INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU

KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN MALAYSIA

KAMPUS TEMENGGONG IBRAHIM
JOHOR

SCES3163
Lap Report 2

Nama : MUHAMAD SYAHMI RIFQI BIN

SHARIMAN

No. K/P : 990613065487

Angka Giliran : 20018122340079
Program : PISMP
Ambilan : JUN 2018
Unit : SAINS
Nama Pensyarah : DR TAY CHONG SENG

Tarikh Hantar : 17 MARCH 2022

TITLE

Experiment 2: Hess Laws Reaction

 AIM

Determine the heat of reaction fori

I. Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ∆H1

II. NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 ∆H2

and indirectly, determine the heat of reaction using Hess's Law on the fixed sum of heat, for
the reaction

2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 ∆H3

 INTRODUCTION

Thermochemistry is defined as the branch of thermodynamics that focuses on the changes

that occur during chemical reactions. For thermochemical purposes, chemical reactions are
understood to include not only reactions in which the product has a different chemical
composition from the reaction starting material, but also reactions that result in a physical
change in the aggregate state of a chemical entity, such as evaporation, sublimation, fusion
or phase transition between two different crystalline states (Campbell, 2014).

Hess's law of constant heat summation, also known simply as Hess' law, is a relationship in
physical chemistry named after Germain Hess, a Swiss-born Russian chemist and physician
who published it in 1840. The law states that the total enthalpy change during the complete
course of a chemical reaction is independent of the sequence of steps taken.

Hess's law states that the enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is the same whether the
reaction takes place in one or more steps, as long as the initial and final states of the
reactants and products are the same. Enthalpy is a broad property, which means the value
of the enthalpy change with different sample sizes. Therefore, the enthalpy varies in
proportion to the number of moles in the reaction (Campbell, 2014).

In other words, if a chemical change occurs in several different ways, the overall enthalpy
change is the same regardless of how the chemical change occurred (provided the initial
and final conditions are the same). If this is not true, then the first law of thermodynamics
can be violated.Hess's law allows the enthalpy change (ΔH) of a reaction to be calculated
even when it cannot be measured directly. This is done by performing basic algebraic
operations based on chemical reaction equations using predetermined enthalpy values of
formation.

Combinations of chemical equations lead to net or global equations. If the enthalpy changes
are known for all the equations in the sequence, their sum will be the enthalpy changes for
the net equation. If the net enthalpy change is negative (ΔHnet < 0), the reaction is
exothermic and more likely to be spontaneous; A positive DH value corresponds to an
endothermic reaction. (Entropy also plays an important role in determining spontaneity,
because some reactions with a positive enthalpy change are still spontaneous due to an
increase in entropy in the reaction system.)

 MATERIAL
a) EC1 is 2.0 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid.

b) EC2 is an anhydrous sodium carbonate solid.

c) EC3 is a solid of sodium hydrogen carbonate.

 APPARATUS:
a) 50 cm3 burette
b) retort legs and clamps
c) plastic cup, thermometer 00C- 1100C (± 0.20C)
d) washing bottle filled with distilled water
e) electric scales (± 0.01g)

 PROCEDURE:

1. Using a burette, pour 30.00 cm3 of EC1 into a plastic cup. Leave the plastic cup with
its contents for a few minutes and record the temperature of the solution in the table
below.
2. Accurately weigh a test tube containing 2.00 to 2.40 g of EC2 and record its weight.
3. Simultaneously transfer all EC2 into a plastic cup containing EC1. Make sure all
solids in the test tube enter the plastic cup and no liquid splashes out.
4. Stir the solution carefully using a thermometer, and record the highest temperature
reached.
 5. Repeat the above procedure using EC3 instead of EC2. Weighs accurately 2.75g to
3.15g EC3.

 RESULT

EC2 EC3
Weight of test tube + solid /g 52.7 53.3
Weight of empty test tube /g 50.7 50.3
Weight of solid /g 2 3
The initial temperature of acid/ oC 24 28
Final mixture temperature / oC 28 22
Temperature change / oC 4 -6

 CALCULATION

Na2Co3 (p) + 2HCl (ak) 2NaCl (ak) + H2O (ce) + CO2 (g) ∆ H 1: - 26.52 kJ/mol

Step 1: Reaction Heat, ∆ H = mc∆ Ɵ

m = 30.00cm3
C = 4.2 J g-1 K-1
∆ Ɵ = 4°C
∆ H =mC ∆ T
= (30.00) (4.2 J g-1 K-1) (4°C)
= 504 J
= 0.504 kJ

Step 2: Calculation number of moles Na2Co3

n= jisim / jisim molar
= 2.0 / 23(2) + 12 + 16(3)
= 2.0 / 106
= 0.01886
= 0.019 mol
Step 3: Calculation number of moles HCl
n = MV/1000
= (2.0) (30.00) / 1000
= 0.06 mol

