REPORT: DIGITAL ELECTRONIC

TITLE: PRACTICE ON EXCLUSIVE OR AND EXCLUSIVE NOR

INTRODUCTION:

WHAT IS BASIC LOGIC GATE?

A semiconductor material’s electrical conductivity is somewhere between that of a

conductor, such as metallic copper, and that of an insulator, such as glass. As the
temperature rises, its resistivity reduces, whereas metals have the opposite effect.
The conductivity of a crystal structure can be modified in a favorable way by
introducing impurities (doping) to it. When two separate doped regions in the same
crystal exist, a semiconductor junction is generated. The behavior of charge
carriers such as electrons, ions, and electron holes at these junctions is the
foundation of diodes, transistors, and most modern electronics.

Semiconductors include silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, and elements on the

periodic table’s so-called metalloid staircase. After silicon, gallium arsenide is the
second most common semiconductor, and it’s used in laser diodes, solar cells,
microwave-frequency integrated circuits, and other things. Silicon is a critical
component in the manufacture of nearly all electrical circuits.

LOGIC GATE

A logic gate is a simple switching circuit that determines whether an input pulse can
pass through to the output in digital circuits. There are three elementary logic gates
and range of other simple gates.Each gate has their own logic symbol that allow
complex function to be represent by a logic gate,the function of each gate can be
represent by a truth table or using BOOLEAN NOTATION.

BOOLEAN ALGEBRA

Boolean algebra is a type of logical algebra in which symbols represent logic

levels. 
The digits(or symbols) 1 and 0 are related to the logic levels in this algebra; in
electrical circuits, logic 1 will represent a closed switch, a high voltage, or a
device’s “on” state. An open switch, low voltage, or “off” state of the device will be
represented by logic 0. At any one time, a digital device will be in one of these
two binary situations. A light bulb can be used to demonstrate the operation
of a logic gate. When logic 0 is supplied to the switch, it is turned off, and the
bulb does not light up. The switch is in an ON state when logic 1 is applied,
and the bulb would light up. In integrated circuits (IC), logic gates are widely
employed.

TYPES OF LOGIC GATES

1. AND GATE

An AND gate has a single output and two or more inputs.

 When all of the inputs are 1, the output of this gate is 1.
 The AND gate’s Boolean logic is Y=A.B if there are two inputs A
and B.

2. OR GATE
Two or more inputs and one output can be used in an OR gate.
 The logic of this gate is that if at least one of the inputs is 1, the
output will be 1.
 The OR gate’s output will be given by the following mathematical
procedure if there are two inputs A and B: Y=A+B

3. NOT GATE

The NOT gate is a basic one-input, one-output gate.

 When the input is 1, the output is 0, and vice versa. A NOT gate is
sometimes called an inverter because of its feature.
 If there is only one input A, the output may be calculated using the
Boolean equation Y=A’.
 4. NOR GATE

A NOR gate, sometimes known as a “NOT-OR” gate, consists of an OR gate

followed by a NOT gate.
 This gate’s output is 1 only when all of its inputs are 0. Alternatively,
when all of the inputs are low, the output is high.
 The Boolean statement for the NOR gate is Y=(A+B)’ if there are
two inputs A and B.

5. NAND GATE

A NAND gate, sometimes known as a ‘NOT-AND’ gate, is essentially a Not

gate followed by an AND gate.
 This gate’s output is 0 only if none of the inputs is 0. Alternatively,
when all of the inputs are not high and at least one is low, the
output is high.
 If there are two inputs A and B, the Boolean expression for the
NAND gate is Y=(A.B)
MATERIAL ,TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT:

1. Trainer Digital Electronic

2. Long Nose Plier
3. Jumper Wire
4. Wire Stripper
5. Breadboard
6. Led
7. Datasheet IC
8. IC : (74LS32,73LS08,74L04,74LS02,74LS00)
9. Tweezer
10.Electronics Workbench

PROCEDURE

1. Firstly,we have to know which logic gate and what type of ic we going to use
for the experiment.This is because to avoid our experiment get wrong result
and experiment failure.
2. We set the tools,equipment and materials that mentioned above.Make sure
we use the correct tools to avoid the component or ic’s pin broken.
 3. We placed the ic according to the diagram from question paper or worksheet
and label the connection to avoid confusion.The ic connect to the
beardboard.
4. We connect the breadboard to trainer digital electronic and set the voltage of
5V to the pin 14 or Vcc and the gnd or pin 7 connect to the ground.
5. We used the pin 1 and 2 as a output and record the results.
6. We repeated the same method for the next ic and other logic gates.

