CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

1.1 Rationale of the Study

In this period of time, industry is at its peak in terms of worldwide demand which encounters

humongous difficulties in providing construction materials of in good quality, affordable cost and

conveniently available. The demand of raw materials rises as the demand of product does. On top of

that, those products produced will soon become waste and inevitable.

Waste is abundant throughout the nations and the amount of space left in the ground for

landfills is not enough. Because of the increase volume of waste every day, some were just dump

anywhere. The growing amount of waste accumulated from industrial waste, agricultural waste,

commercial waste, chemical waste, domestic waste, etc., has a huge impact on the environment.

Evidently, pollution is its effect, it’s noticeable and it’s very concerning. It may affect our health and

worst the future generation.

In contrary, humans will innovate, and countless discoveries will be made like even using

thrown materials considered as trash or waste.

Fly ash is industrial waste material found in coal based thermal power plants. The estimates

prepared by Ministry of Power as well as Planning Commissions up to the year 2031-2032 indicate that

generation of fly ash during the said year would be around 900 million tons per year (Jain, 2011 and

R&D, 2012). The current annual production of fly ash worldwide is estimated around 600 million tons

(Uygunog, Topeu, Gencel, Brostow, 2012). Coconut fibre is another waste in agriculture industry and

is very abundant in tropical countries like Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Philippines.

2
 In this study, the researchers come up to find studies which results to hypothesis in using

industrial and agricultural waste namely; fly ash and coconut fibre, and how it is beneficial to the

construction industry without sacrificing its properties.

1.2 Theoretical Background

Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) is one of the most commonly used in the Philippines. CHB is a

rectangular size block and is produced with one or more hollow centers. These centers reduce the total

cross-sectional area of the block. The blocks are made from cast concrete; cement and aggregate,

usually sand or fine gravel.

Concrete is one of the most durable building materials which is used structurally in building

towers, bridges, roadways, tunnel, railways, dams, coastal defense structures, houses and many more.

It provides superior fire resistance than wooden construction and obtain strength over time. It is bonded

together with cement paste, usually Portland cement or other hydraulic cement that hardens as the time

pass by.

An aggregate is used for its economic factor, for it is cheaper than cement. The aggregate serves

to reduce any cracks and most importantly to provide strength to the overall composite material. Due

to its areas of application such as commercial, residential, industrial, and infrastructure in several

construction activities, specifically as a base material under foundations, roads, and railroads, to help

prevent differential settling under road or structures, and serves as low-cost extender that binds more

expensive cement to form concrete.

Aggregates are a broad category of granular materials such as crushed stone, stone and gravel.

Since aggregate is commonly considered inert filler in concrete, which allocates 60 to 80 percent of the

volume, and 70 to 85 percent of the weight. Although it is considered inert filler, it is a necessary

3
component that defines the thermal and elastic property and dimensional stability of concrete.

Aggregate is classified as two different types, coarse and fine. The compressive aggregate strength is

an important factor in the selection of aggregate.

The shape and texture of aggregate affects the properties of fresh concrete more than hardened

concrete. The surface texture of aggregate can be either smooth or rough. A smooth surface can improve

workability, yet a rougher surface generates a stronger bond between the paste and the aggregate

creating a higher strength. Concrete is more workable when smooth and rounded aggregate is used

instead of rough angular or elongated aggregate. Crushed stone produces much more angular and

elongated aggregates, which have a higher surface-to-volume ratio, better bond characteristics but

require more cement paste to produce a workable mixture.

Fine aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most particles passing

through 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and predominantly retained on 75mm (No. 200) sieve. In this study, fly

ash were used as partial replacement of fine aggregates to be used in concrete hollow blocks to improve

the long-term bond strength.

Fly ash is the finely divided residue obtained from combustion of pulverized coal produced by

coal-fired electric and steam generating plants or thermal power plants. Fly ash is a pozzolan, a

substance containing aluminous and siliceous material. There are two types of fly ash commonly used

in concrete namely: class C and class F. For this study, class F were used due to its pozzolanic behavior

that results when lime or Portland cement hydration reacts to form cementitious products.

