Anuj Final

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It would be my utmost pleasure to express

my sincere thanks to my chemistry teacher
Mrs. DIPIT PANCHAL in providing me a
helping hand and his valuable guidance,
support and supervision all through this
project. I would also like to thanks my
parents and my brother UDAY PRATAP
(PARUL UNIVERSITY) for helping me in the
editing part and presentation part.
Shree Raj Rajeswari Vidya Mandir
This is to certify that ANUJ PRATAP YADAV a student of

class 11th has successfully completed his research on
the topic Chemistry Project on Measurement of Acetic
Acid in Vinegar under the guidance of Mrs. DIPIT
PANCHAL during the year (2023-24) in partial
fulfilment of Chemistry practical conducted by Central
Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).
……………………………….. ………………………………
Signature of Examiner Signature of Teacher
INDEX
SR_NO TOPIC
1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Theory
84. Materials Required
5. Procedure
6. Observations and Data Recording
7. Calculations
8. Results
9. Conclusion
10. Conclusion
11. BIBLOGRAPHY
Introduction:-
Vinegar is a solution made from the fermentation of ethanol
(CH3CH2OH), which in turn was previously fermented from
sugar. The fermentation of ethanol results in the production
of acetic acid (CH3COOH). There are many different types of
vinegar, each starting from a different original sugar source
(e.g., rice, wine, malt, etc.).
The amount of acetic acid in vinegar can vary, typically
between 4 to 6% for table vinegar, but up to three times
higher (18%) for pickling vinegar. In this project, we will
determine the amount of acid in different vinegars using
titration, a common technique in chemistry.
Titration is a way to measure the unknown amount of a
chemical in a solution (the titrant) by adding a measured
amount of a chemical with a known concentration (the
titrating solution). The titrating solution reacts with the
titrant, and the endpoint of the reaction is monitored in some
way.
The concentration of the titrant can now be calculated from
the amount of titrating solution added, and the ratio of the
two chemicals in the chemical equation for the reaction.
To measure the acidity of a vinegar solution, we can add
enough hydroxyl ions to balance out the added hydrogen ions
from the acid.
The hydroxyl ions will react with the hydrogen ions to
produce water. In order for a titration to work, we need three
things:
1. A titration solution (contains hydroxyl ions with a precisely
known concentration),
2. A method for delivering a precisely measured volume of
the Titrating solution,
3. A means of indicating when the endpoint has been
reached. For the titrating solution, we'll use a dilute solution
of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Sodium hydroxide is a strong
base, which means that it dissociates almost completely in
water. So for every NaOH molecule that we add to the
solution, we can expect to produce a hydroxyl ion.
To dispense an accurately measured volume of the titrating
solution, we will use a burette. A burette is a long tube with a
valve at the Bottom and graduated markings on the outside
to measure the volume Contained in the burette.
The burette is mounted on a ring stand, directly above the
titrant solution (as shown in the picture). Solutions in the
burette tend to creep up the sides of the glass at the surface
of the liquid.
This is due to the surface tension of water. The surface of the
liquid thus forms a curve, called a meniscus. To measure the
volume of the liquid in the burette, always read from the
bottom of the meniscus.
Objective:-
The primary goal of this experiment is to:
• Determine the concentration (molarity) of acetic acid in
a vinegar sample.
• Calculate the percentage by weight/volume of acetic
acid in vinegar.
Theory:-
Acetic acid is a weak acid, which means it partially dissociates
in water:
When acetic acid reacts with a strong base like sodium

hydroxide (NaOH), it undergoes a neutralization reaction. In
this process, one mole of acetic acid reacts with one mole of
sodium hydroxide to form sodium acetate (CH₃COONa) and
water:
Since the stoichiometric ratio between NaOH and acetic acid

