Unit V
Unit V
Unit V
INTRODUCTION
Transform techniques are very important tool in the analysis of signals .The Laplace
transforms are popularly used for analysis of continuous time signals.
Similarly Z-transform plays an important role in analysis of liner discrete time signals.
DEFINITION OF Z- TRANSFORM:
Which is defined for all positive integers n=0,1,2…….. then the Z –transform of{f(n) is
defined asZ{f(n)}= f (n)z n , where Z is an arbitrary ---------1
n0
Complex variable.
Here F(2) and f(n) are called a Z-transform pair and is denoted by f(n) Z f(2)
Note
{f(n)}is a sequence defined for n=0,1+2….. then Z{f(n)}= f (n)z n is called two sided or
n
PROBLEMS
Solution:
Given f(n)= {3,2,5,7}
2 5 7
F(z) = 3
z z2 z3
Here F (z) has finite values except at Z=0.At Z=0, F(Z) becomes
infinite.
2 3
=1
4 5 6 7
4 5 6
3
z z2 z z z z
Hence F(z) is convergent for all values of Z except at Z=0. hence region of convergence is
the entire complex plane Z=0.
z
2. Prove that Z(1) = . Find also the region of convergence.
z 1
Soln: Here f(n)=1
Z(1)= f (n)z n
= z n
n0 n0
1 1 1
=1 ......
z z2 z3
1 1 1
=1 ......
z z2 z3
1 1 1
=1 ......
z z2 z3
1
= 1 1
z
3. Prove that Z 1
n
z
find also the region of convergence.
z 1
Solution:
z
Z 1
n
n
n0
1 1 1
= 1- ...
z z2 z3
1
= 1 1
z
1
z 1
=
z
Z 1n z
z 1
1
Hence the region of convergence is <1 or z >1.
z
4. Prove that Z an =
z
z a
. (NOV 2012)
Solution:
= an
Z a n z n
n0
2
a
a
= 1 ....
z z
1
= 1 a
z
1
za
=
z
Z an =
z
za
a
Hence, the region of convergence is < 1 (or) z a .
z
COROLLARY:
1. Z 1
n
= z
z 1
2. z ze
Z e an Z e a
n
3.
Z e an Z e a
n z
z ea
or Z k z 2 .
z
5. Prove that Z n
z 12 z 1 (June 2013)
Solution:
Z f n f n z
n
We know that
n0
Z (n) = nz n
n0
1 2 3 ...
=
z z2 z 3
1 2 3
= 1 ...
z z z 2
2
1 1
= 1
z z
2
1 z 1
=
z z
= 1z z z12
2
Z n
z
z 12
az
6. Prove that Z nan (or) Z kak az
z a 2
z a 2
Solution:
Z na n na n z
n
n0
a a2 a3
= 2 3 ..
z z2 z3
a a a2
= 1 2 3 2 ...
z z z
2
a a
= 1
z z
2
aza
=
z z
= a z 2 2
z z a
az
Z nan
z a 2
1
7. Prove that Z z log z
n 1
z 1 .
Solution:.
1 1 n
n 1
Z z
n0 n 1
1 1 1
= 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 ...
2 3 4
1/ z 1/ 22
= 1 ......
2 3
1 2 3
= Z 1/ z 1/ z ........
z 2 3
1 x 2 x3
= Z log(1 ) log(1 x) x .........
z 2 3
z 1
= Z log
z
z 1 1
= Z log
z
1
Z z log z
n 1
z 1.
n
8. Find Z (cos n ) and hence deduce Z (cos ) (June 2013)
2
Solution:
Let a ei
an (ei )n ein cos n i sin n
z
we know that Z (a n )
za
z
Z ((ei ) n )
z e i
Z (ein ) z
z (cos i sin )
z
Z (cos n _ i sin n )
(z cos ) i sin
Z (cos n ) iZ (sin n )
z (z cos ) i sin
= (z cos ) i sin (z cos ) i sin
z sin
Z (sin n ) , z 1................................... (2)
z 2 2z cos 1
Putting in (1), we get
2
z(z cos )
n 2
Z (cos 2 ) =
z 2 2z cos 1
2
z(z 0)
=
z 2z(0) 1
2
z2
= , z 1.
