Carbonized Rice Hull vs.

Rice Hull as Partial

Cement Alternates in Hollow blocks:

A Comparative Study

Karen Anne Artiaga

Ecel Joy Perillo

Edward Ivan Dioneda

Gaine Lester Eduarte

Clark James Dongsao

Edmon Despabiladeras

A Research Paper Presented to

the Faculty of Rawis National High School

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirement

in Practical Research II

SY:2019-2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I

Introduction

Statement of the Problem

Scope and Delimitation

Significance of the study

Definition of terms

Endnotes

Chapter II

Related Literature

Related Studies

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

11
Gap that will be Bridged by the Study

12

Conceptual Framework

13

Theoretical Framework

14

Hypothesis

15

Endnotes

16

Chapter III

Research Design

19

Data Gathering Procedure

19

Data Analysis Procedure

20

Research Instrument

22

Chapter IV
Analysis and Interpretation of the Data

24

Chapter V

Summary

26

Findings

27

Conclusions

28

Recommendation

29

Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

In making hollow blocks, cement is an essential material

other than sand and sometimes stone chunks. Hollow Blocks are

widely used in the Philippines instead of bricks because it

cheap, lightweight, durable and fire resistant. However, cements

price is now rising depending on its brand and quality. So some

concrete hollow blocks are becoming weak or brittle nowadays

caused by a little amount of cement used in creating them.

Cement is a binder, a substance commonly used for

construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other material to

bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather

to bind sand and gravel(aggregate)together. Cement mixed with

fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry or with sand and

gravel, produces concrete. (Rodgers,2018)1

A 2008 research conducted by the Department of Science and

Technology discovered that carbonized rice hull is feasible as a

partial cement alternate in making concrete hollow blocks because

of its high silica content, a good component of a good binder.

The proportions they used was 25% CRH and 75% cement as binder.2

However, the researchers want to test the reverse

proportion of the binder used, also they will compare either

which of the two, carbonized rice hull or rice hull is more

efficient as a partial cent alternate.

Rice Hulls (rice husks) are the protecting coverings of

grains of rice. It is a by-product of rice processing. The

milling of paddy rice has nearby a 70% yield of rice (endosperm)

as its major product, although these are some unconsumed portions

of the rice produced such as rice hull (20%)], rice barn (8%) and

rice germ (20%)3. Carbonized rice hulls that are partially

burned.

Sorsogon Province in a recent survey made by PSA in 2010,

has 52,370 rice farms which is an equivalent of 126,594 hectares

of farmland. Also a survey of NFA conducted in 2010,1,956,400

bags of rice were produced in Sorsogon.4

Philippines, an archipelago located along a typhoon belt

and the so called ring of fire a vast Pacific Ocean Region where

many of earth’s earthquake and volcanic eruptions occur. As a

country vulnerable to such natural disaster its infrastructures

must be durable and strong.5

Seeing this by products commonly considered as waste in

local rice milling especially in Bacon District, the researchers

wanted to utilize it as a partial cement alternate in making

hollow blocks also to lessen expense cost in buying cement.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to investigate and compare the carbonized

rice hull and rice hull and its efficiency as partial cement

alternates in making hollow blocks. Thus, answering the

following:

1. Which hollow block is more efficient in terms of:

a. weight,

b. strength, and

c. durability

2.Which partial cement alternate is better to use in making

hollow blocks?

3.What factors affect the efficiency of hollow blocks?

Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on creating hollow blocks using two

partial cement alternate (carbonized rice hull and rice hull) and

cement as binder. Testing the efficiency and comparing the

results gathered is also included in the study. The materials to

be used such as sand, cement and rice hull will come from the

locality of Bacon District. The sand that will be used will be

specifically come from Rawis. This study will be conducted in the

duration of Practical Research I at Rawis, Bacon District,

Sorsogon City.

This study will not include the discovery of the two

partial cement alternate’s shelf life. Laboratory tests are

excluded and also making miniature houses or infrastructures.

Significance of the study

The results of this research will redound to the benefit

of the community of Bacon. This research will focus on using

carbonized rice hull and rice hull in making hollow blocks.

