Java Fundamentals

The while Statement

 A while statement is another iteration (or, loop) statement, which is used to execute a
statement repeatedly as long as a condition is true.
 A while statement is also known as a while-loop statement.
 The general form of a while-loop statement is
while (condition-expression)
Statement
 Unlike the for-loop statement, the condition-expression in a while-loop statement is not
optional.

Infinite loop
 To make a while statement infinite loop, you need to use the boolean literal true as the
condition-expression.
while (true)
System.out.println ("This is an infinite loop");

 The conversion between a for-loop and a while-loop statement is shown below.

for (initialization; condition-expression; expression-list)

Statement

Equivalent while-loop Statements:

Initialization
while (condition-expression)
{
Statement
Expression-list
}

Example - print all integers between 1 and 10 using a while-loop

int i = 1;
while (i <= 10)
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
The above code can also be rewritten as
int i = 0;
while (++i <= 10)
{
System.out.println(i);
}
Or
int i = 1;
while (i <= 10)
{
System.out.println(i++);
}

DTTH Page 1
 Java Fundamentals

 A break statement is used to exit the loop in a while-loop statement.

int i = 1;
while (true)
{
// Cannot exit the loop from here
if (i <= 10)
{
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
else
{
break; // Exit the loop
}
}

Example 1: find the summation of numbers from 1 to 10.

class WhileSum {
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x = 1, sum = 0;

while (x <= 10) {

sum = sum + x;
x++;
}
System.out.println("Summation: " + sum);
}
}
Example 2: While loop to compare two numbers
class WhileTest2
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int large = 2345;
int small = 3;
while (large > small){
System.out.println("Large = " + large + " and
" + "Small = " + small);
large = large / 2;
small = small * 2;
}
System.out.println("Outside of Loop");
System.out.println("Large Value=" + large);
System.out.println("Small Value=" + small);
}
}
To display fibonancci sequence like this : 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21
class Fibonancci
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int a=0, b=1, c=0;
int counter =1;
System.out.print(a+ " " + b);

DTTH Page 2
 Java Fundamentals

while(counter<=7)
{
c=a+b;
System.out.print(" " +c);
a=b;
b=c;
counter++;
}
}
}

Using While Loop With Unknown Times

Example 1
import java.io.*;
class WhileUnknownTimes
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int count=0;
try
{
//int count = 0;
InputStreamReader ir= new
InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(ir);
System.out.println("Press 1 to start : ");
String str = br.readLine();
int code = Integer.parseInt(str);
while(code==1)
{
System.out.println("Processing in Loop");
count++;
System.out.println("Press 1 to continue." +
"If you want to quit, press 9");
str = br.readLine();
code=Integer.parseInt(str);
}

}catch(IOException ie){

System.out.println(ie.getMessage());
}
System.out.println("You tried "+ count + " times.");

}
}

DTTH Page 3
 Java Fundamentals

Example 2
import java.io.*;
class WhileUnknownTimesChar
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int count=0;
try
{
//int count = 0;
InputStreamReader ir= new
InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(ir);
System.out.println("Will you start?[Y/N] : ");
String str = br.readLine();
char code = str.charAt(0);
code = Character.toUpperCase(code);
//code = Character.toLowerCase(code);
//while(code=='y')
while(code=='Y')
{
System.out.println("Processing in Loop");
count++;
System.out.println("Will you continue?[Y/N]
:");
str = br.readLine();
code = str.charAt(0);
code = Character.toUpperCase(code);
}

}catch(IOException ie){

System.out.println(ie.getMessage());
}
System.out.println("You tried "+ count + " times.");
}
}

The do-while Statement

 The do-while statement is another loop statement.
 It is similar to the while-loop statement with one difference.
 The statement associated with a while loop statement may not be executed even once if the
condition-expression evaluates to false for the first time.
 However, the statement associated with a do-while statement is executed at least once.
 The general form of a do-while statement is

do
Statement
while (condition-expression);

 The statement can be a simple statement or a block statement.

 Note that the do-while statement ends with a semicolon.
 Like in a for loop and a while loop, a break statement may be used to exit a do-while loop.

DTTH Page 4
 Java Fundamentals

Example - compute the sum of integers between 1 and 10

int i = 1;
int sum = 0;
do
{
sum = sum + i; // Better to use
sum += i
i++;
} while (i <= 10);
// Print the result
System.out.println("Sum = " + sum);

The break Statement

 A break statement is used to exit from a block.
 There are two forms of the break Statements:
• Unlabeled break statement
• Labeled break statement
 An example of an unlabeled break statement is
break;
 An example of a labeled break statement is
break label;
 You have already seen the use of the unlabeled break statement inside switch, for-loop, while-
loop, and do-while statements.
 It transfers control out of a switch, for-loop, while-loop, and do-while statement in which it
appears.
Example - print the lower half of the 3x3 matrix

11
21 22
31 32 33

for(int i = 1; i <= 3; i++)

