TASK 1.

Drag the words into the correct boxes: ENJOYED // KNOW // WERE // THOUGHT

Dear Kim,

Thanks a lot for a great weekend. We really (1)_____ ourselves.

Eric and I (2)_____ talking about thew upcoming summer vacation. We it might be nice to
go camping in Arizona for a couple of weeks. Are you guys interested? Let me if you are
and we can talk more about dates.

See you soon. Thanks again.

Love

Angie

TASK 1.2

Drag the words into the correct boxes: FAVOURITE // HAVING // GET // WRITING // GREAT //
TOO

Dear Joan,

Thanks for the great day. I really had a (1) ____ time with you and your family.

Your dad is a fantastic guitar player and he played all of my (2) ____ songs.

I'm (3) ____ this email at work because I couldn’t stop thinking about how much fun I had.

I'm planning on (4) ____a barbecue at my house in a few weeks and I'd like it if you and your
family come.

I'd better stop day dreaming and (5) ____ back to work.

Thanks again and see you soon,

Karen
TASK 1.3

Drag the words into the correct boxes: HOPE // GRADUATION // NEED // NAME

Dear Jamie,

The plans are almost ready for Kay’s (1) ____party. The balloons have been delivered and they
are wonderful! They spell out her (2) ____ and the man said that they will last for a long time.
The cakes are being made as we speak. I (3) ____ they taste as delicious as they look. One
looks like a graduation hat and the other looks like a book. Now, all I (4) ____ you to do is bring
the plates and cups. Is that ok?

Cheers,

Michelle

TASK 2.1

Put the following sentences in order.

1. The principal announced during first-period, that the big yearbook signing party would
begin at 12 noon before lunch.
2. The line stretched from the cafeteria to the administration office.
3. By the time I got my yearbook first period had already begun, but it was well worth the
wait.
4. By the time the bell rang at 3:30 to go home I had 200 signatures in my yearbook.
5. I arrived early to make sure I got my yearbook before first period.
6. The last day of school was filled with excitement and fear.
7. Once I got my year book I raced to my first period class.

TASK 2.2

Put the following sentences in the correct order.

1. Tina goes to bed after dinner, she had such a busy day.
2. After a long day it 's finally time for dinner and Tina has an apple for dessert.
3. Tina has a very busy day over at the Zoo. Early in the morning, the zoo keepers feed
her sweet potatoes and bamboo.
4. Then she naps under her favorite tree, and when she wakes up, she plays a game of
tag with her brother Ling.
5. After breakfast, she exercises by climbing trees. By lunch time, Tina swings in a tree
swing
TASK 2.3

Put the following sentences in order.

1. Let's see the replay. She comes around and grabs her leg, and down she goes.
2. Love seems to be unstoppable today. The rest of the runners are fighting to keep up.
3. The next day, the doctors said she has a fractured toe, and will be unable to run for the
rest of the season.
4. It looks like she may have a serious injury.
5. She collapses to the ground. It looks like the paramedics are rushing out to the track.
6. Ready, Set, Go! The race is under way. It looks like Sandra Love is in the lead and there
seems to be a fight for second and third place.
7. I don't think she'll be able to run in the next race.

TASK 2.4

The sentences below are from a biography. Order the sentences to make a story. The first
sentence of the story is an example.

1. Audrey Hepburn was born in Brussels in 1929.

2. Following her successful acting career, she dedicated herself to humanitarian work.
3. Although her career had begun in London, she became famous when she starred in the
American film, "Roman Holiday".
4. After travelling to many countries to help poor children, she was diagnosed with
cancer and passed away.
5. As a child, she grew up in Belgium, England and the Netherlands.
6. As a result, she won an Oscar, a BAFTA, and Golden Globe for the same performance.

TASK 2.5

The sentences below are from some directions. Put the sentences in the right order. The first
sentence is done for you.