Fineness of the fly ash will have an influence on pozzolanic and workability of concrete that

can affect the water content and air entraining admixture demand in concrete, because fly ash can be

formed as a cement in the presence of water, that it will be suitable as a prime material in blended

cement, mosaic tiles, and hollow blocks, among all other building materials.

4
 Coconut fibre is extracted from the fibrous outer covering of the fruit of the coconut palm

contains lignin, a complex woody chemical. There are two types of coconut fibers, brown fiber

extracted from matured coconuts and white fibers extracted from the immature ones. Brown fibers are

thick, strong and have high abrasion than white fibers that leads the researchers to use brown fibers in

this study as reinforcement. Also, several studies show the good effect of coconut fibre as

reinforcements that increases the strength of concrete.

5
1.2 Significance of the Study

The study of Concrete Hollow Blocks incorporating fly ash as partial replacement of fine

aggregates and coconut fibre as concrete reinforcement will give extra knowledge to the following

group of people on how this material can still be useful in many ways:

Society

A part of the community specifically: the individuals including the researchers, consumers,

producers and many more. For the consumers and producers, because of its convenient low-cost

construction material. For every individual in the society that can provide additional knowledge and

awareness.

Construction Industry

This includes the entrepreneurs, contractors, architects and engineers provide new techniques

of good quality of structural work without spending too much raw materials since it is sufficient and

attainable by the means of its availability.

Industrial Society

This includes thermal power generating plants which uses coal. They can make the disposal of

fly ash economical.

Future Researchers

Graduate students, undergraduate students, professionals and many more whose intrigue and

interested to further research and conduct the same study and improve some necessary methods to be

done.

6
1.4 Statement of the Problem
The research focuses on studying the effect of the agricultural and industrial waste namely; fly

ash and coconut fibre. Fly ash as a partial replacement of fine aggregate and coconut fibre as a concrete

reinforcement in the mixture of concrete hollow blocks.

In connection with this, the researchers seek answers to the following questions:

1. How effective does the fly ash as partial fine aggregates and coconut fibre as concrete

reinforcement in hollow block in its compressive strength?

2. Are the mixtures of concrete hollow block with different percentage of fly ash and coconut

fibre are considered load bearing blocks?

3. Which of the following mixture is preferable?

a. Ratio 1:7 of cement-aggregate; contains 0% coconut fiber by cement mass and 0% fly ash

by aggregate mass

b. Ratio 1:7 of cement-aggregate; contains 0.75% coconut fiber by cement mass and 80% fly

ash by aggregate mass

c. Ratio 1:7 of cement-aggregate; contains 1.0% coconut fiber by cement mass and 60% fly

ash by aggregate mass

d. Ratio 1:7 of cement-aggregate; contains 1.25% coconut fiber by cement mass and 40% fly

ash by aggregate mass

7
1.5 Objectives of the Study

An extensive experimental work must be carried out in order to achieve the aims and purpose

of this study.

Thus, the following are the objectives that are to be considered:

1. To identify which type of the mixture containing different percentage of fly ash and

coconut fibre is less permeable.

2. To determine the workability of the mixtures containing different percentage of fly ash and

coconut fibre.

3. To distinguish which among the type of the mixture presents a higher compressive strength

at 80% fly ash with 0.75% coconut fibre, 60% fly ash with 1.0% coconut fibre, and 40%

fly ash with 1.25% coconut fibre.

1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope of the project study is to produce the design mix for Concrete Hollow Blocks using

the fly ash as partial replacement of fine aggregates and coconut fiber as concrete reinforcement. In

order to ensure the quality of CHB, it was tested based on its strength and durability factors. The study

covers the compressive strength, workability and water absorption of the design mix.

