Mechatronics Systems and

Applications
Course Code: ES-451
LECTURE#02-03
Mechatronics System Theory and Constituents
as a Multi-Disciplinary Technology
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 Lecture Outline
• Mechatronics Origin Concept
• Mechatronics Constituents
• Mechatronics Key Elements
• Mechatronics as a interdisciplinary engineering field
• Relationship of Mechatronics to Existing Technical
Fields
• Comparison b/w conventional and mechatronics
systems
• Pros of Mechatronics
 Mechatronics Origin Concept
• Word Mechatronics, is composed of “mecha” from
mechanical (mechanical/mechanism) and the
“tronics” from electronics.
• Mechatronics word is originated in Japan by Yasakawa
Electric Company in 1969 to denote the combination
of technologies integrated to produce industrial
robots.
• During the 1970s, mechatronics focused on servo
technology.
 Mechatronics Origin Concept
• In 1980s, Mechatronics focus on information
technology whereby microprocessors were imbedded
into mechanical systems to improve performance.
• In 1990s, Mechatronics centered on communication
technology to connect products into large networks.
• In 2000’s and onwards all these areas were integrated
together to optimally design and development of
electromechanical products for different applications.
 Mechatronics Constituents
• Mechatronics is a system methodology used for the optimal design
of electromechanical products.
• Mechatronics as a Multi-disciplinary system design employees
coexisting, synchronized, sequential system resulting in products
with more synergy approach.
Mechatronics Key Elements
 Mechatronics Key Elements - Information Systems
Modeling and Simulation:
• Modeling is the process of representing the
behavior of a real system by a collection of
mathematical equations and logic.
• Simulation is the process of solving the model
and it is performed on a computer.
• The process of simulation can be divided into
three sections: initialization, iteration, and
termination.
 Mechatronics Key Elements -Information Systems
Automatic Controls :
• Mechatronics appears to be nothing
more than control system engineering.
• What is the difference?
– The difference is the sequence of design
steps.
 Mechatronics Key Elements -Information Systems
Optimization:
• Optimization solves the problem of distributing
limited resources throughout a system such that
pre specified aspects of its behavior are satisfied.
• It is applied to:
– Establish the optimal system configuration
– Identification of optimal trajectories
– Control system design
– Identification of model parameters
 Mechatronics Key Elements - Electrical Systems
• The following electrical components are frequently
used in most of Mechatronics applications:
– Motors, Drives and generators
– Transducers
– Solid state devices including computers
– Circuits (signal conditioning, impedance matching,
amplifiers…)
– Contact devices (relays, circuit breakers,
switches…)
 Mechatronics Key Elements - Sensors
• Sensors are required to monitor the performance of
machines and processes.
• Some of the common measurement variables in
mechatronics systems are temperature, speed, position,
force, torque, and acceleration.
– a microphone converts sound into electrical energy
– a thermocouple converts heat energy into a change in
voltage
– a switch converts mechanical movement into one of two
possible electrical states.
• Important characteristics: dynamics of the sensor, stability,
resolution, precision, robustness, size, signal processing.
 Mechatronics Key Elements - Actuators
• An actuator, involves a physical acting on the process,
which converts energy from one form into another:
– a speaker converts electrical energy into sound
– a solenoid converts electrical energy into mechanical
motion
– a motor converts electrical energy into rotational
motion.
• Actuators are usually electrical, mechanical, fluid power
or pneumatic based.
• They transform electrical inputs into mechanical
outputs such as force, angle, and position.
 Mechatronics Key Elements - Actuators
• Actuators can be classified into three general groups.
1. Electromagnetic actuators, (e.g., AC and DC
electrical motors, stepper motors,
electromagnets)
2. Fluid power actuators, (e.g., hydraulics,
pneumatics)
3. Unconventional actuators (e.g., piezoelectric,
magnetostrictive, memory metal)
• Special actuators for high-precision applications uses
friction, nonlinearities, and limiting parameters.