1. The process begins in the spring when a suitable temperature between -2 and +4
degrees Celsius is reached.
2. Upon collection of sap, the syrup is boiled at 230 degrees Celsius.
3. After this, it is then filtered to remove any impurities and sorted by colour.
4. These conditions allow water and nutrients to be absorbed by trees in the night.
5. In order for the liquid, called sap, to flow from the trees in the day, employees must
tap the trees.
6. Following categorization, it is bottled and ready to be consumed.

TASK 2.6

The sentences below are from a biography. Order the sentences to make a story. The first
sentence of the story is an example.

1. This report gives information regarding public transportation in the city.

2. They all agreed that there is not enough service in morning rush hour.
3. If we do this, we will have more satisfied customers.
4. We interviewed 1000 citizens who take the bus at least 5 days a week.
 5. Additionally, they said that the busses are too crowded.
6. This is why we believe we must add more vehicles to busy routes.

TASK 2.7

The sentences below are from some directions. Put the sentences in the right order. The first
sentence is done for you.

1. If you are visiting our Bed and Breakfast for the first time, please read the instructions
carefully.
2. Then, she will give you the key and show you around the apartment.
3. Before you check out, please leave the key in the mailbox.
4. At this time, you can also ask her any questions about things to do in the area.
5. During your stay, you can use any of the flat’s amenities at your leisure.
6. Jessica, our host, will greet you on arrival.

TASK 2.8

The sentences below are from a set of directions in a guide book. Order the sentences. The
first sentence is an example.

1. When you exit the front door, make a right and walk towards the lake.
2. On your left, there is a yellow tourist information booth.
3. While you are walking towards the water, you will notice several large skyscrapers.
4. These buildings have been used in several famous movies.
5. After you pass through this urban scenery, you will arrive at the port.
6. There, you can purchase a ticket for a scenic boat cruise.

TASK 2.9

The sentences below are from the beginning of a story. Order the sentences. The first sentence
is an example.

1. It was a beautiful summer morning.

2. The birds were chirping and the sun was shining.
3. Despite these ideal conditions, Natalia felt uneasy.
4. Then, she ripped open the letter to find out her fate.
5. It was the day she would receive her final high school grades by post.
6. As soon as the postal worker dropped off the mail, Nat ran to the mailbox.

TASK 2.10

The sentences below are from the beginning of a story ("John’s Day"). Order the sentences.
The first sentence is an example.

1. It was early in the morning when the alarm rang.

 2. After he washed his face and got dressed, he went to the kitchen.
3. John was used to waking up at this time, but today he felt tired.
4. The sentences below are from a set of directions in a guide book. Order the sentences.
The first sentence is an example.
5. Instead, he packed an apple for breakfast in his bag and left for school.
6. His mom had made his favourite – scrambled eggs, but he was too nervous to eat.

TASK 2.11

The sentences below are from a biography ("Lady Gaga"). Order the sentences. The first
sentence is an example.

1. Lady Gaga was born in New York City in 1986.

2. Since then, she has released six successful albums.
3. However, her name at birth was Stefani Germanotta.
4. Despite being dropped from her first record label as a teen, she did not give up.
5. As a child, she was passionate about pursuing a career in music.
6. As a result, Lady Gaga has been nominated and won numerous awards

TASK 3.1

The FIFA World Cup.

0.The FIFA World Cup is a highly-anticipated international sporting event that happens every
four years. International football players, or soccer as it is called in North America, spend their
whole careers training for the opportunity to represent their country. Even citizens who are
not the biggest sports fans proudly wear their national colours to cheer on their team. It is
quite difficult not to be swept up in the excitement.

1.The inaugural competition was held in Uruguay in 1930. However, it was far smaller than
present day. Firstly, only thirteen teams participated, with the majority of those being from
South America. Moreover, all matches were held in the capital, Montevideo, across the city's
three stadiums. While two of these existed prior to the event, they could only accommodate
10,000 to 20,000 people. Due to this, a third, Estadio Centenario, was built for an audience of
4.5 times the capacity of its predecessors. The tournament culminated in a heated final
between the host country and Argentina in front of 68,000 live supporters. On home soil,
Uruguay become the first World Cup champion.