The restrictions of this study are as follows:

1. Other types of CHB mixture due to lack of time and money

2. Other properties that includes (creep; flexural strength) due to the unavailability of equipment

and apparatuses

8
1.7 Definition of Terms

CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK. A composite material in rectangular form

with hollow centers composed of aggregates bonded together with cement paste that hardens over time

having a factor that constraint one another

FINE AGGREGATE. Generally, consist of natural sand or crushed stone and fly ash with most

particles passing through a 4.75 mm sieve

MIXTURE. A product of mixing different kinds of material bonded together with different percentage

of materials such as cement, sand, fly ash and coconut fibre

REINFORCEMENT. A 5cm long brown coconut fibre

9
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The chapter presents the related literature and studies from both local and foreign sources. This

also includes the ideas, finished thesis, journals, generalizations or conclusions, methodologies and

others that are relevant and similar to the present study.

2.1 Related Literature

A local study from Cebu Technological University-Main Campus conducted by Grace O.

Manlapas (2016) and was published in Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. The study was

about the significant effect of coconut fibres in the compressive strength of the concrete hollow block

and is being compared that blocks without fibre had lower compressive than concrete blocks with coco

coir fibres. Test results of concrete blocks with coconut fibres has 6% and 8% compressive strength

which yielded a higher compressive strength and passed the standards set by ASTM C129 for non-load

bearing CHB.

In the present year, Sumil J and Dr. M.S. Ravi Kumar (2018) studied different types of fibres

such as Glass, Nylon, and Coconut Fibres on the compressive strength of Concrete Hollow Blocks. It

was observed after the compression testing of the CHB with different fibres of different percentage that

the compressive strength of the CHB with glass, nylons and coconut fibres increase up to 1% fiber

content and thereafter is decreased. For 0.5% of glass fibre, nylon fibre, and coconut fibre, the

compressive strength was observed to be 4.17 MPa, 4.01 MPa, and 4.05 MPa respectively. For 0.75%

of glass, nylon and coconut fibres, the compressive strength was observed to be 4.25 MPa, 4.23 MPa,

and 4.24 MPa respectively. The maximum compressive strength of 4.41 MPa, 4.6 MPa, and 4.3 MPa

was observed for 1% of glass fibre, nylon fibre and coconut fibre. The compressive strength goes on

decreasing with further increase in percentage of fibres. The compressive strength was obtained as 4.22

MPa, 4.31 MPa, 4.17 MPa for 1.25% of glass fibres, nylon fibres and coconut fibres respectively. 4.13

10
MPa, 4.14 MPa, 3.83 MPa was obtained as the compressive strength for 1.5% of glass fibre, nylon

fibre, and coconut fibre respectively in the concrete hollow block at 28 days. Therefore, the optimum

percentage of glass fibres, nylon fibres and coconut fibres are 1.0% and the percentage increase of

strength was found as 16% for glass fibre addition, 21% for nylon fibre addition and 13% for coconut

fibres respectively when compared with the concrete hollow blocks without fibres.

Another study from the International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology by

Sanjay Kumar Ahirwar, Prof. Kirti Chandral, Prof. Manindra Kumar Singh (2017) show that the

researchers have worked on fly ash replacing the cement in concrete. Researchers have proved that 5%

and 10% replacement of cement by fly ash gives better result. Thus, it increases the tensile strength as

well as compressive strength by using coconut fibre. The results were obtained that coconut coir is used

in two lengths and two proportions of 6mm and 12mm length and 0.15% and 0.25% respectively. 0.25%

of coir fiber used with 12mm length gives better result for both 5% and 10% replacement of cement.

The research of R.K. Watile, S.K. Deshmukh and H.C. Muley (2014), studied about the brick

for sustainable housing development. The result of the study represents that the strength of bricks with

increasing fly ash content increases with the age and the water absorption of bricks. Moreover, the

Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) utilized as reinforcing material plays vital role with increase

in percentage of fly ash. Its influence made an increase in compressive strength, lesser water absorption

and density reduce up to 20% comparing with initial density of brick. In their study, the use of natural

reinforcing fibre for considering economy has been recommended as more experimentation required

with different materials.

Subsequently, the study of Majid Ali, Anthony Liu, Hou Sou and Nawawi Chouw (2012)

shows that the increase of fibre content has resulted in a higher damping ratio and a lower fundamental

frequency. Coir Fibre Reinforced Concrete (CFRC) with 5cm long fibres have higher damping as

compared to those with other fibre lengths.