Experiment 1:EXCLUSIVE-OR GATE (XOR)

PROCEDURE:

1. We insert one ic (74LS32) OR gate, 74LS08 AND gate and 74LS04 NOT
gate in the logic lab breadboard.
2. We have applied as same as diagram below shows.
3. We connect the Vcc pin to the +5V in the trainer digital electronic and Gnd
pin to the gnd in the trainer digital electronic.

4. We set the data switches according to the table below.

DATA:
 Inputs Output

SW2=B SW1=A L1=Y

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Boolean equation:Y= A B

=A’B + AB’

Analysis:
1)Y= A B 2)Y= A B 3)Y= A B 4)Y= A B
=A’.B+A.B’ =A’.B+A.B’ =A’.B+A.B’ =A’.B+A.B’
=0+0 =0+1 =1+0 =1+1
=0 =1 =1 =0

DISCUSSION:
 We connected the wire jumper to all gnd wire and accidentally insert into
Vcc. So the current flow through Vcc and not gnd,this may cause the light
or the output is on when the inputs were off.
Experiment 2:EXCLUSIVE-NOR GATE(XNOR)

PROCEDURE:
1. We insert one ic(74LS32) quad 2 input OR gate,74LS08 (AND GATE) and
74LS04(NOT GATE) in the breadboard.
2. We have placed the ic as same the diagram below.
3. We connect the Vcc pin to the +5V in the trainer digital electronic and Gnd
pin to the gnd in the trainer digital electronic.
4. We set the data according to the table below.
DATA
Inputs Output

SW2 =A SW1 =B L1=Y

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Boolean equation:Y= A ⊕B
=A’.B’+A.B

B
Y

Analysis:

1)Y=A’B’+A.B 2)Y= A’B’+A.B 3)Y= A’B’+A.B 4)Y= A’B’+A.B

=0’.0’+0.0 = 0’.1’+0.1 = 1’.0’+ 1.0 =1’.1’+1.1

 =1.1+0.0 = 1.0+0.1 =0.1+1.0 =0.0+1.1

=1 =0 =0 =1

DISCUSSION:

 We have connected the wire jumper to all gnd and Vcc from the 3

IC ,connected to the power supply or trainer digital electronic. The

Vcc was connected to positive terminal of +5V and the gnd was
connected to the gnd .The current flow through IC, then we did as
the data table shows which switch off the both switches and the
lamp is function.
USE THE RULES OF KARNAUGH MAPPING
Experiment 3:

PROCEDURE:
Simplify a three-variable Boolean expression using a Karnaugh mapping.

C’ C

A’B’
1 1

A’B
0 0

AB
0 1

AB’ 1 1

Boolean Equation : Y = AC + B’

Y = A’B’C’ + A’B’C + AB’C’ + AB’C + ABC

=A’B’C’ + A’B’C + AB’C’ +AB’C
=B’

Y=ABC + AB’C
 =AC
Y = AC + B’

DRAW THE LOGIC GATE OF QUESTION 2.

SW 1
1 3

2 1
3

2
SW 2
1 2

SW 3
PROCEDURE :

1. We insert one 74LS32 OR gate, 74LS08 AND gate and 74LS04 NOT gate in
the logic lab breadboard.
2. We have constructed the circuit of question 3.
3. We connected the Vcc and gnd pin referring to the IC pin data sheet.
4. We observed and recorded the data in the table.
 DATA:
INPUTS OUTPUT

SW 1 = A SW 2 = B SW 3 = C L1 = Y

0 0 0 1

0 0 1 1

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 0 1

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1

DRAW THE OUTPUT WAVEFORM(INPUT AND OUTPUT FUNCTIONING)

[SIGNAL]

ANALYSIS :
1.Y = AC + B’ 2. Y = AC + B’ 3.Y = AC + B’ 4.Y = AC + B’
=0.0 + 0’ =0.1 + 0’ =0.0 + 1’ =0.1 + 1’
=0.0 + 1 =0.1 + 1 =0.0 + 0 =0.1 + 0
=1 =1 =0 =0

5.Y = AC + B’ 6.Y = AC + B’ 7.Y = AC + B’ 8.Y = AC + B’

=1.0 + 0’ =1.1 + 0’ =1.0 + 1’ =1.1 + 1’
=1.0 + 1 =1.1 + 1 =1.0 + 0 =1.1 + 0
=1 =1 =0 =1

DISCUSSION :

 We connected the Vcc to positive 5V and gnd to the gnd in the trainer digital
electronics.In this experiment had three input,so we connected the switches
according to the table.For the switch 1 and 3,we accidentally exchanged the
position so the result was not same as the table. We removed the switches
and changed the position correctly. The result are same as the table and we
have proven by the analisis and also by the experiment.