2.The World Cup looks quite different today. Most remarkably, it has expanded to include a
thirty-two-team roster, representing all continents. Given this vast increase in participants, it is
unrealistic for all matches to be held in a singular city. The past two tournaments, in Brazil and
Russia respectively, saw the inclusion of twelve different stadiums, often thousands of miles
apart from one another. What's more is the size of these venues. Official regulations do not
permit the grounds to hold less than 45,000 fans. Unlike its modest origin, the event is widely
watched and looked forward to by billions of people worldwide. During the most recent games
in Russia 2018, it is estimated that the final match between France and Croatia drew in over a
billion viewers.

3.The tourney has seen participants from every corner of the globe. It has been hosted in 17
different countries on four different continents. The organization embraced its first
appearance in Africa in South Africa in 2010, while Qatar is set to become the first Middle-
Eastern country to host the tournament in 2022. Under some circumstances, joint countries
may co-host as Japan and South Korea did in 2002, and United States, Canada and Mexico will
in 2026. There have also been some notable guests along the way. For instance, the world's
smallest nation to join in on the fun was Iceland, a nation with only 300,000 inhabitants.

4.What would sports be without superlatives? Brazil is the current title holder for most World
Cups, with a grand total of 5. This South American nation is also the only country to have
participated in every single tournament since its inception. If coming in second place had an
awards category, Germany would take the lead with eight appearances in the finals, only
having won 50% of those matches. Some other important achievements include performances
by great athletes including Brazil's Pele, who won the most World Cup trophies by a single
player, and Argentina's Maradona, who had the most appearances as a captain.

5.Hosting the event is meant to have several financial benefits, including a boost of tourism
and the creation of jobs in the industrial and service sectors. However, economic waste can
follow soon after. Let's consider the 2014 games as an example, where Brazil spent nearly $15
billion on developing infrastructure. Shortly after the event, it was reported that several of the
multi-million-dollar stadiums were shut down due to poor construction or have been
repurposed as parking lots or unsuccessful party locations. Likewise, poor planning of stadium
placement has also caused venues in the Amazon region to sit vacant without the possibility of
local teams or musical artists to use them.

6.Although Qatar has learned from Brazil's infrastructure problem, and vows to donate parts of
their unused stadiums to developing countries after the event, the Middle Eastern nation has
experienced its own share of criticism. Boiling temperatures reaching 45 degrees Celsius have
been the reason for the shift of the traditionally summer-based tournament to a winter one
for the first time in history. From a tourism perspective, guests will have to get used to the
absence of readily-available alcoholic beverages and fewer attractions than in previous host
nations. Furthermore, several human rights complaints such as the treatment of migrant
workers, the illegal status of homosexuality and its political disconnection to other Middle
Eastern nations are also areas of concern.

7.The issues in Qatar only scratch the surface of what is to come. In 2026, the tournament
format will increase from 32 to 48 teams. This modification will help to diversify the event,
granting countries who may not have otherwise qualified the chance to participate.
Additionally, as the world continues to grow and change, FIFA should continue to focus more
efforts to make the games more sustainable and ethical.

There is one heading that you will not use.

 A. OVERALL ENTHUSIAMS
B. INCLUSIVITY OF NATIONS
C. CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES
D. THE TOURNAMENT IN MODERN DAY
E. RECORD HOLDERS
F. ECONOMIC STRAIN
G. UN UNCERTAIN SITUATION
H. THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD CUP
I. HUMBLE BEGINNINGS

TASK 3.2

Pizza: Everything you need to know.

0.When you think of pizza, you probably envision a circular pie with tomato sauce, cheese and
pepperoni. However, this wasn’t always the form it took. There are references to a bread
served with toppings such as cheese and mushrooms dating back to ancient Greece and Rome.
A mention of this meal is even mentioned in Virgil’s literary classic, The Aeneid, where the men
feast on vegetable-topped bread.