11
2.2 Related Studies

A study of Siddique (2003) carried out experimental investigation to evaluate mechanical

properties of concrete mixes in which fine aggregates (sand) was partially replaced with the class F fly

ash. Fine aggregate was replaced with the five percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) of class F fly

ash by weight. The test result showed that the compressive strength of fly ash concrete mixes with 10%

to 50% fine aggregate replacement with fly ash were higher than control mix aggregate at all ages.

Also, the compressive strength of concrete mixes was increasing with increase in fly ash percentages.

This increase in strength due to replacement of fine aggregate with fly ash was attributed to pozzolanic

action of fly ash, splitting tensile strength also increased with increase in percentage of fly ash as

replacement of five aggregates. The tests on flexural strength and modulus of elasticity also showed

improvement in the results as compared to control concrete.

After a year, a research study by Dr. J.B. Behera, Dr. B.D. Nayak, Dr. H.S. Ray and Dr. B.

Sarangi (2004) examined the use of sintered fly ash aggregate in concrete as a partial replacement of

granite aggregates. They conclude that in addition to light weight characteristics. The fly ash concrete

possesses strength and deformation characteristics similar to concrete with natural granite aggregate.

Relatively, Gao Li- Xiong, Yaoyan and Wang Ling, from China Building Materials Academy

in Beijing found that lightweight aggregate concrete made with sintered fly ash aggregates showed

good workability, high compressive strengths and low water absorption.

A study by S. Shanmugasundaram, Dr. S. Jayanthi, Dr. C. Umarani, Dr. K. Jagadeesan (2010),

where lightweight concrete is defined as a concrete that has been made lighter than the conventional

concrete by changing material composition or production method. Lightweight aggregate concrete is

the concrete made by replacing the usual material aggregate by lightweight aggregates. From the

experimental investigation, it was found that the compressive strength was increased for fly ash

12
aggregate concrete cubes with cement fly ash proportion 15:85 when compared to the control of

concrete cubes at all the ages of curing.

In the succeeding year, a study of Nim Nadzri, J.B. Shamsul, M.N. Mazlee (2011) focused on

six different percentage of coconut fibre to cement weight. Then fly ash was added in the mixture as

replacement of sand. The weight percent starts from the reference sample which was 0 wt.% of coconut

fibre then increased to 3 wt.%, 6 wt.%, 9 wt.%, 12 wt.%, and 15 wt.%. all the raw materials were added

in a mechanical mixer until slurry mixture was formed. It was indicated that the composite cement

reinforced with 9 wt.% of coconut fibre after 14 days has the highest compressive strength which is

58.98 MPa and the lowest compressive that is 21.19 MPa which is obtained from the composite cement

with 12 wt.% of coconut fibre after 28 days of curing.

In the work, an addition of 15 wt.% of coconut fibre has shown lowest value of density (1735

kg/m3) while reference samples show both lowest values in moisture content (3.64%) and water

absorption (0.79) compared to cement reinforced coconut fibre composite, cement reinforced with 9

wt.% coconut fibre composite gave a better mechanical properties compared to others with highest

values in compressive strength (58.98 MPa). From this research, it was found that the coconut fibre can

be used as reinforcement and fly ash can be applied as substitute of sand in the development of coconut

fibre based-green composite.

On the succeeding year, S. Ramakrishnan, M.R. Rafiudeen, I. Sivalingam, A. Nanayakkara

(2013) stated that self-weight of building units, construction time and sound workmanship are key

factors affecting the quality and cost effectiveness of masonry construction and by having interlocking

blocks the requirement of skilled workers can be reduced. The self-weight of the structure represents a

very large portion of the design load. The researchers recommended various lightweight materials such

as saw dust, straw, sintered fly ash or industrial cinder, extended clay or shale, expanded polystyrene

beads etc. are being used in producing lightweight blocks. Polystyrene beads were chosen as partial

13
replacement of fine aggregate due to their inherent lightweight (density 16-27 kg/m3) and good thermal

insulation properties. Such lighter units also have many desirable aspects such as more economical in

transportation, and easiness in its own site and production handling, the requirement of less amount of

mortar for the joints and a speedy construction. Therefore, it is favorable to have a lighter cement block,

but of an interlocking nature to improve workmanships.

