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malaysiaGBC WEBINAR SUSTAINABLE SERIES

Module 3: ACMV
(Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation)

Ng Yong Kong
Council Member - Session 2019 – 2020
9th May 2020

Minimum Baseline

MS 1525:2019
Code of Practice on
Energy Efficiency and
Use of Renewable
Energy for Non-
Residential Buildings
(Third Revision)

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MS1525 - 2019

8. Air-conditioning and mechanical

ventilation (ACMV) system

8.1 Load calculations

8.2 System and equipment sizing
8.3 Separate air distribution systems
8.4 Controls
8.5 Piping insulation
8.6 Air handling duct system insulation
8.7 Duct construction
8.8 Balancing

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8. Air-conditioning and mechanical

ventilation (ACMV) system
8.9 ACMV systems
8.10 ACMV unitary system
8.11 ACMV applied system
8.12 ACMV applied system (heat operated)
cooling mode
8.13 System testing and commissioning
8.14 Operation and maintenance (O&M) manual
and as-built drawings
8.15 Preventive maintenance
8.16 Life Cycle analysis.

1.ASHRAE Handbook – SI and Imperial Units

a. Fundamentals 2021
b. HVAC Systems and Equipment 2020
c. HVAC Applications 2019
d. Refrigeration 2018
2. Air Conditioning System Design - CARRIER
3. Handbook of A/C Design – TRANE
4. CIBSE / AIRAH
5. MS 1525:2019 : Code of Practice
6. Uniform Building By – Laws 1984 (UBBL)
7. Guide to Fire Protection in Malaysia
8. MS1910 – 2006: Fixed Fire Fighting Systems

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ASHRAE
4-VOLUME
HANDBOOKS

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8.1 Load calculations

8.1.1 Calculation procedures

Cooling design loads should be
determined in accordance with the
procedures described in the latest
edition of the ASHRAE Handbooks, or
other equivalent publications.

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8.1 COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION

1. ASHRAE ( CLTD, ……..)

2. Carrier E20 Software(ASHRAE Transfer Function)
3. Trane Tracer
4. Camel Software
5. Elite Software
6. Hong Ye Software (RTS) – Radiant Time Series
7. Others

8.1 Load calculations cont’d

8.1.2 Indoor design conditions
Room comfort condition is dependent on
various factors including air temperature, mean
radiant temperature, humidity, clothing
insulation, metabolic rate and air movement
preference of the occupant.
For the purpose of engineering design, room
comfort condition shall consider the following
three (3) main factors:
– dry bulb temperature;
– relative humidity; and
– air movement (air velocity)

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8.1.2 Indoor design conditions cont'd

The indoor design conditions of an air-conditioned

space for comfort cooling should be as follows:
a) Recommended design dry bulb temperature 240C
to 260C
b) Minimum dry bulb temperature 230C
c) Recommended design relative humidity 50%
to 70 %
d) Recommended air movement 0.15 m/s to 0.50 m/s
e) Maximum air movement 0.7 m/s

8.1.3 Outdoor design conditions

The recommended outdoor design conditions shall be

taken as follows:

a) dry bulb temperature 33.3 C (920F)

b) wet bulb temperature 28.0 C.(82.4 0F)

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Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010

DOSH Malaysia* Ministry of Human Resources
Table 1: List of Indoor Air Contaminants and the Maximum Limits

Acceptable Range for Specific

Physical Parameters – 2010
Parameter Acceptable range
(a) Air temperature 23.0 – 26.0 ºC
(b) Relative humidity 40 – 70%
(c) Air movement 0.15 – 0.50

List of Indoor Air Contaminants and acceptable limits

Eight-hours time-weighted average airborne
Indoor Air Contaminants concentration
ppm mg/m³ cfu/m³
Chemical contaminants
(a) Carbon dioxide C1000 - -
(b) Carbon monoxide 10 - -
(c) Formaldehyde 0.1 - -
(d) Ozone 0.05 - -
(e) Respirable particulates - 0.15 -
(f) Total volatile organic compounds 3 - -
(TVOC)
Biological contaminants
(a) Total bacterial counts - - 500
(b) Total fungal counts - - 1000

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8.1.4 Ventilation

Outdoor air-ventilation rates shall comply with Third

Schedule (By Law 41) clause 12(1) of Uniform
Building By Laws, 1984.
Exception:
Outdoor air quantities may exceed those shown, if
required because of special occupancy or process
requirements or source control of air contamination
or Indoor Air Quality consideration.