z21
9. Find the Z-transform of a n cos n and e at sin bt
solution:
z
we know that Z (a f (n)) F
n
(i)
a
z(z cos )
=
z 2 2z cos 1 zz / a
z z
( cos )
= a a
2
z z
2 cos 1
a a
z(z a cos )
= 2
z 2az cos a 2
(ii) we know that , Z (e at f (t)) Z f (t)z ze at
Z eat sin bt Zsin btzze a T
z sin bT
= 2
z 2z cos bT 1 zzea
ze aT sin bT
=
z 2 e 2aT 2ze aT cos bT 1
6z
= .
(z 1) 4
PROPERTIES OF Z-TRANSFORM:
1. LINER PROPERTY:
SOLUTION:
Z af (n) bg(n) af (n) bg(n)z n
n0
= f (n)z nb
b g(n)z n
n0 n0
= aF(z)+bG(z)
If Z{f(t)=F(z),then,
Z eat f (t) F zeat
Proof :
We know that = z f (t) f (nt)z n
n0
z e at f (t) e
anT
f (nT )z z n
n0
f (nT ) ze aT
n
n0
z eat f (t) F zeaT
NOTE:
COROLLARY;
Z an f (n) F (z / a)where F(z)=z [f(n)].
Proof;
Z [a n f (n)] a n f (n)z n
n0
n
f (n) z
= a
n0
z
Z[an f (n)] F a , where F (z) Z[ f (n)]
SECOND SHIFTING PROPERTY
Proof:
z f (t T ) f (nT T )z n
n0
f (n 1)T z n
n0
= z f (n 1)T z
(n1)
n0
= z f mT z , where m n 1
m
m1
f mT z m f (0)
=
z
m0
= zF (z) zf (0)
PROBLEMS:
1.
Find z t 2 e t
Solution;
We know that Z eat f (t) F (t)
zze
at
Here f(t) = t 2
Here f(t)= t2 and a=1
Z f (t) Z (t 2 )
Z (nT )2 T 2 Z (n 2 ) T 2
z(z 1)
z 13
z(z 1)
Z ett 2 T2 z 1
3 z ze T
ze T ze T 1
2
T 3
ze T 1
2. Find Z e iat
Solution:
Z e iat Z e iat ..1
Here f(t)=1 and a=+ia
Z f t Z 1
z
z z 1
Z eiat
z 1 zzeia T
zeiaT
iaT
ze 1
n n
3. Find Z sin and Z cos
2 2
Solution:
We know that Z an z
za
i n
Z e 2 Z e 2
in
z
i
z e 2
z
z cos i sin
2 2
z
zi
z z i
z iz i
in z 2 zi
Z e 2 2
z 1
n
Z cos i sin n z 2 zi
2 2 z 1
2
n
Z cos z2
2 z 1
2
n z
& Z sin
2 z 2 1
4. Find Zsin at and Zcos at
Solution:
We know that
zeiaT
Z e iat iaT
ze 1
zeiaT
Z cos at i sin at
zeiaT 1
zeiaT
eiaT iaT
eiat
ze 1
z
1
z
eiaT
z
z eiaT
z
z cos aT i sin aT
z
z cos aT i sin aT
zz cos aT i sin aT
z cos aT 2 sin 2 aT
zz cos aT iz sin aT
2
z 2z cos aT cos2 aT sin 2 aT
zz cos aT iz sin aT
Z cos aT i sin aT
1 z 2 2z cos aT
5. find
Z cos2 t and Z cos3 t
Solution:
We know that,
1 cos 2t
cos2 t
2
Z cos2 t Z
1 cos 2t
2
1
z1 zcos 2t
2
1 z zz cos 2t
2 z 1 z 2 2z cos 2t 1
also we know that,
cos3 t 3cos t cos 3t
1
4
1
Z cos t z 3cos t cos 3t
3
4
zcos t zcos 3t
3 1
4 4
3 zz cosT 1 zz cos 3T
4 z 2 2z cosT 1 4 z 2 2z cos 3T 1
n n
6. Find the Z-transforms of sin 2 and cos (NOV 2012)
4 2 4
Solution:
2 n
(i) Z sin
4
1 cos 2
We know that , sin 2
2
n
1 cos
n
sin 2
4
4 2
1 1 n
= cos
2 2 2
2 n 1 1 n