Recently, a study from M.S. Krishna Hygrieve, I. Siva Kishore and KJB Chan (2017) states

that by using fly ash, the cost and use of cement will be reduced. As well as the pollution in environment

will be reduced. The experimental work has helped to know the other properties of fly ash concrete and

to develop various mix designs. Which come up with the results that Ordinary Portland Cement

concrete is potential by the usage of fly ash, workability of concrete will be improved, the compressive

strength of concrete will decrease with the increase of fly ash, from 7 to 28 days early strength of

concrete is reduced, and flexural strength at concrete decreases with increase of fly ash.

14
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

In this chapter the discussion of systematic procedure and process is presented to distinguish

the possible effects of fly ash and coconut fibre to concrete hollow blocks in chronological order:

Research Approach, Data Collection Instruments, Data Collection Process and Data Analysis

Procedure.

3.1 Research Approach

The experimental method is used in this research study that originally aims to investigate the

effects of fly ash as partial replacement of fine aggregate and coconut fibre as concrete reinforcement

in the mixture of concrete hollow blocks.

In relation with this, there are four types of specimen would be used. Mixture I or know as the

conventional CHB mix which has cement, water, and sand. The Mixture II which has 80% fly ash as

partial replacement of fine aggregates and 0.75% coconut fibre by cement mass. Mixture III which has

60% fly ash and 1.0% coconut fibre and Mixture IV which has 40% fly ash and 1.25% coconut fibre.

The dependent variable would be the result of the experiment while the independent variable

would be the type of concrete hollow block mixture. To validate the objectives, the researchers

conducted an experimental method to answer questions regarding this study.

3.2 Materials

All throughout the experiment, the materials used in the study include cement, sand, fly ash

and coconut fibre.

Coconut husk from the house of Bulalaque, Piogo, Terol, Tinapay, and Villocido are gathered

and processed to primarily extract the fibres. The outer most layer of the husk was removed and then

divided into small pieces. These small pieces of coconut husk were submerged with water into a

15
container for approximately 10 days and absorbed water to loosen the fibres. After the said time frame,

the materials were taken out from the container, fibres were separated by means of simultaneous

pounding with wooden hammer or by pulling out using bare hands. Then lastly, the coconut fibres were

cut in 5cm length.

On the other hand, fly ash were collected in KEPCO Philippines Incorporation from the City

of Naga, Cebu. Fly ash as partial replacement to aggregates is sieved based on the specification of fine

aggregates which pass through sieve no.4.

The other materials such as cement and sand which are available locally are used. Specifically,

the ordinary Portland cement is selected as widely used in general construction. The sand should

comply the ASTM C-144 requirement.

3.3 Data Collection Instrument

The main method used in collecting the data is an experimental method. Other clerical tools

such as coming from the internet, library references and testing method are used for collecting more

information for the study.

3.4 Data Collection Process

This includes the systematic procedures and processes performed in order to reach the goals

and objectives stated in this study. Comprehensive methodological procedures are to be followed. In

the preparation for the specimen, materials are weighed using a digital weighing scale for precise

results.

The molder was cleaned in order to free from dust and cement that hardened to the molder

through time. Afterwards, mineral oil was coated to the mold to prevent adhesion of concrete and leave

out ready for casting. The design mix of dry ingredients like cement, sand, fly ash and coconut fibre

where initially mixed until a satisfying homogeneous mix was achieved. It was then added with water

until a desired consistency of the mixture was reached. In order to determine the degree of workability

of concrete block, slump test was conducted for the slump measurement. (Refer to Appendix A) The

concrete mixes were poured into the block machine.

