Topic 12 (Population)

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LEARNING OUTCOMES!
MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

Candidates should be able to:
Structure and Growth
• understand the changing population structures (both age and sex) as shown
by population pyramids for Pakistan
• explain and evaluate the effects of the present and projected population
structures on the economy and development of Pakistan
• interpret graphs and statistics illustrating birth rates, death rates and the
rates of natural increase in Pakistan, and identify trends in population
growth
• explain the social, educational, economic and political factors which
contribute to population growth over time
• explain the problems for development caused by population growth over time,
consider its sustainability and evaluate possible solutions to these problems.
Movements of Population
• describe and explain, with reference to both ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors, the
main causes of population movements, including rural-urban migration,
seasonal migration, emigration and immigration (including refugees)
• describe and explain the effects of these population movements, including
shanty developments in cities, tent cities and the de-population of rural
areas
• understand the effects of population movements and evaluate the measures
which may be taken to help solve the problems created, such as self-help
schemes, provision of clean water and other services (including adverse
outcomes such as poor housing).
Distribution and Density of Population
• distinguish between distribution of population and density of population

• recognise the variations in both distribution of population and density of
population between the Provinces (including the Northern Area) and within
the Provinces (including within the Northern Area)
• explain the physical, economic, social and political factors which contribute
to these variations.
OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

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Employment
• define the terms primary, secondary and tertiary in relation to occupations

• describe and explain the proportions of the workforce engaged in each of
the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, and any changes in these
proportions that may have taken place or may be taking place
• understand and explain the causes of rural and urban unemployment and
underemployment (that is, people who are not fully employed), and
understand the problems for development created by underemployment and
unemployment
• describe and explain the availability of skilled labour (people qualified for
the professions, for management and as technicians, etc.) and manual labour
• understand that unemployment and underemployment can be factors that
influence GNP and GDP
• understand and evaluate the importance for Pakistan’s development of
literacy, education and training for both males and females, in rural as well
as urban areas.

BIRTH RATE

✓ The number of live births per thousand person in a particular year.
REASONS FOR HIGH BIRTH RATE

✓ Lack of knowledge of contraception (artificial method to prevent pregnancy)
✓ Lack of availability of contraceptives
✓ No family planning
✓ Need children for help on farms
✓ More children means more income
✓ Desire for a son
✓ Concept that children will support in old age
✓ Religious beliefs/Allah will provide/prestige of large families
✓ High infant mortality rate
✓ Women at home to care for children
✓ Women lack education
✓ Early marriages
✓ Do not know about problems of overpopulation/large families
MEASURES TO CONTROL HIGH BIRTH RATE

✓ Access to education of contraception
✓ Use of contraceptives
✓ Family Planning
✓ Ban child labour
✓ Religious support for birth control
✓ More clinics and hospitals to reduce infant mortality rate
✓ Education of women
✓ Job opportunities for women
✓ Ban on early marriages
✓ Awareness about problems of overpopulation.
DEATH RATE
✓ The number of deaths per thousand person in a particular year.

REASONS FOR HIGH DEATH RATE

✓ Lack of medicines
✓ Medicines are expensive
✓ Lack of clinics, hospitals
✓ Lack of trained doctors, nurses
✓ Lack of vaccinations
✓ Poor hygiene
✓ No access to clean drinking water
✓ Lack of food production and supply
✓ Poor lifestyles
✓ No exercise
✓ Improper diet
MEASURES TO CONTROL HIGH DEATH RATE

✓ Better medicines
✓ More clinics, hospitals
✓ Trained doctors, nurses
✓ More widespread vaccinations
✓ Prevention of diseases, e.g. malaria, cholera, typhoid;
✓ Improved hygiene
✓ Access to clean drinking water
✓ Proper sewage
✓ Improvement in food production and supply
✓ Healthy lifestyles
✓ More exercise
✓ Balanced diet
NATURAL INCREASE
✓ The difference between birth rate and death rate is called natural increase
✓ NATURAL INCREASE = BIRTH RATE – DEATH RATE
AGE DISTRIBUTION
✓ 0-14 Years is known as young dependant