This study will benefit the following:

Consumers. This research will benefit the consumers by

means of it will lessen their expense in buying or creating

hollow blocks for building or construction purposes.

Local investors. By utilizing by-products of rice milling

stations of Bacon, local investors can make business by creating

hollow blocks with carbonized rice hull or rice hull as partial

cement alternate.

Government. The results of this research will help local

government units in advocating their constituents the importance

of using bio-products or eco-products.

 Future researchers. The data gathered in this research

will and can serve as reference the future researchers to dig-in

or further investigate the said materials of experiment into its

feasibility as cement alternate in making hollow blocks or as a

binder.

Definition of terms

For the purpose of clarity and understanding as the

following terms are defined both conceptually and operationally.

Efficiency refers to the quality or degree of being.

Operationally, it is the state of the Rice Hull on partial

cement alternate that is capable of upholding certain

characteristic.

Binder refers to something that produces or promotes

cohesion in loosely assembled substances. Operationally, it

refers to something that binds two or more things together.

Rice hulls refers to the protecting coverings of grains

of rice. Operationally it is the by-product of rice

production.

Carbonized Rice Hulls refers to those rice hulls that

are portion ally burned. Operationally it is partially

 incinerated rice hulls often subjected to fur for a short

period of time.

Hollow Blocks also known as concrete masonry unit is a

standard size rectangular block used in building

construction. Operationally is the output that that the

researchers will be making that is composed of sand, gravel

and rice hull.

Endnotes

[1] Rodgers, Lucy (17 December 2018). “The massive CO2 emitter

you may not know about”. BBC News. Retrieved 8 July 2019.

[2] Ong, Ghio and Flores, Helen (October 23, 2008).

“Rice Hull used in Hollow Blocks”. Phil star Global: Science and

Environment. Retrieved 8 July 2019.

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

Related Literature

Based on the study conducted by Bartleby (2014) 1, “Hollow

blocks are one of the most used building materials in our time.

Since hollow blocks weigh around 9-11 kg it is a must for

reinforcement steel to be placed into the gaps of the hollow

blocks and /or to be built on a strong foundation in order to

avoid settling or cracking. A higher capital is needed for a

strong foundation that can hold the weight of standard concrete

hollow blocks (esp. for high and large buildings). The heavier

the hollow blocks, the greater the force exerted to lift them.

Thus may lead for problems like back pains, abrasions, and muscle

pains. Therefore, hollow blocks must be lighter. Light aggregates

must be used like lahar, carbonized rice hull and rice hull ash

as raw materials in the production of lightweight hollow blocks”.

The research conducted by the Journal of Asian Ceramic

Societies (2016)2 concluded that waste or by-products from

different industries and the agricultural sector has received

increasing attention in the scientific, technology, ecological,

economic and social spheres in recent years. Rice husk (RH) is a

by-product of rice milling and rice husk ash (RHA) in generated

by combustion in a separate boiler. Both RH and RHA are

abundantly accessible in rice growing countries such as China,

India, Brazil, the U.S.A and Southeast Asia. RH has therefore

been recycled by burning it for energy production.

Oyetola E.B. and Abdullah M. 3 states that, “The

compressive strength of some commercial sandcrete blocks in

Minna,Nigeria was investigated Rice Husk Ash (RHA) was prepared

using charcoal from burning firewood preliminary analysis of the

constituent materials of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) /

Rice Husk Ash (RHA) hollow sandcrete blocks were conducted to

confirm their suitability for block making. ”

 According to Garas G. Bakhoum E. and Allan M. (2015)4,

“The methods for disposing of the straw remaining in the fields

after rice harvest are either burning or baling. Due to the lack

of adequate baling machines available to serve most farmers,

burning is still the principal disposal method for most of the

rice straw residue, as it is efficient, effective and cheap, even

after being phased out in the Egyptian law of environment number

4-1994.As a result most farmers tend to burn the straw in open

fields therefore it boosts air pollution that cause a serious

human health problem.