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Building code requirements

Extract from Third Schedule (By-law 41)

ASHRAE STD 62.1-2019 - Ventilation For Acceptable

Indoor Air Quality
Ventilation is the key to
Sustainable IAQ and
ASHRAE Standard 62.1 is
the most widely used
Standard by most Local
Authorities and HVAC
Engineers in the world.

EQ1: Minimum IAQ Performance

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Ventilation Rate Procedure

People Component Building Component
Outdoor Air
Ventilation
Rate for
Breathing
Zone
Vbz = RpPd + RbAb
Minimum Number of Minimum Building
x + x
cfm/Person People cfm/sq ft Area

1 point : Design to ASHRAE 55 Standards in conjunction

with the relevant localised parameters as listed in
MS 1525

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ASHRAE Standard 55-2017

6 primary factors that must

be addressed when
defining conditions for
thermal comfort:

i.) Metabolic rate

ii.) Clothing insulation
iii.) Air temperature
iv.) Radiant temperature
v.) Air speed
vi.) Humidity

8.2 System and equipment sizing

8.2.1 Air conditioning systems and equipment shall be
sized to provide no more than the space and system
loads calculated in accordance with 8.1 above,
consistent with available equipment capacity.
Redundancy in capacity of equipment, if incorporated
into the sizing of the duty equipment, shall include
efficiency devices such as variable speed drive, high
efficiency motor, efficient unloading devices, multi
compressors etc so as not to diminish the
equipment/system efficiency when operating at
varying loads.

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8.2 System and equipment sizing

cont’d

8.2.2 Where chillers are used and when the design load
is greater than 1 000 kWr300RT, a minimum of
either two chillers or a single multi-compressor
chiller should be provided to meet the required
load.
8.2.3 Multiple units of the same equipment type, such
as multiple chillers, with combined capacities
exceeding the design load may be specified to
operate concurrently only if controls are
provided which sequence or otherwise optimally
control the operation of each unit based on the
required cooling load.

MS 1525:2019 Section 8.2.2

For Design Load > 1,000kW (280 tons)
- To use a minimum of 2 chillers or (Page 41)
- Single multi – compressors chiller
- For Part Load Control

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8.2.5 Hydronic System

8.2.5.1 For air-conditioning water pumping system

with total system power exceeding 7.5 kW and
operating for more than 750 hours a year, the
system efficiency as listed in Table 21 shall
apply.

Table 21. Maximum power consumption for pumping system

8.2.5 Hydronic System

8.2.5.4 Chilled water systems with design load
exceeding 1 000 kWr for comfort air
conditioning purposes, should incorporate
controls to automatically reset supply water
temperature by representative building loads
(including return water temperature) or by
outdoor air temperature.

Exceptions:
a) Where a specific temperature is required for process
cooling or dehumidifying needs.
b) Hydronic systems such as those using variable flow to
reduce pumping energy.

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8.4 Controls

8.4.1 Temperature control

Each system shall be provided with at least one
thermostat for the regulation of temperature.
Each thermostat shall be capable of being set
by adjustment or selection of sensors over a
minimum range of between 23 C to 27 C.
Multi-stage thermostat shall be provided for
equipment exceeding 35/65 kWr in
conjunction with 8.2.4.

8.4 Controls cont’d

8.4.2 Humidity control

In a system requiring moisture removal to
maintain specific selected relative humidity in
spaces or zones, no new source of energy
(such as electric reheat) shall be used to
produce a space relative humidity below 70 %
for comfort cooling purposes.

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8.4 Controls cont’d

8.4.3 Energy Recovery
It is recommended that consideration be given to the use
of recovery systems which will conserve energy
(provided the amount expended is less than the amount
recovered) when the energy transfer potential and the
operating hours are considered.
Recovered energy in excess of the new source of energy
expended in the recovery process may be used for
control of temperature and humidity.
Examples include the use of condenser water for reheat,
desuperheater heat reclaim, heat recovery wheel, heat
pipe or any other energy recovery technology.