EXPERIMENT 2 :

PROCEDURE :

1.Simplify a four-variable Boolean expression using Karnaugh map:

C’D’ C’D CD CD’

A’B’

A’B
 0 1 1 0

0 1 1 1

0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0

BOOLEAN EQUATION : Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’

Y = A’B’C’D + A’B’CD + A’BC’D + A’BCD Y = A’BCD + A’BCD’

=A’B’D + A’B’D + A’BD + A’BC = A’BC
=A’D

Y = AB’C’D’

Y= A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’

 DRAW THE LOGIC CIRCUIT OF QUESTION 2.

4.We insert one 74LS32 OR gate,74LS08 AND gate and 74LS04 NOT gate in
the logic lab breadboard.

5.We connected the Vcc to the positive 5V and gnd to the gnd.

6.We observed and recorder the results.

Inputs Output

SW 1 =A SW 2=B SW 3=C SW 4=D L1 = Y

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1

0 0 1 0 0

0 0 1 1 1
 0 1 0 0 0

0 1 0 1 1

0 1 1 0 1

0 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 1 0 0

1 0 1 1 0

1 1 0 0 0

1 1 0 1 0

1 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 0

Y
ANALYSIS :

1.Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’ 2. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’ 3. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’
=0’.0+0’.0.0+0.0’.0’.0’ =0’1+0’.0.0+0.0’.0’.1’ =0’.0+0’.0.1+0.0’.1’.0’
=1.0+1.0.0+0.1.1.1 =1.1+1.0.0+0.1.1.0 =1.0.+1.0.1+0.1.0.1
=0 =1 =0

4. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’ 5. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’ 6. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’

=0’.1+0’.0.1+0.0’.1’.1’ =0’.0+0’.1.0+0.1’.0’.0’ =0’.1+0’.1.0+0.1’.0’.1’
=1.1+1.0.1+0.1.0.0 =1.0+1.1.0+0.0.1.1 =1.1+1.1.0+0.0.1.0
=1 =0 =1

7. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’ 8. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’ 9. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’

=0’.0+0’.1.1+0.1’.1’.0’ =0’.1+0’.1.1+0.1’.1’.1’ =1’.0+1’.0.0+1.0’.0’.0’
=1.0+1.1.1+0.0.0.1 =1.1+1.1.1+0.0.0.0 =0.0+0.0.0+1.1.1.1
=1 =1 =1

10. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’ 11. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’

=1’.1+1’.0.0+1.0’.0’.1’ =1’.0+1’.0.1+1.0’.1’.0’
=0.1+0.0.0+1.1.1.0 =0.0+0.0.1+1.1.0.1
=0 =0

12. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’ 13. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’

=1’.1+1’.0.1+1.0’.1’.1’ =1’.0+1’.1.0+1.1’.0’.0’
=0.1+0.0.1+1.1.0.0 =0.0+0.1.0+1.0.1.1
 =0 =0

14. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’ 15. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’

=1’.1+1’.1.0+1.1’.0’.1 =1’.0+1’.1.1+1.1’.1’.0’
=0.1+0.1.0+1.0.1.1 =0.0+0.1.1+1.0.0.1
=0 =0

16. Y =A’D + A’BC +AB’C’D’

=1’.1+1’.1.1+1.1’.1’.1’
=0.1+0.1.1+1.0.0.0
=0

DISCUSSION :

 We connected the Vcc to the positive 5V and gnd to the gnd in the trainer
digital electronics. In this experiment had four input so we connected the
switches according to the table. We checked the connection for multiple times
to avoid mistake happen.

CONCLUSION
Based on the experiment, the connections are important because the wrong
connection cause damage to the IC and incorrect data. So we should check multiple
times after we switch on the trainer digital electronic. This may teach us how to
connect the wire jumper correctly and identify the mistake or wrong connection
through the IC. Before start the experiment, label the IC pins in the worksheet so it is
will be helpful for us to start the experiment and it make us to apply on breadboard.