Z sin = Z (1) Z cos
4 2 2 2
= 1 z 1 2z
2
2 z 1 2 z 1
n
(ii) Z cos
2 4
n n n
cos = cos cos sin sin
2 4 2 4 2 4
n 1 n 1
= cos sin sin
2 2 2 2
n
n
cos sin
1
=
2 2
2
n 1 n n
Z cos = Z cos sin 2
2
2 4 2
1 n
n 1
Z cos Z sin
2
=
2 2
2
= 1 z 1 z
2
z 1
2
z 2 1
2 2
z z 1
=
z 2 1 z 2 1
2
z(z 1)
=
2 z2 1
7. Find
Z ak coshk
solution:
k
e k
k e k
Z a cosh k Z a
2
1
z a e z a k ek
k k 1
2 2
1 z z
2 z a z ze z ze
z a
By
shifting property
1 ze ze
z 2 a 2 2az cosh
TRANSFORM OF UNIT STEP FUNCTION:-
1, k 0
uk :{1,1,1,...... }
0, k 0
z{uk } u(k ) z k
Hence
k 0
k 0
z k
1 1 1
1 ......
3
z z 2 z
1
1
1
z
1
z 1
z u k
z
z
zuk = , where uk is unit step function.
z 1
1, k 0
k : {1,0,0,0}
0, k 0
1. Find z k, k is unit impulse function (or) Determine the Z-transform of
solution:-
z k k z k
k 0
z k 1
Solution:-
z f k = f k z k
k 0
k
1
k
= 2 u k z
k 0
k
1
= 2 z k u k 1, k 0
k 0
k
= 2z
k 0
k
1
= 2z
k 0
2
1 1
= 1+ 2z + + ……
2z
1
1
=
1
2z
1
1
= 2z
2z
z f k = 2z
2z 1
3. Find (i)
zn 2 (ii) z 4 3 n 2 1
n
1
(iii) z n 1n 2
Solution:-
(i) zn 2 = zn z2
2 z1
z
=
z 1 2
z z
= 2.
z 1 2
z 1
z 2zz 1
=
z 12
= z 2z 2 2z
2z 2 z
zn 2 =
z 12
(ii)
z 4 3n 2 1
n
= 4 z 3 n 2z 1n
z z
= 4. 2.
z 3 z 1
1
(iii) z
n 1n 2
1 A B
=
n 1n 2 n 1 n 2
Put n= -1 A 1
1 1 1
n 1n 2 n 1 n 2
1 1
Z z 1
n 1n 2 n 1 z n 2
1
z n 1 z n
n0 n 1 n0 n 2
1/ z 1/ z 1 1/ z 1/ z 2
2
[1 .....] ....
2 3 2 3 4
1 1/ z 1/ z 2 3 1/ z 2
1/ z 3
1/ z 4
2
...
z . .... z
z 2
1 2 3
1 1
2 3 4
z log 1 z log 1
z 1 z 1 z
z 1 z 1 1
zlog z 2
log
z z z
z
z log 2 z 1
z log
z 1 z
z 1
1
Z
n 1 n 2 log
z
z 1 z z 2
z
PROPERTY:DIFFERENTIATION IN Z-DOMAIN
Solution: Z nf (n) nf (n)z n
n0
We know that F (z) f (n)z n
n0
d
F ( z) f (n)z n
d
dz dz n0
d n
f (n) dz(z )
n0
= f (n)(nz n1 )
n0
d
F (z) nf (n)z n ( 1 )
dz n0 z
nf (n)z z
n d
F (z)
n0 dz
1
If Z f (k ) F (z) , thenZ f (k ) F
z
Proof: Z f (k ) f (k )z k
n
Put –k = n k = -n when k = -∞ n= ∞
K=∞ n=-∞
n
1 1
= f (n)zn f (n) F
n n z z
Problem:
1. Find Z n 2
z 12 .1 2z(z 1)
z
z 14
z 1 2z
z
3
z 1
z 13
z z 1
z(z
Z n2
1)
z 1 3
1 z 1
1. Find the initial and the final values of the function F (z)
1 0.25z 2
1
1 z
f (0) lim F (z) lim
z z 1 0.25z 2
f(0) = 1
1 z 1
lim ( z 1)
z 1 1 0.25z 2
z 2 1
lim
z 1 z 2 0.25
0
z
2. Find the initial and the final values of the function F (z) ,z1
2z 3z 1
2
Solution:
z
f (0) lim F (z) lim 2z 2 3z 1
z z
z
lim
z z(2z 3 1/ z)
1
lim
z (2z 3 1/ z)
f (0) 0
f () 1
PROBLEMS:
1.