VRF – Water Cooled Heat Recovery

Cooling/Heating Mode

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Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) or

Variable Refrigerant System (VRS)

28hp

Ceiling Ducted
On a single refrigerant
Ceiling Ducted
1-Way Cassette 2-Way Cassette 4-Way Cassette Mini 4-Way Cassette (High ESP) (Low ESP) pipe, 47 indoor units
(0.8 HP-2.5 HP） (0.8HP -6.0 HP) (0.6HP-1.8HP) (0.8HP-10.0HP) (0.8HP-10.0HP)
(1.0HP-6.0HP)
can be connected per
module

Ceiling Ducted Ceiling Ducted Ceiling & Floor Wall Mounted Floor Concealed
(AC Low-Height) (DC Low-Height) (1.8HP-5.0HP) (0.8HP-2.5HP) (1.0HP-2.5HP)
(0.6HP-2.5HP) (0.6HP-2.5HP)

4 Modules can be combined to be Connected to 64 Fan Coil Units

Simultaneous heating and cooling operation

Heat Recovery system, combine cooling and
heating for indoor unit and water module

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Simultaneous heating and cooling operation

Heat Recovery system, combine cooling and heating for indoor unit and water module

A B C D
Simultaneous Chilled water Water
DX-AHU
Cooling/heating generated by module can
is connect-
Meet different water module provide floor
able
requirements can be used heating or
Combina
High efficiency for radiant DHW as well，
-tion of
and bill cooling of especially to
two
reduction by ceiling or wall generate free
branches
transferring achieves best DHW
of SW Box
heating heat from comfortable automatically
is available
cooling side to level. in the
to fit big
heat side capacity cooling
1/4/8/12/16 AHU season up to
cooling multi branches 43 ℃ of
of Switch Box ambient
temperature.
D
A C
B

8.4 Controls cont’d

8.4.6 Fan system efficiency
• For fan system with air flow rate exceeding 17 000 m3/h
and operating for more than 750 hours a year, the power
required by the motor for the entire fan system at design
conditions should not exceed 0.42 W per m3/h of air flow
rate.
• All bare shaft fans should have Fan Efficiency Grade
(FEG) of 71 or higher, certified by an independent third
party (AMCA or equivalent) and to bear the FEG certified
performance seal. The total efficiency of the fan at the
design point of operation should be within 15 percentage
points of the maximum total efficiency of the fan.

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8.4 Controls cont’d

8.4.7 Air filter efficiency

• Air filter efficiency rating shall be based on
filter face velocity of 2.5 m/s. To sustain
energy efficient fan system performance,
the maximum final pressure drop for single
stage air filter should not exceed 250 Pa.

MERV – Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value.

Types of Filter

HEPA or tertiaary
filter

Primary panel
filter

Value : 1 – 20
i.) Dust Spot EfficiencySecondary
ii.) Arrestance filter

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8.5 Piping insulation

All piping installed to serve buildings and within
buildings should be adequately insulated to prevent
excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor
barriers may be required to prevent condensation under
some conditions.
Exceptions:
Piping insulation is not required under any of the following
circumstances:
a) piping installed within ACMV equipment;
b) piping at fluid temperatures between 23 °C and 49 °C; and
c) when the heat loss and/or heat gain of the piping, without
insulation, does not increase the energy requirements of the
building.

8.8 Balancing

The system design shall provide means for balancing

the air and water system such as but not limited to
dampers, temperature and pressure test connections
and balancing valves.

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8.9 ACMV Systems

• For the purposes of this part, ‘ACMV System’

are considered to be of two basic types:
• a) Unitary system
• b) Central system – This system comprises:
i.) Water distribution
ii.) Air distribution

8.9 ACMV Systems

a.) Unitary System
…one or more assembled units, which include
evaporator, compressor and condenser, perform the
cooling and dehumidification functions on the
recirculated air from the conditioned space ( plus OA ).
…distribution of air can either be ducted or non-
ducted type.
…compressor may be with fixed speed (non-inverter) or
variable speed (inverter ) control.

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Inverter Unit

For Inverter type air-conditioner:

CSPF = 0.4 x (Tested EER at 100% load) + 0.6 x (Tested EER at 50% load)

Star Rating Tested CSPF (Wh/Wh) Star Rating Tested CSPF (Wh/Wh)
5 ≥ 5.30 5 5.10 ≤
4 4.60 ≤ CSPF < 5.30 4 4.00 ≤ CSPF < 5.10
3 3.30 ≤ CSPF < 4.60 3 3.10 ≤ CSPF < 4.00
2 3.10 ≤ CSPF < 3.30 2 2.90 ≤ CSPF < 3.10
1 < 3.10 1 < 2.90

