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    Lecture 08

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    The document summarizes how computers process data. It explains that a computer has two main components that handle processing: 1) the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the brain of the computer and manipulates data, and 2) memory, which allows the CPU to store and retrieve data quickly. The CPU has a control unit that directs data flow and an arithmetic logic unit that performs calculations. Memory comes in two types - permanent ROM that cannot be changed, and temporary RAM that is used to hold active programs and data.

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    Lecture 08

    Uploaded by

    api-3723265
    128 views3 pages
    The document summarizes how computers process data. It explains that a computer has two main components that handle processing: 1) the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the brain of the computer and manipulates data, and 2) memory, which allows the CPU to store and retrieve data quickly. The CPU has a control unit that directs data flow and an arithmetic logic unit that performs calculations. Memory comes in two types - permanent ROM that cannot be changed, and temporary RAM that is used to hold active programs and data.

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    The document summarizes how computers process data. It explains that a computer has two main components that handle processing: 1) the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the brain of the computer and manipulates data, and 2) memory, which allows the CPU to store and retrieve data quickly. The CPU has a control unit that directs data flow and an arithmetic logic unit that performs calculations. Memory comes in two types - permanent ROM that cannot be changed, and temporary RAM that is used to hold active programs and data.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    128 views3 pages

    Lecture 08

    Uploaded by

    api-3723265
    The document summarizes how computers process data. It explains that a computer has two main components that handle processing: 1) the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the brain of the computer and manipulates data, and 2) memory, which allows the CPU to store and retrieve data quickly. The CPU has a control unit that directs data flow and an arithmetic logic unit that performs calculations. Memory comes in two types - permanent ROM that cannot be changed, and temporary RAM that is used to hold active programs and data.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

    LECTURE 0 8

    HOW A COMPUTER PROCESS DATA

    There are two components that handle processing in a computer.


    i) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
    ii) Memory

    i) The CPU

    The CPU is the brain of the computer, the place where data is
    manipulated. In a microcomputer, the entire CPU is contained on a tiny
    chip called a Microprocessor.
    Every CPU has at least two basic parts.
    a) The Control Unit
    b) The Arithmetic and Logic Unit.

    a) The Control Unit

    All the computers resources are managed from the control unit.
    Control unit works as a traffic cop, directing the flow of data. The
    CPU’s instructions for carrying out commands are built into the
    control unit.

    CPU

    Arithmetic
    And
    Logic unit

    Input Output
    Control Unit
    Devices Devices

    Memory (RAM)

    Storage (Hard Disk)

    1
    INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
    LECTURE 0 8

    b) The Arithmetic And Logic Unit

    As we know that the computer can perform only two types of


    operations, namely arithmetic operation and logical operations.
    Arithmetic includes addition, subtraction, multiplication and
    division. Logical operations include comparison such as
    determining whether one number is equal to, greater than, or less
    than another number. Also every logical operation has an opposite
    e.g. in addition operation “equal to” has “not equal to”.
    Now when the control unit encounters an arithmetical or logical
    instruction, it passes that instruction to the second component of
    the CPU, the arithmetic and logic unit or ALU. The ALU includes a
    group of registers, high-speed memory locations built directly into
    the CPU, that are used to hold the data currently being processed.
    For example the control unit might load two numbers from
    memory into the registers in the ALU, then it might tell the ALU to
    divide the two numbers or to see whether the two numbers are
    equal.
    ii) Memory
    Physically memory consists of chips either on the motherboard or on a
    small circuit board attached to the motherboard. This electronic memory
    allows the CPU to store and retrieve data very quickly.
    There are two types of built in memory permanent and non permanent.
    Some memory chips always retain the data they hold even when the
    computer is turned off. This type of memory is called non-volatile. Other
    chips in a microcomputer do lose their contents when the computer power
    is shut off, these chips have volatile memory.
    a) ROM
    The data in this memory cannot be changed. In fact, putting data
    permanently into this kind of memory is called burning in the data,
    and it is usually done at the factory at the time of manufacturing.
    The data in this chip can only be read it cannot be changed so the
    memory is called read only memory (ROM).
    ROM contains a set of instructions, which ensure that the rest of
    memory is functioning properly, check for hardware devices and
    check for an operating system on the computer’s disk drives.
    b) RAM
    The purpose of Random Access Memory (RAM) is to hold
    programs and data while they are in use. Physically RAM consists
    of some chips on a small circuit board. This memory has the
    capability to access each byte of data directly. This memory will be

    2
    INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
    LECTURE 0 8

    available till our computer is on. If we shutdown our computer the


    data In this memory will be lost.
    RAM Technologies
    Many advancement in RAM technology have been made over the
    years. The following are the major types of RAM used in PC
    computers.
    • First Page Mode (FPM) RAM
    FPM RAM is the oldest and least sophisticated type of RAM, Its
    still used in many PC’s available today.
    • Extended Data Output (EDO) RAM
    EDO RAM is faster than FPM RAM and is commonly found in the
    fastest computers.

    • Burst Extended Data Output (BEDO) RAM


    BEDO RAM is very fast RAM and is supported by a limited
    number of CPU’s manufactured by VIA.
    • Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
    SDRAM delivers burst of data at very high speeds (up to 100 MHz),
    which provide more data to CPU at given time than older RAM
    technologies. SDRAM is supported by popular type of RAM on the
    market today.

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