✓ 15-59 Years is known as economically active (working force)

✓ 60 and over 60 years is known as old dependant
IF MORE 0-14 YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES
✓ Support to farmers on farm

✓ More workers available
✓ Support to old parents
DISADVANTAGES
✓ No free education, health facilities possible for children by government

✓ Pressure on resources (schools, clinics)
✓ Burden on the head of family
✓ Burden on livestock, agriculture
✓ More chance of ban on international trade due to child labour
IF LESS 0-14 YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES
✓ Free education, health facilities possible for children by government

✓ No pressure on resources (schools, clinics)
✓ Less burden on the head of family
✓ Less burden on livestock, agriculture
✓ Less chance of ban on international trade due to child labour
DISADVANTAGES
✓ Less support for farmers on farm

✓ Less workers available
✓ No support For old parents
IF MORE 15-59 YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES
✓ More labour
✓ More Production

✓ More taxes paid

DISADVANTAGES
✓ Fewer job opportunities

✓ More unemployment
✓ Lower wages
✓ More pressure on named resources e.g. healthcare / recreation / public
transport / food supply
IF LESS 15-59 YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES
✓ More job opportunities

✓ Less unemployment
✓ Higher wages
✓ Less pressure on named resources e.g. healthcare / recreation / public
transport / food supply
DISADVANTAGES
✓ Less labour
✓ Less Production
✓ Less taxes paid
IF MORE 60 ABOVE YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES
✓ Old give good advice

✓ Some provide family support
DISADVANTAGES
✓ Old cannot work

✓ Do not contribute to economy
✓ Burden on healthcare
✓ Burden on family
✓ Pension needed
✓ Raised taxes to provide pensions

IF LESS 60 ABOVE YEARS PEOPLE

ADVANTAGES
✓ Energetic people at work

✓ Economy becomes better
✓ Less Burden on healthcare
✓ Less Burden on family
✓ No Pension needed
✓ No Raised taxes to provide pensions
DISADVANTAGES
✓ Less good advice

✓ Less family support
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

✓ Graphs suggesting sequence of change in relationships between birth and
death rates over a period of time.

Stage 1
✓ This indicates high birth rate (moderately stable) while the death rate is
also high but with many fluctuations due to sporadic outbreak of diseases,
famine etc.
✓ There is little natural increase in the population of Pakistan.
Stage 2
✓ This indicates the fall of the death rate but the birth rate remains more or
less at previous levels.
✓ The gap between the two rates widens so as a result the rate of natural
increase of population peaks to its maximum.
✓ The percentage of the population under 15 increases.
Stage 3
✓ This indicates a fall in the birth rate and the stabilization of the death rate.
✓ The growth of a city’s population slows down and the life expectancy also
increases.
Stage 4
✓ Both birth rates and death rates are low with the birth rate fluctuating
somewhat due to changes in the economy yet the death rates remains stable.
✓ Population growth is slow and at the end of the stage four, the death rates
rise slightly as more people become old and are more prone to die
Stage 5
The birth rate falls below the death rate resulting in a natural decrease in
population.

POPULATION PYRAMIDS

OVERPOPULATION
✓ When an area’s population is too large to be supported by its available
resources like wealth, food, fresh water and land.
EFFECTS OF OVERPOPULATION
✓ Natural habitats are lost as people find alternative means of earning (due to
shortage of job opportunities) such as cutting wood and selling it, which
destroys ecosystems of many animals. This may cause a decline in tourist
industry
✓ With increasing population, the country’s expenditure on agriculture
increases (to grow more food) leaving fewer finances to account for
Pakistan’s industrial and tertiary sector development
✓ Illiteracy rises because education spending decreases thus resulting in a
shortage of schools as funds are deviated towards basic necessities
✓ Living standard of the old population falls as pensions and welfare benefits
decrease and other facilities such as hospitals, old homes (to take care of
elderly) become scarcer