1
Find the inverse Z-transform of F (z) z 2 1 z 1 1 z 1 1 2z 1 , 0
z
2
Solution:
F (z) z 2 1 z 1 1 z 1 1 2z 1 , 0
1
z
2 z 2
z 1 2z 1 z 1 2z 2
2
z 1
z 2 2z z 2 1 z 1
2 2
z 5
F (z) z 2 z 1
2 2
1 5
f (2) 1, f (1) , f (0) , f (1) 1
2 2
f (n) 1 5
....0,1, , ,1,0,...
2 2
1
2. Find the inverse Z-transform of F (z) log ,za
1 az 1
1
Solution: F (z) log
, z a log 1 az 1 ........(1), a a
1 az 1
We know that,
n1 n
1 n
a ,n 1
f (n) n
0 , n 0
1
f (n) anu(n 1)
n
put z=2 -2 = C
C = -2
z 1zz 4 22 z31 z 3 2 z 222
1
z 4 2 3Z 1 z 1 3Z 1 2 1 2
1
1
Z z 1z 2 z 2 (z 2)
k 12 k1
31k 1 32k 1 2
2
3u(k 1) (k 1)2 u(k 1) 3(2)k1u(k 1)
k1
3. Find Z 1 z4
(z 2)( z 3)
Solution:
z4 A B
(z 2)( z 3) z 2 z 3
z4 A(z 3) B(z 2)
(z 2)( z 3) (z 2)( z 3)
z 4 A(z 3) B(z 2)
Put z 3 Put z 2
7B 6A
B7 A6
z4 6 7
(z 2)( z 3) z2 z3
1
Z 1 (z z2)(
4 6 Z 1 1 1
z 3) z 2 7Z z 3
6 2 7 3
k 1 k 1
4
Z 1 (z z2)( 6 2 k 1 u(k 1) 7 3k 1 u(k 1)
z 3)
Since the term ak1 is valid only for k>1 and hence multiplied by u(k-1).
NOTE:
PROBLEM:
z2 3
z 1 z 2
1
1. Find Z
Solution:
z3
Let F ( z)
z 12 z 2
F (z) z2
z z 12 z 2
A B C 2
z2
z 1 z 2 z 2 z 1 z 1
2
z 1 z 1
4(2) 3(1) n
n n
2 .Find Z 1
1
Solution:
1
Given F (z)
1 1.5z 0.5z 2
1
1
1.5 0.5
1 2
z z
2
F (z) z
z 2 1.5z 0.5
F (z) z
z z 1z 0.5
z A B
z 1z 0.5 z 1 z 0.5
A(z 0.5) B(z 1)
z 1z 0.5
z A(z 0.5) B(z 1)
If Z[f(n)] = F(z), then f(n) which gives the inverse Z-transform of F(z) is obtained from
the following result.
1
(i.e) f (n) zn1F(z)dz , where C is the closed contour which encloses all the
2i C
z
1. Find the inverse Z-transform of using Residue theorem.
z 1z 2
Solution:
z
Let Z 1 f (n)
z 1z 2
1 n1
then f (n) z F (z)dz
2i C
1 z
z n1
2i C
z 1z 2 dz
1 zn
2i C z 1z 2
dz ...................... (1)
zn
Toevaluate dz
C
z 1z 2
zn
dz 2 i Sum of theresidues of (z) at each of its poles ....... (2)
C
z 1z 2
zn
Where (z)
z 1z 2
The poles are z = 1, z =2
Re s ( z) lim z
z 1 z 1
1 ( z)
lim z
zn
1
z 1 z 1z 2
n ................