Table 1: For rated cooling Table 2: For 4.5kW ≤ rated cooling

capacity < 4.5kW capacity ≤ 7.1kW

1.0hp – 2.5hp Wall Mount – R32

Wall Mounted Outdoor Unit

Ceiling Ducted

Ceiling Cassette Air Cooled Split Units

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EXAMPLE

Multi Split Units – R32

Up to maximum of Indoor Units

Total Capacity : 4 hp.
2.0 hp

1.0 hp

2.0 hp

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MS 2678:2017

Flammable
Refrigerant System
– Code of Practice

REFRIGERANT TYPES

CFC HCFC HFC HFO

•R-11 •R-22 •R-134a HFO1234fy
•R-12 •R-123 •R404A HFO1233zd(E)
•R-13 R 514a
•R-401A •R-407C
•R-500 •R-401B •R-410A
•R-502 •R-402A •R-507 Natural Refrigerant
•R-503 R-290 ( HC 290 )
•R-402B •FM200
CO2
•R-408A •R-32 NH3
•R-409A Water
N2 Clean agent
Argon Clean agent
R410a – 50% R32 & 50% R125

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1-49

Safety of Refrigerants

Safety concerns:
• Flammability
• Toxicity
• Environmental impact

1-50

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ASHRAE Standard 15 - 2019

ASHRAE Standard 34 – 2019

Flammability and Toxicity

Safety Group

Higher
Increasing Flammability

A3 B3
Flammability

Lower A2 B2
Flammmability
A2L B2L
No Flame
A1 B1
Propogation
52
Increasing Toxicity

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7.1 Alternating Current (AC) Electric Motors

7.1.2 Motor Efficiencies
Only motors with efficiencies higher than standard
efficiency motors (IEC efficiency class IE1) should
be used where operating hours exceed 750 h per
year. Decisions on motors selection between IE2 (
high efficiency). IE3 (premium efficiency) and IE4
(super premium efficiency) should be done on an
economic justification basis. The efficiencies for the
various classes of motors are as in Annex B.

7.1 Alternating Current (AC) Electric Motors

7.1.3 Inverters
Inverters or Variable Speed Drives (VSD) should be
used for motors serving fluctuating loads.VSDs can
reduce energy consumption by adjusting motor
speeds to cater for variable torque loads like fans and
pumps, which traditionally vary their output by
energy consuming mechanical means.

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• VSD is an electronic device which

provides starting and infinitely variable
speed control of 3 phase standard
induction AC (Alternating Current)
motors by converting fixed mains
voltage and frequency into variable
output voltage and frequency.

• Electric motors control VSDs can

typically save up to half the energy in
centrifugal pumps and fans application.
37 million
• VSDs are also known as Variable
VSD M Frequency Drive ( VFD), Inverter, speed
controller , adjustable speed drives, etc

7.1.3 Inverters cont’d

• These inverters can also serve as motor starting
mechanisms/devices to minimise voltage fluctuation
disturbances to adjacent consumers due to high starting
current. Starting mechanism used shall suit the local
capacity, starting frequency and the overall “system
stiffness” at the location. In general, “soft start”
mechanisms should be the preferred options.
• Except for consumer networks fed from their own Medium
Voltage (MV) supply transformer substation, Direct On
Line (DOL) starting shall be limited to motors not
exceeding 5.0 kW ( or 7.5 hp) capacity. For critical
applications, such as hospitals and some manufacturing
processes, the inverters need to be able to withstand or
‘ride through’ short duration voltage dips.

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Basic Drive Functions

Motor Starting Currents
The main function of VSD is to start a motor

Motor starter and starting current

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Voltage Sags/Dips in Inverters

7.1.3 Inverters cont’d

• The electronics in the VSDs, however, may result in
increased harmonics and voltage spikes which may cause
problems such as premature failures of motor insulation
systems, increased motor losses, increased dielectric stress,
overheating, resonance problems between the inductive
and capacitive parts of the power network, malfunctioning
of control systems, overloading and premature aging of
capacitors, interference with telecommunications and
computers, disturbances in ripple control systems, high
currents in neutral conductors, etc. To overcome this,
suitable harmonics filters will have to be used.

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Current vs. Voltage Distortion

V = I*Z

Current distortion is load dependant

Voltage distortion depends on system

impedance & load

Harmonic currents of the non-linear load

AND the system short-circuit impedance
are required to calculate voltage
distortion.

Background voltage distortion is normally

always present to some extent (0.5 -
3%) and contributes to overall voltage
distortion.

Current Distortion ------Why anxiety?