Step 4: Calculation of heat of reaction change, ∆ H

= 0.504/0.019
= 26.52 kJ/mol
 This reaction is an exothermic reaction, hence the value of ∆H is -26.52 kJ/mol

NaHCO3 (p) + HCl (ak) NaCl (ak) + H2O (ce) + CO2 (g) ∆ H 2: 18.9 kJ/mol

Step 1: Reaction of reaction, ∆ H = mC∆ Ɵ

m = 30.00cm3
C = 4.2 J g-1 K-1
∆ Ɵ= - 6°C
∆ H =mC ∆ T
= (30.00) (4.2 J g-1 K-1) (6°C)
= 756 J
= 0.756 kJ

Step 2: Calculation number of moles NaHCO3

n= jisim / jisim molar
= 3.0/ 23 + 1+12 + 16(3)
= 3.0 / 84
= 0.0357
= 0.04

Step 3: Calculation number of moles HCl

n = MV/1000
= (2.0) (30.00) / 1000
= 0.06 mol
Step 4: Calculation of heat of reaction change, ∆ H
= 0.756 / 0.04
= 18.9 kJ/mol

Heat of reaction, ∆ H 3:

Na2Co3 (p) + 2HCl (ak) 2NaCl (ak) + H2O (ce) + CO2 (g) ∆ H 1: 26.52 kJ/mol

NaHCO3 (p) + HCl (ak) NaCl (ak) + H2O (ce) + CO2 (g) ∆ H 2: 18.9 kJ/mol

2NaHCO3 (p) Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O ∆ H 3:

Step 1:

2NaCl + H2O + CO2 Na2Co3 + 2HCl ∆ H 1: - 26.52 kJ/mol

×2(NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2) ∆ H 2: 18.9 kJ/mol

Step 2:

2NaCl + H2O + CO2 Na2Co3 + 2HCl ∆ H 1: - 26.52 kJ/mol

2 NaHCO3 + 2HCl 2 NaCl + 2H2O + 2CO2 ∆ H 2: 37.8 kJ/mol

Step 3:

2 NaHCO3 (p) Na2CO3 (p) + CO2 (g) + H2O(ce) ∆ H 3: 11.28 kJ/mol

∆ H 3 = (-26.52 kJ/mol + 37.8 kJ/mol)

= 11.28 kJ/mol

 DISCUSSION

Energy can be defined as the ability to do a job. All chemicals contain energy. Different
chemicals have different energy content. The absolute energy content of a substance is
called enthalpy and has the symbol H. The absolute energy content of a substance cannot
be determined, but the difference in energy content can be measured and the symbol H is
given.
Hess's law states that the heat released or absorbed during a chemical change does not
depend on how the change was made. The experiment was conducted to study exothermic
and endothermic reactions. Therefore, hydrochloric acid, anhydrous sodium carbonate and
sodium hydrogen carbonate were used as reagents in this experiment. When chemicals
react to produce new materials, a change in energy content occurs that determines whether
heat is released or absorbed. Here are some examples of common responses:

A+B C +D

Heat of reaction (∆H) = Total content of reaction product (H1) - Total energy content of
reactant (H2)

= (Hc + HD) – (HA+HB)

Which is,
∆ H = H product – H reactants

Based on calculations performed for the reaction between anhydrous sodium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid, the heat of reaction for H1 is 0.504 kJ while the heat exchange for this
reaction or enthalpy heat is -26.52 kJ/mol. For an exothermic reaction, the value of H is
negative. For example

Na2Co3 (p) + 2HCl(ak) 2NaCl(ak) + H2O(ce) + CO2(g) ∆ H 1: - 26.52 kJ/mol

This quantitative analysis shows that when 2 moles of sodium chloride are produced from
anhydrous sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, 26.52 kJ of energy is released. When
sodium carbonate solution is added to anhydrous acid and hydrochloric acid, the
temperature of the solution rises. This means that thermal energy is released into the
solution. Therefore, this reaction is an exothermic reaction.

An exothermic reaction is a reaction that releases heat into the surrounding environment.
The term environment refers to water which is a soluble chemical solvent, a chemical
reaction vessel, air and a thermometer. During an exothermic reaction, heat is released and
transferred from the reaction in half. Also, the reagent mixture in the reaction vessel will be
heated. Furthermore, the temperature of the mixture in the vessel rises and the chemical
energy is transformed into thermal energy. Below is a diagram of the energy level for an
exothermic reaction

Tenaga

Na2Co3 (p) + 2HCl (ak)

∆ H 1= - 26.52 kJ/mol

2NaCl(ak) + H2O(ce) + CO2 (g)

Figure 1.0
Figure 1.0 shows an energy level diagram for an exothermic reaction. The difference
between the energy level of the reactant (H1) and the energy level of the reactant (H2) gives
the heat energy released (∆H) during the reaction that is ∆H = H2 - H1. In an exothermic
reaction, the energy level of the reaction product is lower than the energy level of the
reactant. Thus, the value of ∆H for the exothermic reaction is negative.