1.Although people have been enjoying a version of pizza since ancient times, modern pizza has
its beginnings in Naples, Italy, dating back to the 18th century. Many people lived in poverty
and needed food that was inexpensive to prepare and quick to consume. Tomatoes were a
new commodity to Europe, and they were a cheap topping to add on to oven-baked flatbread.
Other ingredients included lard, garlic and horse cheese. Due to the population’s on-the-go
lifestyle, this food was often sold in the streets and eaten standing up.

2.Despite this dish being associated with the lower class, a shift in opinion occurred with King
Umberto I and Queen Margherita visited the city in 1889. The pair were given an assortment of
pizzas to try, but the one that won the Queen over included basil, mozzarella and tomato
sauce. She loved it so much that they named the pizza after her- the Margherita. Asides from
the delicious combination of flavours, the colours on the pizza represent the green, white and
red of the Italian flag. Shortly after the royal couple tried this regional specialty, it became a
national dish.

3.Furthermore, Italian immigrants took this recipe with them to the United States of America
in the 20th century. The first pizzeria was said to have opened up in New York in 1905, fewer
than 20 years after its fame in Italy. Similar restaurants in Italian-American communities began
to pop up shortly after. However, the craving for pizza did not stop there. When American
soldiers returned home from World War II, they desired the taste of the European delicacy
they had become accustomed to while abroad. Soon, restaurants all over the nation were
offering pizza on their menus.

4.As the world became more globalized, a variety of changes to suit local tastes were
introduced, much to the disapproval of the original Neapolitan founders. Moving away from
the traditional shape is Chicago’s deep-dish style pizza. This dish resembles a pie, where
ingredients are layered in a cake pan and baked for over 30 minutes. Some of these
modifications have become internationally recognized. The infamous Hawaiian style pizza,
topped with pineapple and ham, was actually invented by a Greek-immigrant in Canada in the
1960s as a unique measure to attract more customers.

5.In addition to its ingredients, pizza also adapted to modern society. Chain restaurants, such
as Pizza Hut and Dominos, began in the early 1960s and have spread around the world. The
latter is even associated with the popularization of pizza delivery. It’s no surprise that today,
Dominos operates in over 90 countries around the world. Concurrently, the invention of frozen
pizza made its debut around this time. Consumers were now able to purchase a box of ready-
made pizza from their local supermarket and heat it up at home at their leisure and
convenience.

6.The admiration for pizza did not stop in people’s stomachs. Like its mention in classical
literature, it even made it onto the big screen. Who could forget Julia Roberts in Eat, Pray, Love
when she tastes pizza in Naples and professes her love for it? Even fictional characters, like the
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles were also quite fond of this meal.

7.Today, its popularity is undisputed and you can find pizza all over the world. While ordering
pineapple on a pizza will be met with disgust in Italy, Naples is making an effort to maintain the
original form’s authenticity. In an effort to preserve the sanctity of its beloved dish, Italy has
passed some laws claiming what truly qualifies as a Neapolitan pizza. This legislation
specifically outlines the type of ingredients, oven and temperatures used to make the dish.
Despite this, regional pizzas such as the thin-crust version in the Apulian region, or the square-
cut Roman style are still allowed to exist without protest.

There is one heading that you will not use.