Problems caused by current distortion
• Transformer overload and audible noise.
• Tripping of serial relays and circuit breakers.
• Stressing of Power Factor correction capacitors.
• Premature aging of serially installed
equipment.
• Overheating of cables and insulation stress.
• Overheating of transformers and insulation
stress.

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Voltage Distortion ------why anxiety?

Problems caused by voltage distortion
• Malfunction of electronic equipment
• Breakdown of electronic equipment
• Increased Electromagnetic Interference
(EMI)
• Increased losses in direct online motors
• Torque ripples in direct online motors
• Erratic operation of electronic
equipment

Harmonic Mitigation Techniques for Drives

Passive solutions E.G:: Active solutions E.G::

AC- DC- ///

///

Inductors Inductors
Basic
Passive Harmonic
Filters Active filter & Low Harmonic Drive
incorporating active filter
12-pulse 18-pulse
///

Advanced Active Front End with PWM-rectifier

Passive Harmonic
Filters

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8.9 ACMV Systems..

b) Central system – This system comprises:
i.) Water distribution
Under this component, a centrifugal, rotary,
screw or reciprocating, compression refrigeration or
heat operated absorption refrigeration type water-
chilling package generates chilled water to a central
piping system which supplies the chilled water to
the conditioned spaces(s) of a building.

Primary Secondary
System

Critical
Unit
Constant

Constant

Constant
Chiller

Chiller

Chiller
Speed

Speed

Speed

DP
sensor
De-Coupler

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8.9 ACMV Systems..

b) Central system –
ii.) Air distribution
The component consists of terminal units which receive
recirculated room air ( plus OA ) from a central duct system, performs
the required ventilating and/or air-conditioning functions, and delivers
the conditioned air to the central duct system, for final delivery to the
conditioned space(s) of a building. These terminal units receive c/w
from the central piping system to perform the cooling and
dehumidification functions.

The water chilling packages, including its heat-rejecting element,

pumps and the terminal units are termed as ACMV applied system
under 8.11 and 8.12

Ceiling Diffusers

 Horizontal four-way / circular supply air discharge for

mixed flow ventilation
 High induction results in a rapid reduction of the
temperature difference and airflow velocity (supply air
variant)
 Volume flow rate range 20 - 700 l/s or 70 - 2400 m³/h
 For room heights up to 4 m (lower edge of
suspended ceiling)

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Circular and square ceiling swirl diffusers

 For production halls, gymnasiums, theatres and conference

Above 4 meters

rooms as well as for large internal spaces in airports, railway

stations and shopping centres
 Horizontal swirling supply air discharge in cooling mode
 Angled or vertical air discharge in heating mode
 Volume flow rate range 65 - 1100 l/s or 250 - 4000 m³/h

 Horizontal swirling supply air discharge for mixed flow

Below 4 meters

ventilation
 The efficient swirl creates high induction levels, thereby rapidly
reducing the temperature difference and airflow velocity
(supply air variant)
 Volume flow rate range 5 - 500 l/s or 15 - 1700 m³/h

Slot Diffusers

 The many variants allow for flexible use as mixed ventilation

systems and make them suitable for different applications
 Unobtrusive integration into suspended ceilings
 For suspended ceilings; suitable for restricted ceiling voids due
to the low overall height of the plenum box
 Suitable for continuous linear arrangement
 Volume flow rate range 5 - 200 l/s or 25 - 700 m³/h
 For room heights up to 4 m (lower edge of suspended ceiling)

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Overhead Air Distribution Systems

 A fully mixed system creates homogeneous thermal conditions throughout the space.
 No thermal gradients exist in the occupied zone.
 Improper selection, sizing, or placement may prevent full mixing and can result in stagnant
areas, or having high-velocity air entering the occupied zone.
 The return (or exhaust) and room air temperatures are the same.
 Air velocities > 0.25 m/s @
occupied space

1. Top Supply Top Return

 Figures below show three types of top supply top return air distributions.
 All the supply and return air duct can be installed above the ceiling.

Type A: Single side top Type B: Different sides Type C: Diffuser ceiling
supply top return top supply top return supply and top return
(Coanda Effect)

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 Middle Supply
If the actual working area is only at bottom part of certain large space, it does not require
whole space to be air-conditioned and controlled.

Remark: When thermal displacement systems are used in humid climates, it may be
necessary to dehumidify and possibly reheat supply air to maintain desired space conditions.
As with all HVAC air systems’ design, a psychrometric analysis is advised.