Babaso P.N. and Sharanaguoda (2017)5 noted that "Rice is

staple food of more than half world. Therefore, rice processing

and associated business are growing vigorously. Rice husk obtain

from rice milling process as by-product. It is attracting as

value added materials for domestic and industrial processing such

as preparing valuable silicon based materials, cement as source

of pet food fiber and source of dietary fiber, preparation of

activated carbon, refractory industry, polymer, rubber, preparing

sorbent for water stuffs, ceramic industry and bio-synthesis of

silica Nano-particles. Extensive research has been done to

utilize important properties of rice husk and its ash for

industrial applications.
 "In an article made by Roque, A. (2014) 6 he states that in

the past, rice millers considered the disposal of rice hull, one

of their major problem. Edgardo Alfonso, president of the San

Jose City Rice Millers Association said that rice hull had become

expensive because cement manufacturer now uses rice hull in their

products.

In an article made by Tacio M.D. (2010)7, he states that

"Being one of the world's top rice producers, rice hull which is

a by-product of milling is considered as waste and often dumped

into open fields and waterways. However, it has many use such as

source of energy and partial cement alternate"

"Amid the rising cost of production and construction

materials, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) is

promoting the use of rice hull ash as ingredient for making

hollow blocks. The DOST's Forest Products Research and

Development Institute (FPRDI) recently developed rice hull ash

cement (RHAC) hollow blocks a combination of refined rice hull

ash cement and sand". (Ong G. 2008)8

According to Zafar, S. (2018) 9, "The most common

agricultural wastes in the Philippines are rice husk, rice straw,

coconut husk, coconut shell and bagasse. The estimated production

of rice hull in the Philippines is more than 2 million tons per

annum".
 Another article of Ong (2008)10 further states that amid

the rising cost of construction materials, a Filipino scientist

here has tapped the potential rice husk ash as supplementary

material in cement paste and concrete. Marshal Calizu, a

researcher at the Saint Louis College here said rice husk ash

could be used as " admixture" in cement paste because it contains

silica, a compound that serves as cement 'binder'".

Related Studies

The research conducted by Dashan I. et.al (1999) 11,

carried out an extensive work on some characteristic of acha husk

ash/ordinary Portland cement concrete. Test results indicate that

the compressive strength for all mixtures containing AHA

increases with age up to fourteen-day hydration period but

decreases to the twenty-eight-day hydration period while the

conventional concrete increases steadily up to twenty-eight-day

hydration period.

Based on the study of Gyekan Cl. et.al (2011) 12, the

material constituents, their mix presence of admixtures and the

manufacturing using process can important factors that determine

the properties of sandscrete block. This paper investigates the

effect of partial replacement of cement with rice husk on some

engineering properties of hollow blocks with 1:6 cement mix

ratios.

Oyotela concluded in his study that the rice husk ash

produced using charcoal from firewood is pozzolanic and therefore

is suitable for use in block making13.

According to Mbiminah, G.Y. (1992)14 that the effect of

rice husk on the compressive strength of the brick and increasing

effect on the water absorption of the bricks.

Based on the study of Edodzigi M. (2001)15 In Niger State,

Nigeria about 96,660 tons of rice grains were produced in year

2000. In developing countries like Nigeria, proper utilization of

agriculture waste has not been given due attention. The rice husk

there by constitutes an environmental nuisance as they form

refuse heaps in the areas where they are disposed. The use of

Rice Husk ash as a partial replacement to cement will provide an

economic use of the by product and consequently produce cheaper

blocks for low cast buildings.

“In 2013 a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck the Central

Philippine Island of Bohol, destroying thousands of structures

and displacing nearly 350,000 Filipino. IDEA (International Deaf

Education Association) together with the researchers of EPA

capitalize the termite-resistant characteristic of rice waste

materials and design and rice hull particle board also they are
researching further to create a concept building material

compared of rice husks and an innovative binding material to

construct durable homes for the Filipino Community”. (Kawai, T.

et.al. 2015)16.

Larvan E.V.et.al. (2013)17 states that "Many researchers

had shown that some of the wastes (organic) have good pozzolanic

properties that would improve the quality of concrete hollow

blocks produced. One such waste material is agricultural waste

rice husk.