 Mechatronics Key Elements - Computer Systems
• Computer system hardware is usually restricted to computer-
specific circuits and devices.
• These include logic networks, flip flops, counters, timers, triggers,
integrated circuits, and microprocessors.
• Fast computer hardware is of little value without the appropriate
software .
• Assembly language was the first step toward a higher- level
language .
• For more powerful (higher-level) programming languages to be
used, compilers were developed.
• Some of the most well-known high-level languages are BASIC,
FORTRAN, C, and Pascal.
• Visual languages, including LAB-VIEW, PSIM, SimuLink and VisSim,
are the latest tools.
 Mechatronics Key Elements - Real-Time Interfacing
• real-time interfacing or hardware-in-the-loop simulation is
process of fusing and synchronizing model, sensor, and
actuator information.
• For mechatronics applications real-time interfacing
includes analog to digital (A/D) and digital to analog (D/ A)
conversion, analog signal conditioning circuits, and
sampling theory.
• The main purpose of the real-time interface system is to
provide data acquisition and control function for the
computer.
• Signals transmitted through the A/D and D/ A devices fall
into three categories: Analog , Digital and Frequency.
Mechatronics as a interdisciplinary engineering field
• Mechatronics is a interdisciplinary engineering field that deals
with the design of products whose function relies on the
integration of mechanical, electrical, and electronic
components connected by a control scheme.
Mechatronics as a interdisciplinary engineering field
• A mechatronic device perceive the surrounding environment,
make appropriate decisions based on that information, and
execute those decisions (take action).
Relationship Of Mechatronics To Existing Technical Fields
Relationship Of Mechatronics To Existing Technical Fields
Example of products transform into mechatronic
technology from simple mechanical products are:-
• Machine tools incorporating computer numerical
control (CNC), electric servo drives, electronic
measuring systems, precision mechanical parts, such as
ball screws, antifriction guide ways and each others
• Electronic watches incorporating fine mechanical parts
and sophisticated electronic circuits.
• Electronic consumer products – washing machines,
electronic cooking appliances, fax, plain paper copiers
and others.
Comparison between conventional and mechatronics systems
Conventional Systems Mechatronics Systems
Centralized processing & control Hybrid Control: Adaptive and/or Multi-architecture
control (e.g., Centralized, Centralized processing &
control Decentralized and Distributed)
Inspection stage toward the end In-process automatic inspection
of manufacturing processes
Bulky componentized systems Compact integrated systems
Lack of accuracy, backlash Precision displacement control through adaptive
control systems and servo motors
Complex mechanical Replacement of many complex mechanical
mechanisms components and/or systems with electronic, computer
and/or software systems
Manual controls and data Automated control, data collection and reporting
collection
Constant speed drives Variable speed drives
Mechanical Systems Mechanical, Computer, Electronic, Software, and/or
Network interface and/or control of physical, chemical,
biological and/or neurological systems
 Pros of Mechatronics
• Mechatronics is an enabling manufacturing technology for
traditional industries and also a foundational manufacturing
technology for micro-to-nano scale manufacturing.
• As mechatronic products and processes have become more
pervasive. Industry refers to this multidisciplinary as “multi-craft.”
• High levels of integration
• Increased functionality and better design
• More use of software instead of mechanical function
• Assumes responsibility of process and with little interference of
operations
• Uses artificial intelligent and intelligent process control
• Multidisciplinary and program environment
• High reliability and safety
• Improved and less expensive
 References
TEXT BOOK:
• HGodfrey C. OnwuboluH, “Mechatronics: Principles and
Applications”, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
RECOMENDED BOOKS
• H John BillingsleyH, “Essentials of Mechatronics”, John Wiley &
Sons, Latest Edition.
• H Rolf IsermannH, “Mechatronic Systems: Fundamentals”,
Springer, Latest Edition.
END OF LECTURE