16
 In the process of making the CHB, compaction is done by the machine’s mechanism. After

achieving the desired compactness of concrete blocks, it was removed from the molder with care to

avoid broken edges. (Refer to Appendix B for mixing)

For its curing process, the specimen was covered with tarpaulin. It was kept damped, shaded

and continually sprayed with water for 7 days, 21 days, 28 days in order to effectively cure.

For this study, there are two types of testing conducted namely; fresh concrete and hardened

concrete test. The fresh concrete test was conducted right after the concrete mixing where the slump

test was included.

The hardened concrete test has two types, the destructive and non-destructive test. For the

destructive test, it involved compressive strength test while non-destructive test includes water

absorption test and moisture content. (Refer to Appendix C for water absorption and moisture content)

The compressive strength test is carried out according to ASTM C129 for non-load bearing

concrete wall and using the CHB specimen (40 cm x 20 cm x 10 cm) cured for 7days, 21 days, 28 days.

The specimens are tested using the digital compressive machine at DPWH 2nd District, Lawaan, Talisay

City.

On the other hand, for non-destructive test, water absorption test is necessary in order to

determine the ability of the concrete block to absorb water and moisture content is used to determine

the quantity of water in the concrete blocks. The specimen to be tested is in CHB form (40cm x 20cm

x 10 cm) with its design mixes.

17
3.5 Data Analysis Procedure

A procedure is to be followed in analyzing the result from the testing. Raw data are obtained

to convert into an information for answering the questions and finalize theories.

Criteria of Rejection

The table below shows two tables. The table 1 presents the minimum requirement of

compressive strength for the non-load bearing units and the strength varies from the average of 3 units

and individual units. The table 2 presents the compressive strength for the concrete masonry units to be

a load bearing. For this study, the result of the testing is to be based on the compressive strength under

Standard Specification of ASTM C129.

Minimum Compressive Strength (Average

Individual Units 500 (3.45)

Average of 3 Units 600 (4.14)

Table 3-1 ASTM C129, Compressive Strength for Non-load Bearing Units

Minimum Compressive Strength (Average

Individual Units 800 (5.41)

Average of 5 Units 1000 (6.89)

Table 3-2 ASTM C90, Compressive Strength for Load Bearing Units

18
Flowchart

19
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

N. I. M. Nadzri, J. B. Shamsul & M. N. Mazlee. (2012). “Development and properties of coconut

fiber reinforced composite cement with the addition of fly ash.” Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based

Materials. 1(4), pp. 186-191. <https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1705/1705.00179>.

V. Manohar and P. Polu Raju. “Comparative Study on Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Concrete.”

International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology. Volume 8, pp. 1668-1676, Issue 4, April

2017. <https://www.iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/uploadfolder/IJCIET_08_04_188-

2/IJCIET_08_04_188-2>.

S. Shanmugasundaram,Dr. S. Jayanthi, Dr. R. Sundadarajan, Dr. C. Umarani, Dr. K.

Jagadeesan.“Study on Utilization of Fly Ash Aggregates in Concrete.”

<http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.890.2105&rep=rep1&type=pdf>.

T. Uygunog, I. B. Topcu, O. Gencel & W. Browstow. “The effect of fly ash content and types of

aggregates on the properties of pre-fabricated concrete interlocking blocks (PCIBs).”

<https://lapom.unt.edu/publications/pdf%20articles/Lisa/The%20effect%20of%20fly%20ash%20cont

ent%20and%20types%20of%20aggregates%20on%20the%20properties%20of%20PCIBs.pdf>.

R.K. Watile, S.K. Deshmukh, H.C. Muley. “Interlocking Brick for Sustainable Housing

Development.” International Journal of Science, Spirituality, Business and Technology (IJSSBT).

Vol. 2. May 2014.

<https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.ijssbt.org/volume2.2/pdf/

10.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjgkMOG7PTeAhUX148KHbRYDrAQFjAAegQIBRAB&usg=AOvVaw0VA

nCjEB6AfWdooarkM9fa>.

Majid Ali, Anthony Liu, Hpu Sou, Nawawi Chouw. “Mechanical and dynamic properties of coconut

fibre reinforced concrete.” Construct and Building Materials 30(2012) 814-825.