(1) (3)
zn
Re s (z) ) lim 2
z 1z 2
z 2
z
z 2
2 n ................. (4)
Sub (3) and (4) in eqn (2)
zn n
n
dz 2 i 2 (1) ...........(5)
C
z 1 z 2
Sub (5) in eqn (1), f (n)
1
2i 2 n (1) n
2i
2n (1) n
Checking:
Z 2n (1)n Z 2n Z (1)n
z z z
z 2 z 1 z 1z 2
z
2. Find Z 1 using residue theorem.
z 2 2z 2
Solution:
z
Let Z 1 z 2 2z 2 f (n)
1 n1
then f (n) z F (z)dz
2i C
1 z
2i C z n1 z 2z 2 dz
2
n
1 z
2
2i z 2z 2
dz ...................... (1)
C
n
z
To evaluate dz
C
z 1z 2
zn
dz 2 i Sum of theresidues of (z) at each of its poles ........ (2)
C
z 2 2z 2
zn
Where (z) 2
z 2z 2
z 2 2z 2 0
2 4 4(1)(2)
z
2
2
4
1 i
2
The poles are z 1 i ,1 i
Re s lim z
n
(z) z (1 i)
z 1i z1i z (1 i)z (1 i)
1 i n
2i
Re s lim z
n
(z) z (1 i)
z 1i z1i z (1 i)z (1 i)
1 i n
2i
dz 2i 1 i 1 i
n n
2 z n
z 2z 2 2i 2i
C
1 i 1 i
n
n
n/2
The mod ulus and amplitude form of 1 i 2 cos n i sin n
n
4 4
1 i n 2 n / 2 cos n i sin n
4 4
1 i 1 i 2i 2 n / 2 sin n
n n
4
zn n/ 2
C z 2 2z 2
dz 2i 2 sin n
1 4
f (n) 2 i2n / 2 sin n 2 n / 2 sin n
2i
4 4
POWER SERIES METHOD ( LONG DIVISION METHOD )
1
a. Find the inverse Z-transform of F(z) = , z a using power series
1 az 1
method.
Solution: Since the Region Of Convergence is z a , which is outside the
circle whose radius is ‘a’ unit, the sequence is unilateral or causal. In the
unilateral sequence, since all powers of ‘z’ are negative, we perform the long
division such that the powers of ‘z’ are negative. The long division is
performed as follows to get power series expansion.
F (z) 1 az 1 a 2 z 2 a3 z 3 .....
1
,z a
1 az 1 (or) F (z)
n0
an z n
Comparing this sequence with the basic definition we have, f (n) anu(n)
Solution:
1 3 7
F (z) z 1 z 2 z 3 .....
2 4 8
1 3 7
By definition we get, f (0) 0, f (1) , f (2) , f (3) .....
2 4 8
1 3 7
f (n) 0, , , ....
2 4 8
2n 1
n , n 0,1,. ..............
2
4z
3. Find the inverse Z-transform of F(z) = by long division method.
z 13
Solution:
Here, the ROC is not given. Since we are dealing only unilateral sequence,
we may assume that the ROC is z 1and the powers of ‘z’ in the sequence should be
negative.
4z 4z 2 4z 2
F (z)
z 13 1 z
1 3 1 3z 1 3z 2 z 3
f (n) 0,0,4,12,24,. ..
0, for n 0,1
(or) f (n)
2n(n 1)u(n), for n 1
1. Solve the difference equation y(k+2) – 4y(k+1) +4y(k) = 0 where y(0) = 1,y(1) =0
Solution:
z 4z 4
z 2 4z 1 z 4z
2
Z[ y(k )] y(k ) Z z 2 2
z 22
z 4z
2
F (z) z4 A B
Let F (z)
z 22 z z 2 2 z 2 z 22
z4 A(z 2) B
z 2 2
(z 2)2
z 4 A(z 2) B
Put z 2 Put z 0
B 2 A1
F(z) 1 2 z 2z
F (z)
z z 2 z 2 2
z 2 z 22
z 2z
Z 1F (z) Z 1 Z 1
2
2 k k 2k
z 2 z 2
y(k ) 2 (1 k ).