is 1:1, the amount of NaOH required to neutralize the vinegar
can be used to calculate the concentration of acetic acid.
• Strength of acid in vinegar can be determined by the
following Formula:
• Indicator: - Phenolphthalein
• End Point: - Colourless to pink
Materials Required:-
• Vinegar Sample: The vinegar whose acetic acid
concentration is to be determined.
• Sodium Hydroxide Solution (NaOH): A standard solution
of known concentration (usually 0.1 M or 0.2 M) to be
used as the titrant.
• Phenolphthalein Indicator: This is a pH indicator that is
colorless in acidic conditions but turns pink when the
solution becomes neutral (indicating the endpoint of the
titration).
• Burette: A graduated glass tube used to dispense the
sodium hydroxide solution precisely.
• Pipette: A tool used to measure and transfer an exact
volume of the vinegar sample.
• Conical Flask: Used to hold the vinegar sample during
the titration process.
• Beaker: Used for preparing the solutions.
1. Distilled Water: To dilute the vinegar if necessary.
Procedure:-
Performing the Titration
1. Pour 1.5 ml of vinegar in an Conical flask.
2. Add distilled water to dissolve the vinegar so that the
volume of the solution becomes 20 mL.
3. Add 3 drops of 0.5% phenolphthalein solution.
4. Use the burette clamp to attach the burette to the ring
stand. The opening at the bottom of the burette should be
just above the height of the Conical flask we use for the
vinegar and phenolphthalein solution.
5. Use a funnel to fill the burette with a 0.1 M solution of
sodium hydroxide.
6. Note the starting level of the sodium hydroxide solution in
the burette. Put the vinegar solution to be titrated under the
burette.
7. Slowly drip the solution of sodium hydroxide into the
vinegar solution. Swirl the flask gently to mix the solution,
while keeping the opening underneath the burette.
8. At some point we will see a pink colour in the vinegar
solution when the sodium hydroxide is added, but the colour
will quickly disappear as the solution is mixed. When this
happens, slow the burette to drop-by-drop addition.
9. When the vinegar solution turns pink and remains that
colour even with mixing, the titration is complete. Close the
tap (or pinch valve) of the burette.
10.Note the remaining level of the sodium hydroxide solution
in the burette. Remember to read from the bottom of the
meniscus.
11. Subtract the initial level from the remaining level to figure
out how much titrating solution we have used.
12. For each vinegar that we test, repeat the titration at least
three times.
Observations and Data
Recording:-
Record the volume of sodium hydroxide used to neutralize
the vinegar in each trial. Use a table like this:
Trial No. Volume of Vinegar Volume of NaOH

(mL) (mL)
1. 25 V₁
2. 25 V₂
3. 25 V₃
Calculations:-
1. Moles of NaOH used: The number of moles of NaOH
used in the titration can be calculated using the formula:
2. Moles of Acetic Acid: Since the stoichiometric ratio of

NaOH to CH₃COOH is 1:1, the moles of NaOH used will
equal the moles of acetic acid present in the vinegar.
3. Molarity of Acetic Acid: To calculate the molarity of
acetic acid in vinegar, use the formula:
4. Percentage of Acetic Acid: Once the molarity of the
acetic acid is known, the percentage by mass of acetic
acid can be calculated as follows:
Precautions:-
1. Ensure the burette and other glassware are clean to
avoid contamination.
2. Perform the titration slowly to avoid overshooting the
endpoint.
3. Use the same amount of indicator each time to ensure
consistency.
4. Stop the titration when the faintest permanent pink
color appears.
Results:-
Summarize your results here based on the calculations.
Example:
The average concentration of acetic acid in the vinegar was
found to be approximately 5% by volume.
Conclusion:-
The titration experiment successfully determined the
concentration of acetic acid in vinegar. The concentration is
within the typical range found in household vinegar (4-5%).
This method is reliable and can be used for quality control of
vinegar in the food industry.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. CLASS 11TH CHEMISTRY NCERT

2. www.wikipedia.org
3. www.icbse.com
THANK YOU
BY-ANUJPRATAP YADAV
ROLL_NO-1103

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be my utmost pleasure to express

This is to certify that ANUJ PRATAP YADAV a student of

84. Materials Required

6. Observations and Data Recording

When acetic acid reacts with a strong base like sodium

Since the stoichiometric ratio between NaOH and acetic acid

Trial No. Volume of Vinegar Volume of NaOH

2. Moles of Acetic Acid: Since the stoichiometric ratio of

1. CLASS 11TH CHEMISTRY NCERT

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