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Python CheatSheet

This document provides an overview of the Python programming language, outlining its core concepts like variables, data types, operators, conditionals, loops, functions, classes and objects, error handling, file I/O, and built-in functions. It describes fundamental elements like variables, data types, operators, and control flow statements. It also covers more advanced topics such as classes, exceptions, modules, file handling, and object-oriented programming concepts.

Uploaded by

Sutanu Haldar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views

Python CheatSheet

This document provides an overview of the Python programming language, outlining its core concepts like variables, data types, operators, conditionals, loops, functions, classes and objects, error handling, file I/O, and built-in functions. It describes fundamental elements like variables, data types, operators, and control flow statements. It also covers more advanced topics such as classes, exceptions, modules, file handling, and object-oriented programming concepts.

Uploaded by

Sutanu Haldar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 Python

 Ultimate Guide 

 Fundamentals

 Variables: x = 5
┣ 

 Print: print("Hello, World!")


┣ 

 Comments:
┣ 

┣ Single-line: # Comment

┗ Multi-line: '''Comment'''

 Data Types

 Primitive:
┣ 

┣ String: "Hello"

┣ Integer: 42

┣ Float: 3.14

┗ Boolean: True

 Collections:
┣ 

┣ List: [1, 2, 3]

┣ Tuple: (1, 2, 3)

┣ Set: {1, 2, 3}

┗ Dictionary: {"key": "value"}

 Operators

 Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, //, %, **
┣ 

 Comparison: ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=


┣ 

 Logical: and, or, not


┣ 

 Membership: in, not in


┣ 

 Identity: is, is not


┗ 


 Conditionals

 I: i x > y:
┣ 

 Eli: eli x < y:


┣ 

 Else: else:
┗ 

 Loops

 For: or x in range(5):
┣ 

 While: while x < 5:


┣ 

 Break: break
┣ 

 Continue: continue
┗ 

 Functions

 Dening: de my_unction():
┣ 

 Calling: my_unction()
┣ 

 Deault parameters: de unc(x, y=0):


┣ 

 Variable-length arguments: de unc(*args, **kwargs):


┗ 

 Classes & Objects



 Class denition: class MyClass:
┣ 

 Constructor: de __init__(sel):


┣ 

 Instance methods: de method(sel):


┣ 

 Class variables: class_var = 0


┣ 

 Object instantiation: my_object = MyClass()


┣ 

 Inheritance: class DerivedClass(BaseClass):


┣ 

 Method overriding: de method(sel):


┗ 

 Error Handling

 Try: try:
┣ 

 Except: except Exception as e:


┣ 

 Raise: raise ValueError("Error message")


┣ 

 Finally: nally:
┗ 


 Importing Libraries

 Import: import numpy
┣ 

 Alias: import numpy as np


┣ 

 Specic import: rom math import pi


┗ 

 File I/O

 Open: with open("le.txt", "r") as le:
┣ 

 Read: le.read()
┣ 

 Write: with open("le.txt", "w") as le:


┣ 

 Append: with open("le.txt", "a") as le:


┣ 

 List Comprehensions

 Syntax: [expression or item in iterable i condition]
┣ 

 Lambda Functions

 Syntax: lambda arguments: expression
┣ 

 Iterators & Generators



 Iterator: iter(obj)
┣ 

 Next item: next(iterator)


┣ 

 Generator unction: de my_generator(): yield value


┣ 

 Generator expression: (expression or item in iterable i condition)


┗ 

 Context Managers

 Dening: class MyContext:
┣ 

 Enter method: de __enter__(sel):


┣ 

 Exit method: de __exit__(sel, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):


┣ 

 Using: with MyContext() as my_context:


┗ 

 Built-in Functions


 len(obj) → Length o object
┣ 

 sum(iterable[, start]) → Sum o elements


┣ 









 max(iterable[, key]) → Maximum element


┣ 

 min(iterable[, key]) → Minimum element
┣ 

 sorted(iterable[, key][, reverse]) → Sorted list


┣ 




 range(stop[, start][, step]) → Sequence o numbers


┣ 


 zip(*iterables) → Iterator o tuples


┣ 

 map(unction, iterable) → Apply unction to all items


┣ 





 lter(unction, iterable) → Filter elements by unction


┣ 




 isinstance(obj, classino) → Check object's class


┗ 


 String Methods


 lower() → Lowercase
┣ 

 upper() → Uppercase
┣ 

┣ strip([chars]) → Remove leading/trailing characters

 split([sep][, maxsplit]) → Split by separator


┣ 



┣ ↔ replace(old, new[, count]) → Replace substring

 nd(sub[, start][, end]) → Find substring index


┣ 





 ormat(*args, **kwargs) → Format string


┗ 




 List Methods


 append(item) → Add item to end
┣ 

 extend(iterable) → Add elements o iterable


┣ 




 insert(index, item) → Insert item at index


┣ 

 remove(item) → Remove rst occurrence


┣ 

 pop([index]) → Remove & return item


┣ 



 index(item[, start][, end]) → Find item index


┣ 

 count(item) → Count occurrences


┣ 









 sort([key][, reverse]) → Sort list


┣ 



 reverse() → Reverse list


┗ 

 Dictionary Methods


 keys() → View list o keys
┣ 

 values() → View list o values


┣ 

 items() → View key-value pairs


┣ 






 get(key[, deault]) → Get value or key


┣ 





 update([other]) → Update dictionary


┣ 






 pop(key[, deault]) → Remove & return value


┣ 


 clear() → Remove all items


┗ 




 Set Methods


 add(item) → Add item
┣ 

 update(iterable) → Add elements o iterable


┣ 

 discard(item) → Remove item i present


┣ 

 remove(item) → Remove item or raise KeyError


┣ 

 pop() → Remove & return item


┣ 


 clear() → Remove all items


┣ 




 union(*others) → Union o sets


┣ 

 intersection(*others) → Intersection o sets


┣ 

 dierence(*others) → Dierence o sets


┣ 

 issubset(other) → Check i subset


┣ 

 issuperset(other) → Check i superset


┗ 

 Regular Expressions


 import re
┣ 

 re.search(pattern, string)
┣ 





 re.match(pattern, string)
┣ 

 re.ndall(pattern, string)
┣ 





 re.sub(pattern, repl, string)


┣ 

 Common patterns:
┗ 




┣ \d: Digit

┣ \w: Word character

┣ \s: Whitespace

┣ .: Any character (except newline)

┣ ^: Start o string

┣ $: End o string

┣ *: Zero or more repetitions

┣ +: One or more repetitions

┣ ?: Zero or one repetition

┣ {n}: Exactly n repetitions

┣ {n,}: At least n repetitions

┣ {,m}: At most m repetitions

┣ {n,m}: Between n and m repetitions (inclusive)

 Decorators


 Dening: de my_decorator(unc):
┣ 


 Applying: @my_decorator
┗ 

 Modules & Packages




 Creating a module: Save as .py le
┣ 






 Importing a module: import my_module


┣ 

 Creating a package: Create directory with __init__.py


┣ 

 Importing rom a package: rom my_package import my_module


┗ 

 Virtual Environments


 Creating: python -m venv myenv
┣ 

 Activating:
┣ 

┣ Windows: myenv\Scripts\activate

┣ Unix/Mac: source myenv/bin/activate

 Deactivating: deactivate
┗ 

 Package Management (pip)


 Install: pip install package_name
┣ 

 Uninstall: pip uninstall package_name


┣ 

 Upgrade: pip install --upgrade package_name


┣ 

 List installed packages: pip list


┣ 



 Show package details: pip show package_name


┗ 

 Date & Time




 import datetime
┣ 

 Current date & time: datetime.datetime.now()


┣ 



 Date object: datetime.date(year, month, day)


┣ 




 Time object: datetime.time(hour, minute, second, microsecond)


┣ 




 Format: datetime.datetime.strtime(ormat)
┣ 




 Parse: datetime.datetime.strptime(date_string, ormat)