Next, the second reaction is that when solid sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to
hydrochloric acid, the temperature of the solution decreases. This means heat energy is
absorbed from the solution. Therefore, this reaction is an endothermic reaction that is when
the endothermic reaction occurs the ambient temperature will decrease. An endothermic
reaction is a reaction that absorbs heat energy from the environment.

As the endothermic reaction takes place, heat is absorbed and transferred to the reaction
material. In addition, the mixture of the reactants and the reaction container becomes cold.
Meanwhile, the temperature of the mixture and the container decreased. Thermal energy is
also converted to chemical energy (Kane, 2007). Thermal energy is absorbed from the
environment and converted to chemical energy. The loss of thermal energy to the
surroundings causes the temperature of the solution to decrease. Based on the experiments
that have been conducted, the following is the heat of reaction for sodium hydrogen
carbonate with hydrochloric acid.

NaHCO3 (p) + HC l (ak) NaCl (ak) + H2O (ce) + CO2 (g) ∆ H 2: 18.9 kJ/mol
According to the calculations that have been carried out, the heat of reaction, ∆H2 is 0.756
kJ. Whereas, the value for enthalpy heat is 18.9 kJ/mol. The following is an energy level
diagram for this reaction.

Tenaga

NaCl (ak) + H2O (ce) + CO2 (g)

∆ H 2= 18.9kJ/mol
NaHCO3 (p) + HCl (ak)

Figure 2.0

Through Hess's Law of constant heat summation, the heat of reaction for this solution can
be identified.

2NaHCO3 (p Na2CO3 (ak) + CO2 (g) + H2O(ce)

Based on the calculations that have been carried out, the heat of reaction for this solution
can be resolved after the heat of reaction for solution 1 and solution 2 is identified. Through
Hess's law, the enthalpy change of this solution can be determined directly. For a compound
that can be synthesized through a reaction between its elements, the enthalpy of formation
of the compound can be determined by measuring the heat energy released or absorbed
when these elements combine (Erik & Martyn, 2000). The following is an energy level
diagram for this solution,
 Figure 3.0

In a chemical reaction, the change in energy is caused by the breaking of a bond and the
formation of a bond. Energy is absorbed to break the bonds between the atoms in the
substrate. Energy is then released when new bonds are formed to form reaction products.
This means that breaking the connection is a warming process, while forming a relationship
is an exothermic process (Campbell, 2014).

In calculating the calorific value of the reaction and the change in the reaction temperature,
there are several important assumptions that need to be identified. Of these, only caloric
water, that is. The HCl solution absorbs or releases energy. The second is that the density of
the solution in question is equal to the density of water (i.e. 1 g / ml). Then the caloric mass
of water is equal to the mass of the solution mixed with the mass of the solid substrate. The
mass of CO2 gas released during the calculation is negligible and in the end the specific
heat capacity of the solution is equal to the specific heat capacity of the water. When making
calculations, assume that there is no heat loss during the reaction. Furthermore, no liquid is
lost during spraying and hydrochloric acid is used completely in the reaction. Furthermore,
the solid masses of anhydrous sodium carbonate and solid sodium bicarbonate are
neglected in the calculation of the formation temperature and the reaction is carried out
under standard conditions.

When performing this experiment, several precautions should be taken into account,
including the fact that hydrochloric acid is an abrasive. Therefore, this solution must be
treated with care. This substance can cause severe burns and eye damage. Also,
hydrochloric acid can irritate and damage clothes. This is why it is so important to wear a
research suit. Also, to ensure that the obtained readings are perfect, the following steps
should be underlined when performing this experiment.

First, let the solution stand for some time so that the reaction occurs earlier. Furthermore,
the mixing temperature of the extracted reaction must be the maximum temperature closest
to the reaction. This can be done by placing the thermometer in a plastic cup for a while.
Therefore, the maximum temperature can be recorded during this period. The mixing of
hydrochloric acid with solid anhydrous sodium carbonate and solid sodium bicarbonate must
be carried out as soon as possible so that the reaction takes place in a short time (Harold,
2017). In addition, the solution mixture in the plastic cup must be stirred slowly and
continuously so that the temperature of the solution is uniform. The thermometer readings
should also be constantly monitored so that the maximum temperature reached by the
reaction mixture can be recorded.

 CONCLUSION

The exothermic reaction is a solid of anhydrous sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid
while the endothermic reaction is a solid of sodium hydrogen carbonate with acid. When an
exothermic reaction occurs the ambient temperature will increase while when an
endothermic reaction occurs the ambient temperature will decrease

References

Campbell. N.A, dll, (2014). Biology A Global Approach (edisi ke-10). United Kingdom,
Pearson.

Erik & Martyn. (2000). Chemistry. Cambrige: Pearson Education.

Harold, Leslie, David, Christopher. (2007). Organic chemistry: 12 edition.U.S.A: Houghton

Mifflin Company.

Kane, Hoehn, Behrenbeck, Mulvagh. (2007). Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia

based