"In the study conducted by Cariag, S.Z.et.al.(2015) 18 they

concluded that the RHA is a potential particle replacement OPC

for Non-Load Bearing Concrete Hollow Blocks. X-ray Fluorescence

spectrometry analysis was carried out to determine the silica

content of RHA in conformance to ASTM G618.

Mata J.G. (1984)19 concluded on his study that hollow

blocks with a rice hull ash binder is more durable, cost-less and

stronger than the hollow blocks with a cement binder.

According to Vinluan, Jr. F.et.al. (2002)20, "CRH is

produced by partially burning via husk in a carbonizer. It has

high water retention high air permeability, very light in weight

and slightly alkaline. Common application is found in agriculture

and industrial use.”

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

Both foreign and local studies have significant

relationship with the present study because they both discuss the

use of carbonized rice hull in making hollow blocks. Furthermore,

they discussed why it is used as alternative for cement in making

hollow blocks.

Studies conducted by Oyetola E. B. et. al. and Laruan E.

V. et. al. found out that rice husk has good pozzolanic

properties that would improve hollow blocks produced.

Carig, J. Z. et. al, Mata J. G., Gyeka, A. et. al,

Edodzigi M., Dashan I. et. al., Mbiminah G.Y. concluded in their

study that hollow blocks made from carbonized rice hull is more

durable, cost-less and stronger than the hollow blocks with a

cement binder.

Gap that will be Bridged by the Study

The present study differs from the recent study conducted,

foreign and local, because the researchers in this study will use

a new formula in creating hollow blocks, also the researchers of

this study will test the rice hull aside from the carbonized rice
hull in making hollow blocks. This is the gap that will be

bridged of the study.

Conceptual Framework

The aforementioned IPO diagram represent the

researcher’s synthesis of literature on how to explain the

creation of hollow blocks using the said partial cement

alternates. It maps out the actions required in the course of the

study given

their previous knowledge of other researcher’s point of view and

their observation on the subject of research.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1.Efficiency of
-Producing hollow Hollow blocks
hollow blocks in
blocks using and produced from the
terms of:
following the three set-ups
a.Weight three set-ups

b.strength

c.durability -Determining the

best set-ups with
2.Better partial
the efficiency
cement alternate in
ratings
making hollow blocks

3.Factors affecting
the efficiency of
hollow blocks
 Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm
Theoretical Framework

This theoretical framework presented is the structure that

supports the theory of the study.  It describes the theories

which supplies the explanation why the research problem it under

experimentation.

"Rice hull ash is pozzolanic therefore suitable in block

making". Bui et. al. (2005) in their research hypothesis in

(2005) indicated that RHA as a reactive pozzolan contributes

considerably on optimazition of microscopic construction of

transition interface zone between paste and aggregate surface in

high performance surface.

"Rice hull affects the compressive strength of hollow

blocks". According to Mbiminah, G. Y. (1992), in the production

of hollow blocks, rice hull has an effect in the compressive

strength which constitutes because of its increased.

Mbiminah, G. Y. (1992), in the production of hollow blocks,

rice hull has an effect in the compressive strength which

constitutes because of its increased.

        "Rice hull ash is pozzolanic therefore suitable in

block making". (Bui et. al., 2005)

Carbonized rice hull and rice hull are good partial

cement alternate.

       "Rice hull affects the compressive strength of hollow

blocks". (Mbiminah, G. Y., 1992)

The theories presented above supports the studies proposed

theory regarding rice hull ash and rice hull as efficient or good

partial cement alternate. Furthermore, they discussed the

potential effect of rice hull ash and rice hull as a cement

alternate in building materials such as blocks, hollow blocks and

the like. Ability on water absorption

Hypothesis

The following are the proposed explanation made on the

basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further

investigation:

Ho: Neither of the partial cement alternate is efficient in terms

of weight, strength, and durability.

Ho: There are no significant factors that affect the efficiency

of the produced hollow blocks.

Ho: Neither of the partial cement alternate is better to use in

making hollow blocks.