k
2. Solve the difference equation y(k+2) +y(k) = 1, y(0) = y(1) = 0 (June
2012)
Solution:
z
z 2 F (z) F (z)
z1
F (z) z
(z 1)( z 2
1)
z
Z[ y(k )]
(z 1)( z 2 1)
y(k) = Z 1 z
z 1z 2 1
z
Let F (z)
F (z)
1
(z 1)( z 1) 2
z (z 1)( z 2 1)
1 A Bz2 C
z 1
(z 1)( z 1) z 1
2
1
1 cos k sin k
2
1 2 2 z2
y(k ) 1 cos k sin k Z
z2 1
cos k 2
2 2 2
z
Z sin k 2
2 z 1
3. Solve the difference equation y(n+3)-3y(n+1)+2y(n) = 0 given that y(0) = 4,
y(1) = 0, y(2) = 8. (May 2011, Nov
2012)
Z[y(n+3)]-3Z[y(n+1)]+2Z[y(n)] = 0
y(1) y(2)
z3 F (z) y(0) -3 zF(z) y(0)+2F(z) = 0
z z 2
F (z) z 3z 2 4z 4z
3
3
4z
3 4z F (z) 4z 2 4
F (z)
z 3z 2
3 zz 3 3z 2
4z 2 4 A B C
(z 2)z 1 2 z 2 z 1 z 1 2
4z 2 4 Az 1 2 Bz 1z 2 Cz 2
Put z 1 Put z 2
4
C0 A
3
8
Equating thecoefficient of z 2 , we get AB4B
3
F (z) 4 / 3 8/3 4
F (z) z
8 z
z z 2 z 1 3z2 3z1
4 1
Z F (z) Z
1 z Z 1
8
z
3 z 2 3 z 1
4 8
y(n) (2)n (1)n
3 3
solution:
z
(z 2 2z 1)Y (z) 2z 2 z 4z
z2
z
(z 1) 2 Y (z) 2z 2 3z
z2
z
(z 1) 2 Y (z) 2z 2 3z
z2
z 2z 3 4z 2 3z 2 6z
=
z2
2z 3 7z 2 7z
=
z2
z(2z 2 7z 7)
Y (z)
(z 2)(z 1) 2
Y (z) (2z 2 7z 7)
z (z 2)(z 1) 2
Y (z) z(2z 2 7z 7) A B C
z (z 2)(z 1) 2 z 2 z 1 (z 1) 2
………………………………….(1)
putting z 2, we get A 1.
putting z 0, we get B 1.
Y (z) 1 1 2
z z 2 z 1 (z 1) 2
z z 2z
Y (z)
z 2 z 1 (z 1) 2
z z 2z
Z ( y(n))
z 2 z 1 (z 1) 2
2z
y(n) Z 1 z z
z 2 Z 1 z 1 z 1 (z 1)2
= 2 n 1n 2n
Solution:
z 2
6z 9 Y(z)
z
z2
(z 3) 2 Y(z) z z 2
z
Y (z)
(z 2)( z 3) 2
Y (z) 1
z (z 2)( z 3) 2
B C
A
= …………………………….(1)
z 2 z 3 (z 3) 2
1 A(z 3)2 B(z 2)(z 3) C(z 2)
, B 1 and C 1
1
A
25 25 5
1 z 1
Y (z) z
1 z
25 z 2 25 z 3 5 (z 3) 2
z 3 5 (z 3)
1 1 1
y(n) (2) n (3) n (3) n n
25 25 15
z 2 4z 3Y(z) z z z 3
z
(z 1)(z 3)Y (z) z
z3
z z(z 3)
=
z3
z 2 2z
=
z3
z(z 2)
Y (z)
(z 1)( z 3)( z 3)
Y (z) A B C
……………………...(1)
z z 1 z 3 (z 3)
z 2 A(z 3)(z 3) B(z 1)(z 3) C(z 1)(z 3)
A , B5
3 1
and C
8 12 24
3 z 5
Y (z) z
1 z
8z1 12 z 3 24 (z 3)
3 5 1
y(n) (1) n (3) n (3) n
8 25 24
7. Form the difference equation of second order by eliminating the arbitrary constants A
and B from solve y n A(2) n Bn . (NOV 2011)
solution:
yn 1 n
yn1 2 n 1 0
yn2 4 n2
(or) f (n) * g(n) f (r)g(n r) For twosided or bilateral sequence
r
n
f (t) * g(t) f (rT )g(n r)T , where T is the sampling period.
