insulation products in the building sector, including rock wool, glass wool, and

phenolic foam, range from 0.018 W/m to 0.02 W/m (mK).

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The thermal insulation performance of materials is determined by the magnitude of

thermal conductivity. The smaller the thermal conductivity of the material, the better the

thermal insulation performance of the material. Thermal conductivity of concrete is

approximately 1.74W/ (m.K). Thermal conductivity of ordinary cement mortar is 0.93W/

(m.K). Thermal conductivity of air is 0.029W/ (m.K), which is much smaller than that of the

solid phase of cement-based materials. Therefore, when the material contains closed and

uniform pores, the resistance of heat transfer through the pores is large, and the heat transfer

speed is greatly reduced. It is why porous cement-based composites have the functions of heat

preservation and heat thermal insulation (Jiang et al., 2020)

Thermal conductivity tests supported Luamkanchanaphana et al(2012) .'s study, which

found a clear correlation between thermal conductivity and board density—the higher the

board density, the higher the thermal conductivity. The thermal insulation boards are solids,

yet there are many spaces in their structure. As board density decreases, more space between

fibers becomes accessible. The air in the voids causes the board's overall thermal conductivity

to decrease. The thermal conductivity values of this thermal insulation board, which ranged

from 0.0438 to 0.0606 W/m K and had a density of 200 to 400 kg/m3, were revealed to be

lower than those of fibrous and cellular materials, such as low-density wheat straw board,

particleboard made from a durian peel and coconut coir mixture, and other materials.

Jiang et al. (2020) concluded that in real engineering applications, the quantity and

kind of plant fibers should be determined by the insulation mortar's design strength. If the

project requires a higher strength of the insulation mortar, the amount of plant fiber can be

adjusted accordingly. It should be less than 20%, and the quantity of straw/wheat straw fiber

should be raised proportionately. If the required compressive strength of the insulation mortar
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is low and the insulation performance is high, the proportion of plant fiber can be increased to

as much as 20%.

2.5 Gramitherm

One of the options is to increase the amount of insulation that is present across the

entire home. These also provide the biggest opportunities for cost reduction. Because heating

and cooling make up the majority of your utility expenses, the initial investment in insulation

pays for itself in a short amount of time. Thermal boards, which are one of the best solutions

for keeping your home warm in the winter and cool in the summer, have been increasingly

popular over the past few years among the many other kinds of insulation materials that are

used. It helps to lengthen the times of thermal comfort without relying on mechanical

air-conditioning, which is especially helpful during the interseasonal months, as stated by

Al-Hamoud and Dahahra (2016). Gramitherm is a bio-based insulation batt, with a negative

carbon footprint ( capturing 1.5kg of CO2eq per kg of product), made from an abundant raw

material: grass. Energy efficiency of buildings is one of the main targets to make the world

carbon neutral as soon as possible stated by Gramitherm Europe SA (2022).The

Gramitherm® process to manufacture natural grass insulation panels secures a full utilisation

of all grass components, and generates high efficiency and added value to the raw material

(ecohome, 2023).Gramitherm is an efficient insulator against cold weather (lambda = 0,040)

as well as warm weather (heat shifting time of 11h for a 200mm thickness product). This

insulation batt is a good humidity regulator and is showing good noise absorption capacities

(99% at 1000 Hertz). It is an easy product to use, non-irritating and 100% renewable

(Gramitherm,2020).
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Chapter III

Methodology

This chapter concentrates on the discussion of the research methods and procedures

adhered to by the researchers in order to answer systematically the specific problems posed

for investigation. Specifically, the research design, the materials and equipment used, research

procedure, research setting, research instrument, data gathering procedures, data analysis, and

statistical treatment of data used for the accurate interpretation were explained in this chapter.

3.1 Research Design

In this study, an experimental research design was adopted, and the independent

variable, which is the Eleusine Indica (goosegrass) that will be used to build a thermal

insulator board, was subjected to various manipulations by the researcher. A number of

various product formulations were used in an experiment in which the efficiency of

goosegrass, also known as Eleusine indica, was measured against the development efficiency

of an insulator board.

3.2 Research Materials and Equipment

The researchers prepared the materials to be used, namely:

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Materials and Equipment Pictures Use

Goosegrass This is the main material

being used in this study.

Scissors This equipment is used to

separate the goose grass

stem and leaves.

Wood Glue Used to hold and to form the

goosegrass insulator board.

Stainless Tray Used to mold the goose

grass mixture to a board

form.

Parchment paper It helps the mixture not to

attach with the stainless tray.

Figure 2. Materials and Equipment

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3.3 Research Procedure

The original title proposed by the researchers was checked, revised, and rechecked by

the researcher’s adviser to maintain conformity on the subject of research. The procedures

that aim to draw out proper responses on the objectives of the study were constructed.