Endnotes

1
Bartleby (2014).Utilization of Carbonized Rice Hull, Rice Hull

Ash and Lahar as Raw materials in the production of lightweight

Hollow Blocks. Retrieved by July

19,2019.www.bartleby.com/utilization-of-Carbonized -Rice-Hull-

Rice-Hull-F3BQ924K6YYS.
2
Journal of Asian Ceramic (2018). Rice husk/rice husk ash as an

alternative source of silica in Ceramics. Retrieved by July

19,2019 from

https://www.icjtandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2.870764.2018.153

9210

3
Oyetola E.B and Abdullah M.The use of rice husk Ash in low cost

sandscrete block Production.Department of Civil

Engineering,Federal University of Technology:P.M.B

65,Minna.Nigeria.Retrieved by July 19,2019 from

lejpt.academicdirect.org/A08/get.htm.php?htm=58.70

4
Babaso P.N and Shananagouda(2017)Rice Husk and Its

Applicaction.Retrieved by July 19,2019 from www.ijcmas.com/6-10-

2017/patil%20 Nita%20Babaso%and%20H%20 Shananagouda.pdf

5
Rice Straw-Cementitious Bricks:Analytical Study on Mechanical

Properties and sustainability Measures.Retrieved by July 19,2019

from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298637809 Rice

Straw.Cementitios Bricks Analytical study on Mechanical

properties and sustainability measures.

6
Roque A.(2014).Even prices of rice hull rising

.Inquirer.net.Retrieved by July 19,2019 from

htpps://newsinfo.inquirer.net/615335/even prices of rice hull

rising.
7
Tacio, H.D (2010) Rice Hull should not go to waste.Sunstar

Philippines.Retrieved by July 19,2019 from

https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/182336.

8
Ong,G.(2008).Rice Hull Ash used in Hollow

Blocks.Philstar.Retrieved by July 19,2019 from

https://www.philstar.com/business/science and

environmental/2008/10/23/409232/rice hull ash used hollow blocks.

9
Zafar,S.(2018) Agricultural waste in the Philippines .Bioenergy.

Consult. Retrieved by July 19,2019 from

https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/agricultural resources in the

Philippines.

10
Ong,G(2008).Rice husk ash used in cement mixture.Philstar.

Retrieved July 19,2019 from

https://www.philstar.com/business/scienceand

environmental/2008/ou/25/402795/rice husk ash used in cement

mixture.

11
Dashan I. I. and Kamang E. E. I., Some characteristics of

RHA/OPC Concretes: A Preliminary Assessment, Nigerian Journal of

Construction Technology and Management, 2(1), p. 22-28, 1999.

12
Gyekan Cl. et.al(2011).Effect of granite fines on the

compressive strength of sandcrete blocks, In: Proceedings of

Conference on Construction Technology, Sabah, Malaysia.p 14-17.

13
Oyetola E.B. et.al (2011).The use of Rice husk ash in low cost

sandcrete blocks Production. Leonardo Electronic Journal of

Practices and Technology.

14
Mbiminah, G.Y (1992,Effects of rice husk on the comprehensive

strength and durability of Burnt-Clay Bricks,B. Eng.

Project,Department of sibil engineering, Ahmadu Bello University

Zaria, Nigeria,1992.

15
Edodzigi M., Cropped-Area and Yield Survey (CAYS), Report 2000

Wet Season, Agric. Development Project (A.D.P), Niger State,

Nigeria p. 2, 2001.

16
Kawai.T.et.al.(2015).Rice husk a sustainable Building Material

for the phil.Epa .Retrieved July 19,2019 from https://

cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstract/index.cfm/fuse

action/display.abstractdetail/abstract/10532.

17
Larvan E.V.et.al. (2013). Compressive strength of concrete

hollow blocks using rice husk ash. Engineering. Applied Sciences

18
Cariag,S.Z.et.al.(2015).Utilization of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as

Partial Repalacement to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in Thermal

Resistant Concrete Hollow blocks (CHB).In thermal Conference on

Environmental Quality Concern,Control and Conversation, At

Kaohsiung, Taiwan ROC.

19
Mata J.G.(1984).A Preliminary study on the compressive

Strengthof concrete hollow blocks made from sand, cement, and

rice hull ash [Philippines].