✓ Also, life expectancy falls as people are more vulnerable to diseases due to
degrading health services

✓ Unemployment rises and some children are forced to take up low value jobs
by giving up their education to support their families (child labour)
✓ Pollution may also increase as increased human, industrial waste etc is
produced, which exceeds the capacity of waste treatment plants
✓ The country begins to import goods when the demand is not met locally,
hence foreign exchange decreases
✓ Poverty among people increases as government cuts back on job creation etc
to pay for external debts. These debts are taken to pay for foreign goods
✓ Crime rate rises as unemployed look to make ends meet
✓ Inflation rises because of the high difference between high demand and low
production. So the goods becomes more expensive
✓ The working population has to carry more burden of the dependant
population in various forms such as taxes etc
✓ Poverty forces people to live In temporary houses and this leads to
formation of slums
✓ Uneven distribution of wealth occurs as the rich and wealthy can adapt to
conditions while the poor cannot (like generators to deal with loadshedding,
so businesses owned by the rich can still function)
✓ Government may have to employ more people than required (overstaffing) to
reduce unemployment. These extra people are paid from an institution’s
annual income (thus inefficiency increases)
✓ Traffic increases which leads to other issues such as people more roadside
accidents (and deaths) and road jams
SOLUTIONS
✓ Educating people about the problems of a large population and pointing out
the benefits of having a smaller family through schemes like Sabz Sittara
✓ Increased government expenditure in education and hence building more
schools to increase literacy among people
✓ Promoting new businesses to set up so that the rate of job creation
surpasses the population growth rate. Meaning if a million people enter the
independent age group (they have to earn money now) annually, then 2 million
new jobs are created annually
✓ Setting up family planning institutions and leading in them in a way that its
aim doesn’t come in contrary to the religious beliefs of the people
✓ Advertising the burden upon the economy due to the high rate of population

✓ Providing benefits to smaller families like tax reliefs etc. This encourages

people to have more children.
SUSTAINABLE GROWTH
✓ Population size that can be supported by available resources

PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.1

Question 1 N2017/P2/Q1/C

Question 2 J2017/P2/Q1/B

Question 3 J2016/P2/Q1/C-D


MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON +92 317 2631567 connectwithmym@gmail.com www.muhammadyousufmemon.com
Question 4 J2015/P2/Q5/A,C-D


Question 5 N2014/P2/Q4/D-E


Question 6 N2013/P2/Q5/D

Question 7 J2013/P2/Q5/A-B



Question 8 N2012/P2/Q5/A-B



Question 9 J2010/P2/Q5/B-C

Question 10 N2009/P2/Q5/B-C
Question 11 J2009/P2/Q5/A-C

Question 12 J2006/P2/Q5/A

Question 13 N2005/P2/Q5/B

MIGRATION
✓ Movement of the people from one place to another is called migration.
TYPES OF MIGRATION
✓ There are three types of migration
✓ Internal Migration
✓ External / International Migration
✓ Seasonal Migration
INTERNAL MIGRATION
✓ Movement of the people within the country is called internal migration.
✓ Internal migration has four types;
✓ Rural to Urban
✓ Rural to Rural
✓ Urban to Rural
✓ Urban to Urban
CAUSES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

RURAL PUSH FACTORS
✓ Lack of employment opportunities in rural areas and hope of better

employment in cities
✓ Limited educational facilities motivates people to move as better institutions
are more likely to be in the urban areas
✓ Droughts may damage the farmlands leaving it unsuitable for farming
purposes
✓ Water logging and salinity also damages the farmland
✓ No law and order may result in improper carriage of justice
✓ Standard of living maybe poor and better standard of living maybe expected
in the urban areas
✓ Less access to highly qualified doctors and hospitals
✓ Shortage of clean water for sanitation and drinking
✓ Traditional lifestyle maybe unacceptable to the new generations
✓ Lack of shopping opportunities
✓ Limited access to electricity and gas supplies

