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Titration Lab Report

Introduction

Purpose : Purpose determining the concentration of an unknown solution using a

Personnel : Mohamed Gamal

(LAP company )

Authorization for lab : engineer Ahmed

Discussion
As a result of this experiment conducted by me and my partner, the results
were accurate. This titration was carried out to find the concentration of
Hydrochloric acid by achieving the equivalent point (The point at which the
titrant fully neutralizes all the titers, leaving neutral water, is called the
“equivalence point.” This is when the titrant has "used up" all of the titers.
The acid and base have fully canceled each other out. At equilibrium, the
solution's pH is 7.0) (https://sciencing.com/half-equivalence-point-
titrationgraph-8655474.html) in which the color of the solution turns pink in
the above titration carried out. we need to make sure that the apparatus is
rinsed with the distilled water before stating the titration, if not we may end
in an error reading.

The titration was conducted four times to make sure the results are accurate and
the result was noted in a table. To make sure, we were able to assess the results
more easily. With the exception of the first reading, all three readings should
range from 0.1-0.2 cm3 and not exceed that.
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Predictions
When this experiment is carried out the base in the conical flask should turn
colorless after adding acid to the solution. The base solution should be colorless at
the beginning of the experiment when the phenolphthalein indicator is added to the
base solution it should turn pink and adding the acid to the solution should turn
colorless.
Variables:
• The dependent variable in the experiment is hydrochloric acid as it is
Sodium hydroxide dependent.
• The volume of Sodium hydroxide was the same throughout the experiment
so it was the independent variable
• The controlled variables are as follows:

1. 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator

Apparatus
• The concentration of hydrochloric acid was given as 0.09756mol. dm-3
• The concentration of Sodium hydroxide was unknown
• Pipette
• Distilled water
• Phenolphthalein Indicator
• Burette
• Funnel
• Conical flack X 4
• White tile
• Eye protection
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• Stand and clamp

Apparatus Diagram

(https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock/Che
m_1403%3A_General_Chemistry_2/Text/17%3A_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.03
% 3A_Acid-Base_Titrations.)
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Safety
• Never run in the laboratory
• Immediately report any spills, accidents, or injuries to a teacher.
• Wear lab PPT like coat gloves, lab coat, or apron are worn to escape the
injuries or accidents during the usage of chemicals in the laboratory
Emergency/accident procedures should be identified.
• Eat and drink in the laboratory is prohibited due to the reason of food being
able to get in touch with chemicals which is injurious to health

Method
Firstly, the apparatus should be rinsed with distilled water, which helps to
remove the dust from the apparatuses. Consequently, it enables us to get a
perfect result during titration.

Place the washed burette on the stand in the clamp. Ensures it is securely
fixed and that you can clearly read the readings on the burette.

Using the funnel, hydrochloric acid was poured into the burette until 0ml
was reached. The 0 ml point is the initial point of the burette. We have to fill
the burette till the initial point of it to get a proper reading.

Fill the pipette with the Sodium hydroxide, and use a pipette filler. Avoid
using your mouth to fill the pipette.

Ensure the level of Sodium hydroxide does not drop after removing the
pipette filler from the pipette by placing the thumb on top.
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By keeping the pipette in front of eye level, the lower meniscus is adjusted
until the mark on the pipette is reached (25ml). Now we got exact 25ml of
Sodium hydroxide.

Make sure the conical flask is under the pipette, so when you remove your
thumb from the pipette. The Sodium hydroxide solution enters the conical
flask without any spillage of chemicals.

When we add phenolphthalein (Phenolphthalein is often used as an indicator

Place the conical flask on the white tile, which helps the conical flask to be
stable.

By opening the switch of the burette, the acid from the burette is slowly
added to the conical flask. Make sure the conical flask is swirling when the
acid is added to the conical flask. Swirling of the conical flask helps the base
to mix well with the base solution.

Continue swirling until the solution turns pink. Then make sure the reading
is noted down on paper.

Follow the same step and observed the readings three more times and record
them.
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Results Processing

Final burette 26.4 25.2 25.0 25.3

Initial burette 0 0 0 0
reading/cm3

The volume of 25.4 25.2 25.0 25.3

Result Description
To calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid is the initial burette reading
subtracted from the final reading of the burette. In the above table, 25.3 was the
average volume of hydrochloric acid used in the titration. Hence, the volume of
hydrochloric acid for the calculation will be 25.3.

Calculation
Mean titre = 25.3
The volume of the Hydrochloric acid = 25.3/1000
The volume of Hydrochloric acid = 0.0253 dm-3
Concentration of Hydrochloric acid used = 0.0253*0.1 = 0.00253 mol. dm-3

Evaluation
Our tutor helped us to find PPT equipment in the laboratory and he made sure that
everyone is wearing a PPT because the PPT can protect us from any kind of
accident. The experiment carried out by my and partner was started with the wrong
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titration because there was confusion about whether the acid or base goes into the
burette. Then our tutor made it clear that the hydrochloric acid goes into the
burette and the 25 ml sodium hydroxide goes into a conical flask. After the
clarification, we started to do the titration on the right path. In order to ensure that
no mistakes were made, we followed each step with great concentration. Our
experiment was error-free since we cleaned the apparatus with distilled water.
Consequently, there was no change for mistakes.
During our first titration, the endpoint error occurred because we concentrated on
swirling the conical flask, we forgot to keep a hand on the burette opener. This
leads us to an error at the endpoint of the titration but we realize the mistake and
start to be more focused on the experiment to avoid mistakes. Due to reasons like
the above events, the titration is careered out more than three times to get a perfect
result the titration. In addition, when the Ph indicators(phenolphthalein) were
added to the sodium hydroxide, we need to make sure that only 1-2 drops of Ph
indicator are added to the sodium hydroxide because when Ph indicators are added
more than 1-2 drops to the sodium hydroxide leads to an error in the final reading.

In order to ensure that we do not get confused with concentration reading each
time, we fill our burette until the starting point before each attempt. The
challenging part of the titration is getting exactly 25 ml of sodium hydroxide using
a pipette because we were using the pipette filler for the first time, approximately
we took 5 mins to get the exact 25 ml of sodium hydroxide into the pipette.

Conclusion
The purpose of the titration is to find the concentration of the hydrochloric acid
with the help of a base (sodium hydroxide) with a known concentration and a Ph
indicator (phenolphthalein). In this experiment, we encountered two difficulties,
but more trials helped to get more precise results. Titrations are performed by
gradually adding an acidic solution to a basic solution until total neutralization is
achieved. Upon neutralization, an indicator detects the end of the titration as color
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changes in the solution. Finally, the concentration of the given hydrochloric acid
was 0.00253 mol. dm-3.

References
Belford, R. (2016). 17.3: Acid-Base Titrations. [online] Chemistry
LibreTexts.
Available at:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock/Chem
_1403%3A_General_Chemistry_2/Text/17%3A_Aqueous_Equilibria/17.03%3
A_Acid-Base_Titrations.

Sciencing. (n.d.). How to Find the Half Equivalence Point in a Titration