20
Vinlan,Jr.F.et.al. (2002)Carbonized rice husk (CRH):Production,

export potential and it’s applications for agriculture and

Industry.Philippine Aricultural Mechanization Bulletin.

Chapter III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the methods and procedure that will

be used in the conduct of the study.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This is an experimental research study which deals with

creating hollow blocks using carbonized rice hull as its binder.

This will be evaluated by testing its efficiency in terms of

weight, strength and durability. An experimental research study

is a type of research in which the researchers controls the

factors of a variable related to a certain phenomenon, and tries

to manipulate one or several variable to determine the possible

outcome or effect.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

This study aims to investigate carbonized rice hull's

efficiency as cement alternate in making hollow blocks. The

researchers will first need to prepare the materials needed.

Afterwards, the researchers will create hollow blocks, test them

and analyze the data produced.

Procedure:

I. Making of Carbonized Rice Hull

The researchers will first gather a sack full of rice

hull from local milling stations. Half sack (rice sack) of
rice hull is needed in the experiment but in case of
sudden need of rice hull due to low carbonized rice hull
produced one sack of it is an ideal amount. After
gathering the rice hull, the researchers will now begin
carbonizing the rice hull using an alternative and
improvised incinerator made up of cans built up like a
chimney with pores or holes around the base ( the base is
the large can resembling a fireplace ). Firewood is inside
the improvised incinerator and the rice hull will be put
around the base. Wait until the rice hull is carbonized
and be careful not to expose it in fire and smoke for a
long period of time during the process.
Gather the CRH afterwards and let it cool or put some
water on it.

II. Making of Hollow Blocks

The researchers will now prepare the

materials needed in making hollow blocks. They will need
the CRH, cement, water, sand, shovel and hollow blocks
molder. The researchers will also prepare two set-ups in
making the hollow blocks. Set-up A will be CRH-CEMENT SET-
UP composed of CRH, cement, sand and water; Set-up B will
be CRH SET-UP composed of CRH, sand and water. First they
will make Set-up A, the researchers will mix two
shovelfuls of sand, 2 kilos of cement and 3 kilos of CRH.
Mix it thoroughly while applying controlled amount of
water. Check if the components are already mixed well
before putting it in a hollow blocks molder. Set aside and
let it dry up for a day. Set-up B will be prepared the
same as Set-up A except the cement and also CRH that will
be used is about 5 kilos.
After the the hollow blocks are dried up
testing of the products will follow. In testing, three
hollow blocks will be needed — Hollow Blocks from Set-ups
A and B and a commercially produced one with the same
proportions.

Data Analysis Procedure

In evaluating the efficiency of the hollow

blocks, the researchers will test three hollow blocks,
compare the results and determine which of the hollow
blocks has the best efficiency rating, thus concluding the
effectivity of locally produced CRH in hollow blocks
making.

A. Weight Test
- Refers to a body's relative mass or the quantity
of matter contained by it, giving rise to a
downward force; the heaviness of a person or
thing. The hollow blocks' weight will be gathered
by weighing through a weighing scale.

Hollow Weight in
Blocks Kilograms
A (Set-up
A)
B (Set-up
B)
C
(Commercial
Hollow
Blocks)
 Table 1. Weight of Hollow Blocks

B. Durability Test

Scale Label Meaning

5 Highly Durable Able to withstand great damage after
fall

4 Moderately Durable Gained minimal damage after fall

3 Durable Gained noticeable damage after fall

2 Less Durable Gained great damage after fall
1 Not Durable Completely destroyed
- is a performance testing technique to determine
the characteristics of a system under various
load conditions over time. A drop test is the
simplest way to test the strength of a hollow
block, if it survives 6-ft tall, it is durable
enough.

Table 2. Durability Scale

B. Strength Test
- to check the quality or state of being physically
strong and to able to stand pressure or great
force. To determine the strength of the hollow
blocks, the researchers will conduct a
compressive strength test.