URBAN PULL FACTORS

✓ Better chances of getting employed
✓ Chances for getting more highly paid jobs as compared to the rural areas
✓ Better educational institutions
✓ Bright lights are a source of attraction for people in rural areas
✓ More culturally free
✓ Better law and order
✓ People in urban areas are usually assured of supplies of food and hence are
more reliable
✓ Recreational and entertainment facilities such as parks, malls etc
✓ Better infrastructure and easy access to different locations
✓ Easy availability of hospitals and qualified doctors
✓ Easy access to gas, electricity, telephones and other means of communication
EFFECTS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

On Urban Area
✓ Burden upon economy in terms of increased demand for electricity, water,
gas, communication etc as the urban population increases
✓ Increased pollution (air, water and noise)
✓ Traffic issues such as jams and accidents etc
✓ Increase in the crime rate and violence as the people emigrating maybe
illiterate (so face difficulty to find jobs) and unemployment may force them
to indulge in such activities
✓ Poverty of immigrants may result in formation of temporary locations or
slums
✓ Distribution and composition of people changes as more males may come
(from rural areas) and increase the percentage of male members in urban
areas
✓ Traffic congestion.
✓ Spread of diseases
On Rural Area
✓ Loss of workforce / only the old and young left.
✓ Fewer children.
✓ This results in lower agricultural production in rural areas as men are
required for planting, growing and harvesting the crop
✓ Loss of educated people.
✓ Women left behind / unbalanced sex ratio.

✓ As rural areas depopulate the government authorities might shift their

attention away from rural areas towards urban areas. This may mean less
developmental funds for rural areas to be spent on education/ health etc
✓ Loss of infrastructure. e.g. roads, electricity, telephone.
✓ Lack of government investment.
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
✓ The movement of the people from one country to another for purposes of
settlement with the intention of staying a year or more.
EMIGRATION
✓ The act of leaving a country is called emigration.
IMMIGRATION
✓ The act of entering a country is called immigration.
EMIGRANTS
✓ Those who migrate are called emigrants.
IMMIGRANTS
✓ Those who immigrate are called immigrants.
CAUSES OF EMIGRATION FROM PAKISTAN

✓ Better education opportunities abroad
✓ Expectations of getting a job
✓ Chances for higher wages
✓ Political stability and insecure environment of Pakistan may motivate people
to shift
✓ Terrorism activities in Pakistan develops insecurities among people about
fate of their children
✓ To indulge in a less culturally bound manner of life
✓ Medical reasons as some diseases are likely to be better treated abroad
✓ Also some people may wish to support families in Pakistan by earning better
abroad
✓ Government encouragement so that foreign exchange is sent back

SEASONAL MIGRATION

✓ The movement of the people within the country due to climatic changes.
✓ In winter season, from northern areas to plain areas.
CAUSES OF SEASONAL MIGRATION

✓ To avoid from severe summers / winters.
✓ Move from mountainous areas in winter to find jobs in plains.
✓ Nomadic movements in search of pastures and water.
✓ In mountains take animals up to higher pastures in summer / when snow
clears bring animals down to valley pastures for winter.
✓ Work in cotton / sugar mills after harvests then return home when work
finishes.
✓ Move from the active flood plain to save from flood.
✓ Enjoy holidays in summer and winter.

PRACTICE QUESTION 1.2

Question 1 N2017/P2/Q1/A-B(i),D


Question 2 J2017/P2/Q2/C



Question 5 J2014/P2/Q5/B-D





Question 7 J2012/P2/Q5/D




Question 10 N2009/P2/Q5/A


POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

✓ Population distribution is the spread of people across the world, ie where
people live.
POPULATION DENSITY
✓ The density of population is the number of people per unit area.
✓ The unit can be a square mile or square kilometer.
✓ The density is obtained by dividing the total population of a country
(province, district etc.) by its area.
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION DENSITY