r 0
CONVOLUTION THEOREM:
(i) Z f (n) * g(n) F (z)G(z) where Z f (n) F (z) and Z g(n) G(z)
(ii) Z f (t) * g(t) F (z)G(z) where Z f (t) F (z) and Zg(t) G(z)
Proof:
Let Z f (n) F (z) f (n)z n
n0
G(z) Z g(n) g(n)z n
n0
F (z)G(z) f (n)z n
g(n)z n
n0 n0
f (0) f (1)z 1 f (2)z 2 .... g(0) g(1)z 1 g(2)z 2 ...
n
f (0)g(0) f (0)g(1) f (1)g(0)z 1 .. f (r)g(n r) z n ...
r 0
n
n
f (r)g(n r) z
n0 r 0
(ii) (ii) Let F (z) Z f (t) f (nT )z n and G(z) Z g(t) f (nT )z n
n0 n0
f (0T ) f (T )z 1 f (2T )z 2 .... g(0T ) g(T )z 1 g(2T )z 2
n
f (rT )g(n r)T z n
n0 r 0
f (t) * g(t)z n
n0
Problems:
Solution:
Z g(n) Z 2n u(n)
z
G(z)
z2
2
z
Z f (n) * g(n) F (z)G(z)
z 2
(ii) Z f (n) Z 2n u(n)
z
z 2 F (z)
Z g(n) Z 3n u(n)
z
G(z)
z3
z2
Z f (n) * g(n) F (z)G(z)
z 2z 3
n
1
2. If f(n) = U(n) and g(n) = (n) U (n) , then find Z[f(n)*g(n)].
2
Solution:
Z f (n) Z U(n)
z
z n1
1
n
1
Z g(n) Z (n) U (n) Z (n) Z U (n)
2 2
1 z 4z 1
z 1/ 2 2z 1
Z f (n) * g(n) F (z)G(z) z 4z 1
z 1 2z 1
z4z 1
Z f (n) * g(n)
z 12z 1
1 z2
3. Using convolution theorem evaluate Z z 1z 3
(May 2011)
Solution:
Z 1 z2 Z z z
z 1z 3
1
z 1 z 3
(1) n * (3) n Z (1) n z , Z (3) n z
z 1 z3
n
1 3 32 3n
Z 1 z 1z 3 3 2 1
2
z n1
z2 1
4. Using convolution theorem, find Z z az b
(June 2013)
Solution:
Z 1 z2 Z 1 z z
z az b z a z b
(a) n * (b) n Z (a) n z , Z (b) n z
za zb
a m
n
a m b n m b n
m0 m0 b
n1
1 a
bn b
a
1
b
1
2
Z z
z az b b b aa
n1 n1
2
1
2z 18z
5. Find Z 4z 3 using convolution theorem. (June 2012)
Solution:
Z 1 Z 1
2z 14z 3
2 2
8z z 1
1
z z
2 4
z
Z 1 . z 1 z 1 z
Z Z
z 1 z 1
z 1 z 1
n
2 n
4 2 4
1 1
*
n2 r 4 n r n r r
1 1 1 n 1 1
2 4
4 2 2
r 0 n n r r n0n r
1 1 1 1
2 r
2 r 0 4 2 r 0 2
n1 n1
1 1 1
1 n 1 2
n
1 2 2 1
3
2
1
n 2 n
2
2 1 1 1
3 2 2 4
n n
Z 1 8z 2 2 1 1 1
2z 1 4z 3 3 2 3 4
Z2
6. Using convolution theorem, find the inverse Z-transform of .(NOV 2012)
(z a) 2
Solution:
1
Z2 1 z z
Z 2
Z .
(z a) z a z a
= Z 1 z * Z 1 z
= (a) n (a) n
n n K
= (a) (a) K
K 0
= (a) n = (n 1)(a)n .
K 0