┣ 



 Common ormat codes: %Y, %m, %d, %H, %M, %S


┗ 



 JSON


 import json
┣ 

 JSON to Python: json.loads(json_string)


┣ 



 Python to JSON: json.dumps(obj)


┣ 



 Read rom le: json.load(le)


┣ 



 Write to le: json.dump(obj, le)


┗ 






 Threading


 import threading
┣ 

 Create a thread: t = threading.Thread(target=unction, args=(arg1, arg2))


┣ 



 Start a thread: t.start()


┣ 





 Wait or thread to nish: t.join()


┗ 

 Multiprocessing


 import multiprocessing
┣ 

 Create a process: p = multiprocessing.Process(target=unction, args=(arg1,


┣ 



arg2))

 Start a process: p.start()


┣ 





 Wait or process to nish: p.join()


┗ 

 Working with Databases (SQLite)




 import sqlite3
┣ 

 Connect to a database: conn = sqlite3.connect('mydb.sqlite')


┣ 




 Cursor object: cursor = conn.cursor()


┣ 

 Execute SQL commands: cursor.execute("CREATE TABLE my_table (id INTEGER,


┣ 


name TEXT)")

 Commit changes: conn.commit()


┣ 




 Fetch results: cursor.etchall()


┣ 







 Close the connection: conn.close()


┗ 





 Web Scraping (BeautifulSoup)




 rom bs4 import BeautiulSoup
┣ 

 Create a BeautiulSoup object: soup = BeautiulSoup(html_content,


┣ 










'html.parser')

 Find elements by tag: soup.nd_all('tag_name')


┣ 





 Access element attributes: element['attribute_name']


┣ 


 Get element text: element.text


┗ 







 Web Requests (Requests)


 import requests
┣ 

 GET request: response = requests.get(url)


┣ 


 POST request: response = requests.post(url, data=payload)


┣ 

 Response content: response.content


┣ 

 JSON response: response.json()


┣ 



 Response status code: response.status_code


┗ 






 Web Development (Flask)




 rom fask import Flask, render_template, request, redirect, url_or
┣ 

 Create a Flask app: app = Flask(__name__)


┣ 

 Dene a route: @app.route('/path', methods=['GET', 'POST'])


┣ 

 Run the app: app.run(debug=True)


┣ 



 Return a response: return "Hello, World!"


┣ 



 Render a template: return render_template('template.html', variable=value)


┣ 




 Access request data: request.orm['input_name']


┣ 


 Redirect to another route: return redirect(url_or('route_unction'))


┗ 

 Data Science Libraries




 NumPy: import numpy as np
┣ 

 pandas: import pandas as pd


┣ 



 Matplotlib: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


┣ 




 seaborn: import seaborn as sns


┣ 

 scikit-learn: import sklearn


┣ 





 TensorFlow: import tensorfow as t


┣ 

 Keras: rom tensorfow import keras


┣ 




 PyTorch: import torch


┣ 


 Command Line Arguments (argparse)


 import argparse
┣ 

 Create an ArgumentParser: parser =


┣ 




argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Description o your program')

 Add arguments: parser.add_argument('--arg_name', type=str,


┣ 








help='Description o the argument')

 Parse arguments: args = parser.parse_args()


┣ 



 Access argument values: args.arg_name


┗ 

 Logging

 import logging
┣ 

 Basic conguration: logging.basicCong(level=logging.DEBUG,


┣ 



ormat='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')

 Logging levels: logging.debug(), logging.ino(), logging.warning(),


┣ 




logging.error(), logging.critical()

 Environment Variables


 import os
┣ 

 Get an environment variable: os.environ.get('VAR_NAME')


┣ 

 Set an environment variable: os.environ['VAR_NAME'] = 'value'


┗ 






 Type Hints


 rom typing import List, Dict, Tuple, Optional, Union, Any
┣ 

 Function type hints: de my_unction(param: int, optional_param:


┣ 



Optional[str] = None) -> List[int]:

 Variable type hints: my_variable: Dict[str, int] = {}


┗ 

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