A. ANCIENT VERSIONS
B. PROTECTING A LEGACY
C. MODERN ORIGINS
D. INTERNATIONAL EXPANSION
E. PIZZA IN POP CULTURE
F. IMPORTANT INGREDIENTS
G. FLAVOUR MODIFICATIONS
H. CHANGED PERSPECTIVES
I. CONVENIENT INNOVATIONS

TASK 3.3

The Inuit

0. The Inuit, a tribe of Indigenous people that reside in the north of Canada, are represented
by a population of nearly 65,000 people throughout the country. Despite being grouped
together into one demonym, there are actually eight distinct ethnic groups of Inuit people
living in Canada alone. Their language, Inuktitut, also has several regional variations.
1. It is estimated that three quarters of the Inuit live in Canada’s Arctic regions, with fifty
percent living in Nunavut, Canada’s biggest and newest territory. At almost 1.8 million
kilometers squared, Nunavut is roughly the size of its neighbouring region, Greenland, but with
half of the population density. Despite sharing land borders with three other Canadian
provinces and one territory, there are no roads leading in or out. It is even home to one of the
most remote communities on Earth: Alert, Nunavut. As it is less than 1000 km south of the
North Pole, this unique location experiences extreme cold temperatures as well as round the
clock darkness or light at each respective solstice.

2. As the Arctic conditions do not allow for agricultural success, the Inuit used to be hunter
gatherers. As they travelled from place to place in search of food, these nomadic people would
stay in igloos, or domed-shaped snow houses, for temporary refuge. Whales were their
primary target on these hunts, as whale meat would allow these populations to sustain
themselves for months. Moreover, ots oil and blubber would serve other purposes, such as
providing fuel or the manufacturing of products. When the opportunity arose, they would also
hunt caribou, otherwise known as a reindeer. These animals also gave the Inuit valuable fur
and skins, which would be made into clothing.

3. Today, life looks quite different from that of their ancestors. The development of technology
has also helped the Inuit have access to farming and agriculture. In 2014, a group of students
from Ryerson University in Toronto piloted a project in the village of Naujatt to provide fresh
produce for the area. A high-tech greenhouse was installed which maintains a temperature
that is suitable for the cultivation of vegetables such as lettuce varieties, potatoes, legumes
and so on. The project has been well-received by the community and plans for more of these
greenhouses are in the works.

4. Nevertheless, life is not the easiest for the Inuit. Their geographic isolation negatively
impacts their quality of life. Regardless of the small triumph of having ‘locally-grown’
agriculture, necessities such as milk and bread still have to travel thousands of kilometres
before reaching an Inuit home. On average, they are still above 50% higher in price than that in
the more populated provinces. A relatively high cost of living means that many of the residents
of the territory are food insecure, which is ultimately connected to a vast array of health
problems in these northern Indigenous communities.

5. It is also worth noting that the climate change is the biggest challenge of all. As many Inuit
still use outdoor freezers to store meat, the thawing of ice means an increase of spoiled food.
Rising sea levels have also been associated with more mercury in the water, which is trickled
up the food chain into humans. Asides from this, global warming also poses a threat to
infrastructure. As many buildings were built on partially frozen land, or permafrost, rising
temperatures may cause their foundations to become structurally unstable.

6. From a traditional standpoint, this phenomenon also poses a threat to a rich Inuit history.
Though it may not be a necessity for life anymore, many parents still try to show their children
the ways of their ancestors. Disappearing ice means more dangerous conditions for hunting,
with an increased number of experienced locals falling through the ice and drowning each
year. By not being able to pass on these techniques to future generations, the Inuit will lose a
unique part of their identity.
7. Some may argue that melting sea levels would bring more economic activity to the area.
However, these prospects come with potentially damaging side effects. With more waterways,
the tourism industry has a chance to flourish by offering cruises that would bring Canadians up
north to see the Inuit way of life. An increase in cruise ships can negatively affect the
ecosystems that the Inuit rely on. Moreover, there is the possibility of nearly irreversible
pollution in the form of oil spills or illegal dumping from the cruise liner itself. There is no
doubt that the Inuit will have to act on their changing environment, but it is vital to think about
the consequences.

There is one heading that you will not use.