<https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.academia.edu/17539220/

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9vTeAhUVVH0KHYpKCvIQFjACegQICRAB&usg=AOvVaw23I9IJAV4FP5K9nBI2ITIC>.

Majid Ali. “Coconut Fibre – A Versatile Material and its Applications in Engineering.” Journal of

Civil Engineering and Construction Technology. Vol. 2(9). pp. 189-197. 2 September 2011.

<https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.academicjournals.org/ap

p/webroot/article/article1379516711_Ali.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjo5KGB-

PTeAhUIfisKHaI_AxsQFjAAegQIAxAB&usg=AOvVaw0pyoAAKyMH-aCAJ0DQUn41>.

Junaid Ul Islam and Zulfuqar Bin Rashid. “Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Fly Ash and

It's Compressive Strength.” 2018 International Journal of Engineering Development and Research

(IJEDR). Volume 6, Issue 1. ISSN: 2321-9939.

<https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ijedr.org/papers/IJEDR

1801065.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiImqvf-

PTeAhVUcCsKHXJiA5sQFjAAegQIBRAB&usg=AOvVaw3Z4gAZTCPLUgQftIx0Muz4>.

Swati Sucharita Rout*, Monoswi Manini Sahoo and Rupashree Ragini Sahoo. “Influences of fly ash

and coir fiber on strength properties of soft soil.” Research Journal of Engineering Sciences. Vol.

6(10). pp. 1-9. November 2017. <http://www.isca.in/IJES/Archive/v6/i10/1.ISCA-RJEngS-2017-

043.pdf>.

Sunil J., Dr. M.S. Ravi Kumar. “Effect of Fibres on the Compressive Strength of Hollow Concrete

Blocks.” International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET). Volume 9, Issue 2. pp.

481–490. February 2018.

<https://www.iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/uploadfolder/IJCIET_09_02_046/IJCIET_09_02_046.pdf>.

Sanjay Kumar Ahirwar, Prof. Kirti Chandraul, Prof. Manindra Kumar Singh. “Experimental study on

Concrete using Fly ash and Coconut Coir Fiber.” International Research Journal of Engineering and

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Technology (IRJET). Volume: 04 Issue: 06, June 2017. <https://www.irjet.net/archives/V4/i6/IRJET-

V4I6464.pdf>.

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Journal of Disciplinary Research. Volume 2, No. 10, 2016.

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22
 APPENDICES

Appendix A: Slump Test Procedure

Clean the internal surface of the mold and apply oil.

Place the mold on a smooth, non-absorbent, level base plate large enough
to accommodate both the slumped concrete and the slump cone.

Fill the mold with prepared concrete mix into a quarter depth layer.

Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded ended of the tamping rod in a
uniform manner over the entire cross section of the mold. For the subsequent
layer, the tamping should penetrate the underlying layer.

Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone, using
tamping rod as a screed.

Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mold and the base plate.

Lift the mold from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.

Measure the amount of slump as the difference between the height of the
mold and that of height point of the specimen being tested.

Note: (Within a maximum elapsed time of 2 ½ minutes after sampling)

23
Appendix B: Mixing (Mixture I, Mixture II, Mixture III, Mixture IV)

Weight the dry composition – cement, sand, fly ash and

After, mix the weighed dry composition.

Note: For step no.2, Mixture II, Mixture III and Mixture IV of sand would be
partially replaced with different percentage of fly ash and added with different
percentage of coconut fibre.

Add water and continue mixing until the mixture is evenly hydrated.

Then, perform the slump test.

Place the concrete into the block machine and compact it by the weight of the
upper mold head.

Remove the compacted blocks by pushing the conveyor that makes

Put the blocks in a shaded place to dry.

Lastly, continually sprinkle the blocks with water.

24
Appendix C: Water Absorption Test

Weight the specimen.

Submerge the specimen for 24 hours.

Let the specimen drain for 60 seconds and clean the

Record the weight of the saturated blocks.

Oven-dry the specimen at a high temperature for 2 hours.

Weight again the specimen.

Then, calculate the result.

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