1. Cut the goosegrass into smaller pieces.

● This step helps the insulator board to be in a flat form when pressed by a heavy

material.

2. Dry the goose grass leaves until they are fully dried up and ready to glue them

together.

● It is important to dry the goosegrass before so that there will be no water

contamination during the mixing process. Its texture can bring heat, creating a

thermal insulator.

3. Put the goose grass leaves to a container and wood glue make sure that the ratio of the

mixture is 70% Goose grass and 30% wood glue

● It is necessary to mix them well together so that the final product will be

durable. Goose grass must be glued plenty in order to obtain heat.

4. Put oil to the stainless tray and cover it by a piece of parchment paper so that the

mixture cannot be attach to the tray

● This technique is inspired by the procedure of baking a cake.

5. Transfer the mixture to the stainless tray and tap the bot of the tray to balance each

side.
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● This procedure helps the researcher's product to form the insulator board.

6. To ensure that there are no air bubbles left behind, place another steel tray on top of it,

weigh it down, and then wait for it to completely dry.

● This process makes the mixture flat like a board, eliminates air bubbles, and

ensures that the insulator board is fully dry.

Figure 3. Step by step procedure

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3.4 Research Setting

The study was conducted at Laboratory Liceo de Cagayan University Main Campus

Cagayan de oro,Philippines.It was appropriate to carry out the study in a lab setting because

this setting offers special benefits such artificial settings, direct comparisons, simpler

replication, and measurement technology. First, because the research is carried out in

controlled circumstances, laboratory experiments are advantageous.Moreover, the researchers

decided upon conducting the research in Liceo de Cagayan University Main Campus Cagayan

de oro,Philippines to determine the capability of Eleusine indica (goosegrass) as a thermal

insulator board that can minimize the entry of heat coming from the house's ceiling.

3.5 Research Instrument

Evaluating and interpreting the research topic.

In order to clear up any confusion about the study and to support the theories and concepts

employed therein, the researchers used certain online references in this study to respond to

questions from the participants. They spent the most of their time patiently browsing the

internet in search of information and concepts that would give support to the study.
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3.6 Data Gathering Procedures

Following the instrument's validation, the researchers gather information using online

search tools like Google Scholar that will be sufficient for determining the effectiveness of the

insulation board and the heat resistance of goosegrass. In order to conduct a thorough

investigation and search for relevant documents, the researchers used the internet as a

resource.

3.7 Data Analysis

Using the data collected, data analysis would encompass a number of procedures

leading to the findings or the result of the study about the Eleusine Indica, The procedures to

be observed are as described below.

Thermogravimetric Analysis:

Here, we'll use thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), a method for analyzing materials

that monitors the weight change that takes place as a sample is heated at a constant rate in

order to determine a material's thermal stability and the proportion of volatile components.

When it comes to analyzing a material's composition, TGA is a very helpful tool because it

offers quantitative information about the weight change of a sample as a function of

temperature, which makes it easier to comprehend how temperature affects a sample's

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chemical composition. To put it another way, TGA enables researchers to understand more

about how temperature impacts a material's composition, stability, and volatility.

Figure 4. Thermogravimetric Analysis Graph

3.8 Statistical Treatment

The researchers used Inferential to determine whether there are any statistically

significant differences between the hypothesis of regression analysis. Moreover, we use

inferential statistics to make inferences from our data to more general conditions.
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References

Al-Homoud, M. S. (n.d.). The Effectiveness of Thermal Insulation in Different Types of

Buildings in Hot Climates. Retrieved from Sage Journals:

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1097196304038368

Askew, S. (2014, April 21). How to control and get rid of goosegrass. Retrieved from Lawn

& Landscape:

https://www.lawnandlandscape.com/news/wce-042114-crowd-out-goosegrass-lawn/

Breeden, G. K., & Brosnan, T. J. (2019). Goosegrass (Eleusine indica). Retrieved from

Turfgrass Science: https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/documents/w170.pdf

Institute for Economics and Peace. (2019). Retrieved from World Bank Group:

https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/722241/climate-risk-country-profile-philip

pines.pdf

Jalaludin, A. ; Ngim, J. ; Bakar, B. H. J. ; Alias, Z., 2010. Preliminary findings of potentially

resistant goosegrass (Eleusine indica) to glufosinate-ammonium in Malaysia. Weed Biol.

Manage., 10 (4): 256-260

Jiang, D., Lv, S., Cui, S., Sun, S., Song, X., He, S., … An, P. (2020). Effect of thermal

insulation components on physical and mechanical properties of plant fibre composite

thermal insulation mortar. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(6),

12996–13013. doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.09.009
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department 26

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Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department 27

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Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department 28

CURRICULUM VITAE

KRISTINE MAE P. LINARES

Barangay Iponan,
Cagayan De Oro City.