Sca Label Meaning Table

le 3. Strength
5 Strongest Withstand any pressure or Scale
great force
4 Stronger Withstand high pressure and
force
3 Moderately Withstand moderate pressure
Strong and force
2 Weaker Withstand least pressure
and force
1 Weakest Didn't withstand any
pressure and force
Research Instrument
A table will be used to record the data gathered
during the testing of the produced output of the study. Part I
will be dealing about the efficiency of hollow blocks in terms of
weight, durability and strength. Part II will answer the
Statement of the Problem's no. 2 question and Part III will be
about the Statement of the Problem's no. 3 question.
I. Efficiency

A. Weight

Hollow Weight in
Blocks on Kilograms
A (Set-up
A)
B (Set-up
B)
C
(Commercial
Hollow
Blocks)

B. Durability
Hollow
Blocks 5 4 3 2 1
A
B
C

C. Strength
Hollow
Blocks 5 4 3 2 1
A
B
C
 Chapter IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of

data based on the gathered information presented in the

statistical treatment. This chapter provides the interpretation

of the data that is needed for further understanding of the

research.

I. Weight Test

Hollow Blocks Weight in

Kilogram
Set-up A ( CRH) 9

kilo
Commercial Hollow 9
Table 1.
Block kilo
Weight

Table 1 shows the data of weight of each hollow

blocks, set-up A and set-up B had the same weight – 9 kilograms.

II. Durability Test

Hollow

Blocks 5 4 2 1

3
A ✓

B ✓
Table 2. Durability

Table 2 shows the durability of the hollow blocks,

the durability of set-up A is moderately durable because

it gained minimal damage after fall. And the durability

level of set-up B is durable, it gained noticeable damage

after fall.
 III. Strength Test

Hollow

Blocks 5 4 2 1

3
A ✓
✓

B
Table 3. Strength

Table 3 shows the strength of the set-ups

are both labeled as stronger and withstand high pressure.

Chapter IV

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 This chapter presents the summary, findings of the research,

the conclusions derived from these findings and the researcher's

recommendations for future researchers of similar concept. Also,

this study was conducted to investigate and compare the

carbonized rice hull and commercial hollow blocks, its efficiency

as substance in making hollow blocks.

Summary

This study was conducted to investigate and compare

the carbonized rice hull which is an effective substance of a

hollow blocks compared to the commercial hollow blocks. To

achieve the aim of the study the following questions were needed

to be answered : [1] Which hollow blocks is more efficient in

terms of weight, strength and durability, [2] Is the substance

( CRH ) better to use in making hollow blocks? and [3] What

factors affect the efficiency of hollow blocks?

The result of the study is beneficial to the

customers,local investors, government and future researchers

because this can give empirical data basis in making hollow

blocks using carbonized rice hull

The experimental method of research that was used

in determining the if the carbonized rice hull is an effective

substance of the hollow blocks is direct observation and

experimentation.
 The experimental study was composed of the set-

ups for the comparison between the commercial hollow block and

the hollow block using carbonized rice hull in terms of weight,

durability and strength. The data gathered from the testing was

tabulated and analyzed.

Findings

I. Weight Test

The result of the conducted experiment showed

the data of weight that showed that both hollow blocks

weighed 9 kilograms.

II. Durability Test

The result showed that the durability of

set-up A is moderately durable because it gained

minimal damage after fall and the durability level of

set-up B is durable because it gained noticeable

damage after fall.

III. Strength Test

It had determine that the strength of the

two set-ups are both labeled as stronger because both

withstand high pressure and damage.

Conclusions

Based from the findings of the research the following

conclusions were made:

 1. The carbonized rice hull which is a substance in

making hollow blocks is better than the commercial

hollow blocks in terms of durability.

2. Carbonized rice hull is an effective substance in

making hollow blocks

3. If there is a carbonized rice hull substance in

making hollow blocks it is better than the

commercial ones.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion the following

recommendations were made:

1. Improve and update the efficiency measurements of the

hollow blocks

2. Further search another substance that can make hollow

blocks

3. A better and well-organized set-up will be needed to

derive more accurate results and observation from the

experiment.

4. Future researchers should conduct further investigation

about the nature of carbonized rice hull and why it is a

good substance in making hollow blocks.