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Floor Diffusers

 Swirling, vertical or horizontal air discharge to

achieve mixed flow ventilation or low turbulence
displacement ventilation
 Comfortable and energy-efficient air distribution
since the air pattern complements existing upward
convection streams in the occupied zone
 Thermal loads are effectively dissipated
 Volume flow rate range 15 - 90 l/s or 50 - 300 m³/h

Displacement Flow Diffusers

 Floor-standing installation on walls, either

individually or several units arranged in a row
 Low-velocity airflow, causing only low levels of
induction and resulting in low-turbulence
displacement ventilation.
 Excellent air quality in the occupied zone
Rectangular one-way air discharge
 Draught-free and economical air conditioning also
of larger internal spaces with several displacement
flow diffusers in a regular arrangement
 Volume flow rate range 15 - 1500 l/s or 50 - 5500
m³/h
 Air supply velocity 0.1 – 0.4 m/s

Square / semi-circular / circular omni-

directional air discharge

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Underfloor Air Distribution Systems ( UFAD )

 A fully mixed system (high velocity mixed air zone) +

a fully stratified system (low velocity stratified zone).
 Room air motion is caused by thermal forces
(thermal buoyancy).
 Floor based outlets with a relatively high discharge
velocities (>0.75 m/s), create mixing, thus affecting
the amount of stratification in the lower portions of
the room.
 The upper portions of the room, away from the
influence of floor outlets, room air often remains
thermally stratified in much the same way as
displacement ventilation systems
Underfloor Air Distribution System with
Diffuser Throw Height below the
Occupant Breathing Level

8.10 ACMV unitary system

• ACMV unitary system provides, in one (single
package) or more (split/multi-split system) factory
assembled packages, means for air-circulation, air-
cleaning, air-cooling with controlled temperature and
dehumidification. The cooling function is electrically
operated, and the refrigerant condenser may be air,
water or evaporative-cooled.

• Where the equipment is provided in more than one

package, the separate packages should be designed by
the manufacturer to be used together.

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8.10.1 ACMV unitary system: Electrically

operated, cooling mode
8.10.1.1 ACMV unitary equipment as per 8.10.1.2
whose energy input in the cooling mode is
entirely electric, should show a cooling energy
efficiency evaluated with the Cooling Seasonal
Performance Factor (CSPF) as defined in 3.3 at
the standard rating conditions specified in Table
22 and additional standard rating conditions
specified in applicable standards for the particular
ACMV unitary system equipment not less than
values shown in Table 23.

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8.11 ACMV applied system

8.11.1 ACMV applied system: Electrically
operated, cooling mode

ACMV applied system, as listed in Table 25, whose

energy input is entirely electrical, should, at the
Standard Rating Conditions specified in Table 24 for
water chillers and at additional standard rating
conditions specified in applicable standards for
particular system components show a Coefficient of
Performance (COP) - cooling, as defined in 3.2 not less
than the values shown in Table 25.

Table 24. CMV applied system, electrically driven (See Note 1) for water chillers:
Standard rating conditions - cooling (See Note 2)

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Flow Rates and Temperatures

95°F 44°F 97°F 44°F
[35°C] [6.7°C] [36.1°C] [6.7°C]

85°F 87°F
[29.4°C] [30.6°C]

54°F
[12.2°C] AHRI 54°F
[12.2°C]Malaysia
conditions Conditions
evaporator 2.4 gpm/ton evaporator 2.4 gpm/ton
flow rate [0.043 L/s/kW] flow rate [0.043 L/s/kW]
condenser 3.0 gpm/ton condenser 3.0 gpm/ton
flow rate [0.054 L/s/kW] flow rate [0.054 L/s/kW]

COP – Coefficient of Performance

- ratio of heat removal to the rate of energy input in common units
for a refrigeration system under the designated operating
conditions.

EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio

- ratio of the cooling (Watts) to the total rate of electrical input (
Watts) under the designated operating conditions

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2014 Table 25. Water chilling packages, electrically driven:

aMPLV @ MS Std 2
1COP @100% COP @100% bIPLV@ AHRI
Load at M’sian test Conditions Load at Std AHRI Std
Equipment Size Conditions test Conditions Conditions
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max
COP kWe/RT COP kWe/RT COP kWe/RT COP kWe/RT
< 105 kWr(30RT) 2.79 1.26 3.20 1.10 2.79 1.26 3.66 0.96

≥ 105 kWr and < 530 kWr(150RT) 2.79 1.26 3.20 1.10 2.79 1.26 3.66 0.96
Air cooled, with
condenser
≥ 530 kWr and < 1060
2.79 1.26 3.35 1.05 2.79 1.26 3.74 0.94
kWr(300RT)

≥ 1060 kWr(300RT) 2.79 1.26 3.35 1.05 2.79 1.26 3.74 0.94

(< 260 kWr) (< 75RT) 4.34 0.81 4.14 0.85 4.51 0.78 5.58 0.63
Water cooled,
positive > 260 < 530 kWr(150RT) 4.34 0.81 4.14 0.85 4.51 0.78 5.67 0.62
Displacement
(Reciprocating, ≥ 530 kWr and < 1060
4.95 0.71 4.45 0.79 5.17 0.68 6.06 0.58
Scroll, Rotary kWr(300RT)
Screw)
≥ 1060 kWr(300RT) 5.41 0.65 4.82 0.73 5.67 0.62 6.51 0.54

< 1060 kWr(300RT) 5.33 0.66 5.02 0.70 5.58 0.63 5.86 0.60
Water cooled,
Centrifugal ≥ 1060 kWr(300 to 600 RT) 5.86 0.60 5.41 0.65 6.06 0.58 6.39 0.55

> 600 RT 5.96 0.59 5.58 0.63 6.17 0.57 6.51 0.54

2019 Table 25. Water chilling packages, electrically driven:

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NOTES :
1 Tested at Malaysian Chilled Water and Condenser Water Temperatures
as per Table 25. Chillers without condensers must be rated with
matching condensers and comply with the chiller efficiency
requirements.
2 Tested at AHRI Leaving Chilled Water Temperature of 440F @ 2.4

USGPM per tonne, and entering Condenser Water Temperature of 850F

@ 3 USGPM per tonne.
a MPLV denotes Malaysia Part Load Value which is a single part load

efficiency figure of merit calculated per method described in MS2449 at

Malaysia Standard Rating Conditions, where for part-load entering
condenser water temperatures (ECWT), the temperature should vary
linearly from the selected ECWT at 100% load to 26.67°C (80°F) at 50%
load and fixed at 26.67°C (80°F) for 50% to 0% load, and is defined by
the following formula:
(For part-load entering air dry bulb temperatures, the temperature should
be vary linearly from selected EDB at 100% load to 25.55°C (78°F) at
33% load and fixed at 25.55°C (78°F) for 33% to 0% loads).

MPLV = 1 .
[(0.01/A) + (0.29/B) + (0.65/C) + (0.05/D)]
Where,
A = kWe/RT at 100 % B = kWe/RT at 75%
C = kWe/RT at 50% D = kWe/RT at 25%
b IPLV denotes Integrated Part Load Value which is a single number

part-load efficiency figure of merit calculated per method described in

AHRI 550/90 where for part-load entering condenser water temperatures
(ECWT), the temperature should vary linearly from the selected ECWT
at 100% load to 18.33°C (65°F) at 50% loads, and fixed at 18.33°C
(65°F) for 50% to 0% loads and is defined by the following formula:
IPLV = 1 .
[(0.01/A)+ (0.42/B)+ (0.45/C)+ (0.12/D)]
Chiller efficiency rating compliance shall meet either Minimum COP
@100% Load Condition or Minimum MPLV and not at both conditions.
Note that COP is applicable to a single chiller.

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MS 2449:2012
Performance Rating of
Water-Chilling Packages
using the Vapor
Compression Cycle

Chiller Performance Rating Standard

1.) ( Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute)
AHRI STD. 551/591–2011 ( SI units )
2.) JIS
3.) GB
4.) EN
5.) MS 1525:2019 Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of
Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Buildings ( 3rd Revision )
6.) MS 2449 : 2012
Full Load and Part Load

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Chiller Performance Rating Standard

1.) ( Air-Conditioning, Heating

and Refrigeration Institute)
AHRI STD. 551/591–2011
( SI units )

2.) JIS
3.) GB
4.) EN
5.) MS 2449 :2012

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Chiller Part Load Performance

IPLV / NPLV =____________1____________
0.01 + 0.42 + 0.45 + 0.12
A B C D
Where : A = KW/Ton at 100% , B = KW/Ton at 75 %
C = KW/Ton at 50 % , D = KW/Ton at 25 %

25% Load 100% Load

50% Load

75% Load

1-93

Full Load Vs Part Load

• Both Full Load and Part Load Efficiency can be
important.
• Full Load - Design Based On Consultant Calculation.
(With or Without diversity factor)

– Part Load- May be running most of the time?