Cell Number: 09976222106

Email: kmlinares04586@liceo.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: April 29, 2004

Place of Birth: Cagayan de Oro City
Age: 18
Gender: Female
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATION

Secondary: Liceo de Cagayan University – Main Campus

Rodolfo N. Pelaez Blvd, Cagayan de Oro City
2021-2023

Iponan National High School

Zone 5, Iponan, Cagayan de Oro City
2017-2021

Primary: Iponan Elementary School

Zone 5, Iponan, Cagayan de Oro City
2014-2017

ACHIEVEMENTS

Grade 7 – With Honors

Grade 8 – With Honors
Grade 9 – With Honors
Grade 10 – With Honors
Grade 11 – Academic Excellence Award
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department 29

CURRICULUM VITAE

JUDYRON C. OMPOC
Barangay Iponan,
Cagayan De Oro City.

Cell Number: 09067223631

Email: jompoc07872@liceo.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: November 10, 2004

Place of Birth: Cagayan de Oro City
Age: 18
Gender: Female
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATION

Secondary: Liceo de Cagayan University – Main Campus

Rodolfo N. Pelaez Blvd, Cagayan de Oro City
2021-2023

Iponan National High School

Zone 5, Iponan, Cagayan de Oro City
2017-2021

Primary: Bulao Elementary School

Zone 6, Bulao Iponan, Cagayan de Oro City
2013-2017

ACHIEVEMENTS
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department 30

CURRICULUM VITAE

JAY CHRISTIAN D. CUTAB

Barangay Pandan,
Mambajao Camiguin.

Cell Number: 09295795930

Email: jccutab74393@liceo.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: June 29, 2005

Place of Birth: Camiguin
Age: 17
Gender: Male
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATION

Secondary: Liceo de Cagayan University – Main Campus

Rodolfo N. Pelaez Blvd, Cagayan de Oro City
2021-2023

Mambajao National High School

Balintawak St., Mambajao, Camiguin
2017-2021

Primary: Mambajao Central School

Balintawak St., Mambajao, Camiguin
2014-2017

ACHIEVEMENTS

Grade 8 – With Honors

Grade 9 – With Honors
Grade 10 – With Honors
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department 31

CURRICULUM VITAE

DESIREE JANE R. PAJARON

Barangay Sinaloc
El Salvador City

Cell Number: 09069529857

Email: djpajaron68940@liceo.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: November 18, 2003

Place of Birth: El Salvador City
Age: 19
Gender: Female
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATION

Secondary: Liceo de Cagayan University – Main Campus

Rodolfo N. Pelaez Blvd, Cagayan de Oro City
2021-2023

Bulua National High school

Zone 7 Bulua, Cagayan de Oro City
2017-2021

Primary: Bulua Central Elementary School

Cagayan de Oro City
2014-2017

ACHIEVEMENTS

Grade 7 – With Honors

Grade 8 – With Honors
Grade 9 – With Honors
Grade 10 – With Honors
Grade 11 – Academic Excellence Award
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department 32

CURRICULUM VITAE

JULIANE C. DETCHOS
Barangay Patag,
Opol Misamis Oriental.

Cell Number: 09916708188

Email: jdetchos86612@liceo.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: February 06, 2005

Place of Birth: Bulua Cagayan de Oro City
Age: 18
Gender: Female
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATION

Secondary: Liceo de Cagayan University – Main Campus

Rodolfo N. Pelaez Blvd, Cagayan de Oro City
2021-2023

Opol National Secondary Technical School

Opol Misamis Oriental
2017-2021

Primary: Opol Central School

Opol Misamis Oriental
2014-2017

ACHIEVEMENTS
Liceo de Cagayan University Senior High School Department 33

CURRICULUM VITAE

MARY GRACE C. JAMERO

Barangay Binaliwan,
Mahinog Camiguin Province

Cell Number: 09161457823

Email: mgjamero00726@liceo.edu.ph

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Date of Birth: March 18, 2005

Place of Birth: Camiguin Province
Age: 17
Gender: Female
Nationality: Filipino
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATION

Secondary: Liceo de Cagayan University – Main Campus

Rodolfo N. Pelaez Blvd, Cagayan de Oro City
2021-2023

Sixto A. Abao National High School

Hubangon, Mahinog Camiguin Province
2017-2021

Primary: Mahinog Central School

Mahinog Camiguin Province
2013-2017

ACHIEVEMENTS

Grade 7 – With Honors

Grade 8 – With Honors
Grade 9 – With Honors
Grade 10 – With Honors
Grade 11 – Academic Excellence Award