{
for(int j = 1; j <= 3; j++)
{
System.out.print ( i + "" + j);
if (i == j)
{
break; // Exit the inner for loop
}
System.out.print("\t");
}
System.out.println();
}

 If you want to exit from the outer for-loop statement from inside the inner for-loop statement,
you have to use a labeled break statement.
 A label in Java is any valid Java identifier followed by a colon.
 The following are some valid labels in Java:
label1:
alabel:
Outer:
Hello:
IamALabel:

DTTH Page 5
 Java Fundamentals

Example - use a labeled break statement for outer loop

outer: // Defines a label named outer
for(int i = 1; i <= 3; i++ )
{
for(int j = 1; j <= 3; j++ )
{
System.out.print(i + "" + j);
if (i == j)
{
break outer; // Exit the outer for loop
}
System.out.print("\t");
}
System.out.println();
} // The outer label ends here

 Note that the outer label appears just before the outer for-loop statement.
 A labeled statement can be used not only inside switch, for-loop, while-loop, and do-while
statements.
 Rather it can be used with any type of a block statement.

blockLabel:
{
int i = 5;
//int i = 10;
if (i == 5)
{
break blockLabel; // Exits the block
}
if (i == 10)
{
System.out.println("i is not five");
}
}

 The label used with the break statement must be the label for the block in which that labeled
break statement is used.

lab1:
{
int i = 10;
if (i == 10)
break lab1; // Ok. lab1 can be used here
}
lab2:
{
int i = 10;
if (i == 10)
break lab1; //compile error
}

DTTH Page 6
 Java Fundamentals

The continue Statement

 A continue statement can only be used inside the for-loop, while-loop, and do-while
statements.
 There are two forms of the continue Statements:
• Unlabeled continue statement
• Labeled continue statement
 An example of an unlabeled continue statement is
continue;
 An example of a labeled continue statement is
continue label;

When a continue statement is executed inside a for loop, the rest of the statements in the body of the
loop are skipped and the expressions in the expression-list are executed.

Example - print all odd integers between 1 and 10 using a for-loop statement,
for (int i = 1; i < 10; i += 2)
{
System.out.println(i);
}

for(int i=1;i<10;i++)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
Example - print all odd integers between 1 and 10, using a continue statement inside a while
loop
int i =1;
while (i<10)
{
if(i%2==0)
{
i++;
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}
 The main difference in using a continue statement inside a for loop and a while loop is the
place where the control is transferred.
 Inside a for loop, control is transferred to the expression-list, and in a while loop, the control
is transferred to the condition-expression.
 This is why a for-loop statement cannot always be converted to a while-loop statement
without modifying some logic.
 An unlabeled continue statement always continues the innermost for loop, while loop, and do-
while loop.
 If you are using nested loop statements, you need to use a labeled continue statement to
continue in the outer loop.

DTTH Page 7
 Java Fundamentals

Example – Continue for inner loop

for(int i = 1; i <= 3; i++ )
{
System.out.println("i=" + i + " Outer Loop First Statement");
for(int j = 1; j <= 3; j++ )
{
System.out.println("j=" + j +" Inner Loop First
Statement");

if (j==2)
{
continue; // Contiue the inner for loop
}
System.out.println("j=" + j +" Inner Loop Last
Statement");
}
System.out.println("i=" + i + " Outer Loop Last Statement");
}
Output
i=1 Outer Loop First Statement
j=1 Inner Loop First Statement
j=1 Inner Loop Last Statement
j=2 Inner Loop First Statement
j=3 Inner Loop First Statement
j=3 Inner Loop Last Statement
i=1 Outer Loop Last Statement
i=2 Outer Loop First Statement
j=1 Inner Loop First Statement
j=1 Inner Loop Last Statement
j=2 Inner Loop First Statement
j=3 Inner Loop First Statement
j=3 Inner Loop Last Statement
i=2 Outer Loop Last Statement
i=3 Outer Loop First Statement
j=1 Inner Loop First Statement
j=1 Inner Loop Last Statement
j=2 Inner Loop First Statement
j=3 Inner Loop First Statement
j=3 Inner Loop Last Statement
i=3 Outer Loop Last Statement

Example – Continue for outer loop

outer: for(int i = 1; i <= 3; i++ ) Output
{ for(int j = 1; j <= 3; j++ ) 11
{ 21 22
System.out.print(i + "" + j); 31 32 33
System.out.print("\t");

if (i == j)
{
System.out.println();
continue outer; // Contiue outer for loop
}
}
}

DTTH Page 8
 Java Fundamentals

PrimeFactor.java
import java.io.*;
public class PrimeFactor
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
try
{
InputStreamReader ir = new
InputStreamReader(System.in);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(ir);
System.out.println("Enter a number: ");
String str = br.readLine();
int num = Integer.parseInt(str);

int i = 2;
while ( i < num)
{
if ( num % i == 0)
{
System.out.print(i + "*");
num = num / i;
i=2;
continue;
}
i++;
}
System.out.print(" " + num);
}
catch(IOException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
Output
Enter a number:
6
2* 3

DTTH Page 9