The arts and sciences of HVAC based on experience

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GB/T 17758-2010

National Standard of The

People of Republic of China
– Unitary Air Conditioners

VRF Part Load Performance

IPLV / NPLV = (0.023 * A) + (0.415 * B) + (0.461 * C)+ (0.101 * D)

Where : A = W/W at 100% , B = W/W at 75 %

C = W/W at 50 % , D = W/W at 25 %

25% Load 100% Load

50%
50%Load
Load

75% Load

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8.13 System testing & commissioning

• Air system balancing shall be accomplished in a
manner to minimise throttling losses and the fan
speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow
conditions.
• Hydraulic system balancing shall be accomplished in
a manner to minimise throttling losses and then the
pump impeller shall be trimmed or pump speed shall
be adjusted to meet design flow conditions.
• ACMV control systems shall be tested to assure that
control elements are calibrated, adjusted and in
proper working condition.

Pressure Independent Balancing and Control Valve ( PIBCV)

Pressure Independent Control Valve ( PICV )
Dynamic Balancing Control Valve ( DBCV )

Design Technology for Industry 4.0

Pressure Independent Control – Integrated Balancing and Control in one product
Automatic balancing – Precise flow control and high delta Temperature
Commissioning to Chilled Water Plant System
– Stable performance and high energy efficiency
Save installation space & time infrastructure
Save commissioning time & balancing – Full transparency of energy consumption in a
Eliminate error infrastructure
– Remote and comprehensive access to
infrastructure climate control and health.

PIBCV

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HYDRONIC SYSTEMS WITH PIBCV

PIBCV – 3 in 1 valve (Control valve, balancing

valve, and differential pressure controller)
• Lesser component to install
• Lesser commissioning time

Flow reading

Flow indication signal from actuator to BMS

315l/h
315 l/h

PIBCV

Max flow: 450 [l/h] 100%

Current flow:315 [l/h]
70%

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HYDRONIC SYSTEMS – VARIABLE FLOW WITH PIBCV

M M M

M M M

M M M

6°C

6°C

∆P
M

Control
ler

Compare the two systems

Hydronic system using Hydronic system using manual

PIBCV valves balancing valves and control valves

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8.14 Operation and maintenance manual and as-built

drawings

8.15 Preventive maintenance

• The owner should implement preventive maintenance system
and schedule periodic maintenance on all the critical items of
air-conditioning systems such as compressors, cooling
towers, pumps, condensers, air handlers, controls, filters and
piping.
• Cycling operation of major equipment, whether designated as
daily operational or standby basis, should be carried out
diligently to even out wear and tear of specific equipment.
The design of mechanical rooms ought to cater space for
maintainability access and essential lifting devices should be
provided for heavy equipment.

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Air Cloud Computing Network

Modem

Cloud
Service
Checker
Customer Office Office
Staff in China
Staff in Malaysia
(anywhere)
(anywhere)

VRF VRF

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IoT Connectivity technologies

Low-Power-Wide-Area Network

• wireless technology for IoT

Power consumption/
Bandwidth required

environment
WiFi Cellular
• Characteristic
• Long range
• Low energy
Bluetooth consumption
LPWA
Low Energy • Low data rates
• Potential high latencies
Range

LPWA (Low-Power-Wide-Area)

• Invented in 2010 by a French startup;

• Proprietary technology;
• Need LoRa Base station;

• 2009 by a French company;

• Proprietary Sigfox technology;

• Narrow-Band IoT; to be connected using cellular TeleCom bands;

NB-IoT •
•
Low power consumption;
Excellent extended range in buildings and underground;
• Easy deployment into existing cellular network architecture;
• Network security and reliability;

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Energy Metering Solution - Future

Bacnet, M-bus,
Modbus, Lonworks
network application
all available.

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8.16 Life cycle analysis

The owner is encouraged to carry out life cycle

analysis of ACMV system performance and
efficiency before purchasing new equipment
and considering early replacement.

malaysiaGBC WEBINAR SUSTAINABLE SERIES

THANK YOU
Ng Yong Kong, P.E.,
GBIF,MGBC, MASHRAE
Council Member - Session
2019 – 2020
9th May 2020

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