A. WHO THE INUIT ARE

B. THE COST OF OPPORTUNITIES
C. HARDSHIPS UP NORTH
D. A DAY IN THE LIFE
E. POTENTIAL LOSSES
F. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
G. THE TRADITIONAL WAY OF LIFE
H. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
I. SUCCESS STORIES

TASK 3.4

The Mediterranean Sea

0. In its 2.5 million squared kilometre span, the Mediterranean Sea touches 3 different
continents. In fact, 21 countries share a border with this large body of water. Despite being
subdivided into fourteen smaller seas, including the Adriatic, Aegean and Ionian, the
Mediterranean is characterized by a typical climate that boasts mild winters and hot summers.
The former tends to be accompanied with precipitation, while the latter could be dry or humid
depending on the specific location.

1. Due to its connections to a plethora of different lands, the Mediterranean was a central
route for trade. Not only were goods such as food products, gold and textiles transferred
between and beyond ports, but cultural exchanges also occurred. To name a few, Greeks,
Romans, Persians, and Ottomans all had their turn in controlling the area and this influence
was expanded when trade extended to Asian countries along the Silk Road and Spice Routes.
Each of these ethnic groups played an essential role in the development of Western History
and the shaping of the region’s nations as we know them in modern day.

2. As a result of these mixing cultures, a common language was needed to conduct business
between the merchants and travellers in the region. For this reason, Sabir, became the Lingua
Franca of the region until the 19th century. That is to say, this pidgin language was a mix of the
Latin-based tongues with fusions of North-African, Turkish and Greek influences, simplified in a
way that people from several linguistic backgrounds were able to communicate. In spite of its
abridged linguistic construction, Sabir lost its traction as respective countries began gaining
more power. Today, about thirteen official languages are spoken in the area with relatively
limited similarities.

3. Nevertheless, a cultural likeness in cuisine does permeate the region. While you may have
heard the term, “Mediterranean Diet”, there is not a clear-cut definition of what this precisely
means. Generally speaking, those who inhabit the area tend to promote a plant-based
lifestyle. Instead of consuming a high proportion of red meat, they tend to incorporate a few
doses of leaner options such as fish, chicken, or eggs. Unprocessed foods like fruits, veggies
and legumes, as well as whole grains accompany these sources of protein. Of course, no
Mediterranean meal is complete without a healthy fat, like their famous olive oil.

4. It’s not surprise that the World Health Organization recommends this lifestyle to help
prevent chronic illnesses and increase lifespans. The emphasis placed on seasonal foods
removes the need for processed chow. What’s more is its lack of restrictions. Bread and fats,
albeit not trans or saturated ones, are welcomed in moderation. Additionally, unlike other
diets, this one does not promote harmful behaviours such as calorie counting.

5. Beyond the exportation of the Mediterranean way of life, tourists flock to experience it first-
hand. Having over 45,000 kilometres of breathtaking coast, millions of people visit each year.
The region is home to hundreds of islands, ranging in size from the large and well-known
Italian provinces of Sicily and Sardinia, to the miniscule isles of Greece. While high summer
temperatures entice crowds of sunbathers, the vast array of cultural activities attract those
looking to experience some of the region’s history. Likewise, tourism is vital for locals, as they
heavily rely on this industry. Without it, their livelihood would be severely impacted.

6. Notwithstanding the allure of this vacation destination, human intervention is certainly

taking a toll on the landscape. The overdevelopment of the Mediterranean seaside for tourism
is causing the decline of biodiversity and natural coastlines. Moreover, increased pollution
from cruise ships and land-based activities is quickening this process. Another major concern is
overfishing. It is estimated that the majority of natural sea species in the area are heavily
threatened.

7. Additionally, a humanitarian issue has become prominent in news articles regarding the
Mediterranean at the present time. Dubbed a graveyard by Malta’s Prime Minister, the sea has
become notorious for the deaths of many individuals. Many migrants from Africa and the
Middle East trying to reach Europe have been the victims of the sea’s rough waters, enduring
awful conditions and capsized ships. Whether this situation is a result of reforms to European
immigration policies or not, it has gained momentum and the call for change and responsibility
is widely debated among Mediterranean nations.