Topography
✓ Flat plains with well drained, soft, deep and alluvium rich soils are perfect
for human settlements.
✓ It is easy to build houses on flat plains and operate machines to harvest
crops.
✓ It is easy to irrigate crops.
✓ Furthermore, the cost of laying down railways, roads and runways are low as
compared to hilly areas.
✓ All of these factors are attractive for investment
✓ Well drained, soft and deep and alluvium rich soil are perfect for crop
growth.
✓ Well drained soil can retain pockets of air as well as water and nutrients in a
balanced amount, which is favourable for plant growth.
✓ Soft soil can easily be ploughed and shoots and roots can easily grow.
✓ Deep soils mean that the soil will not lose its store of nutrients quickly, thus
the amount of fertilizer which has to be applied will be low (thus saving costs
to a farmer)
Climate
✓ Areas which have no extremes of climate (temperature, rain, storm etc) are
usually heavily populated.
✓ This is because suitable temperatures and rainfall are necessary for crop
growth, which is necessary for human sustenance.
✓ High temperatures cause high rates of evapo-transpiration, which makes
growing crops very difficult as plants wilt and then die.

✓ Less people live in the deserts, where they constantly have to move to find
food and water.
Infrastructure
✓ People prefer living in those areas where facilities like gas, electricity and
water supply are available. They add to the standard of living
✓ Also industries can be set up easily with little capital costs (as
infrastructure is already present), which employ many thousands of people
and provide a permanent source of income
✓ Road and rails make the transport of raw materials, products and people
(including labour force), quicker and cheaper. This is extremely important
for the development of a region as a commercial and industrial hub, which
can attract local as well as foreign investment
✓ Furthermore, many business people prefer cities where an airport
(international preferably) is found. It helps them to keep up with foreign
appointments so they could secure valuable deals for their businesses etc
Resources
✓ Regions where natural resources are available and are being utilized are also
thickly populated like the example of deserts of Chile and Saudi Arabia.
✓ The presence of mineral resources means that the excess production can be
exported to earn foreign exchange. A share of the profits is given in form of
high salaries, which acts as an incentive for people to stay in these areas and
populate them
Political
✓ International and local investors are always worried about the safety of
their investments.
✓ An unstable political situation may lead to fears of social unrest (looting,
disruption of supplies and failure to meet deadlines for orders).
✓ In this case the investor fears that he may not be able to get his returns
and thus abandons further investments and withdraws what he already has
invested.
✓ This means essentially that the slow and steady flow of ideas, machinery into
the country and the ever rising exports suddenly decrease, thus having a
disastrous effect on the country’s economy





Question 3 N2014/P2/Q4/A-C






Question 6 N2005/P2/Q5/A,C


EMPLOYMENT DIVISIONS
OCCUPATION
✓ Employed labor force by sectors
PRIMARY OCCUPATION
✓ It is related to all such occupations that extract raw material directly from
the earth or sea.. e.g. Agriculture. Mining. Fishing.
Why People Working in Primary Sector?
✓ Working in Primary sector usually simpler skills in comparison to other

sectors such as manufacturing and tertiary
✓ Some people may inherit land and hence become a part of agricultural
activities
✓ Tertiary occupations usually demand a higher level of education and because
the illiteracy rate is high in Pakistan people are forced to become a part of
the primary sector
✓ A very large percentage of people live in the rural areas. Here the main
occupation is in the primary sector

✓ Also many people in rural areas are illiterate, thus they can’t enter into jobs

in the secondary and tertiary sector. Secondary sector requires education of
a certain minimum set standard etc
✓ Pakistan benefits two cropping season ensuring crop growth throughout the
year (permanent employment). Also the growing areas are suitable for
farming activities
✓ Pakistan has an estimated population growth rate of 1.6 percent and so it
becomes vital to feed the ever growing population by growing more crops
✓ Pakistan has reserves of natural gas, petroleum and other minerals such as
limestone and gypsum which need to be extracted (mining, fishing, livestock,
agriculture and forestry are all primary sector jobs)
✓ Woodcutting is common in many areas of Pakistan as the demand for fuel
wood has increased. This is because many areas of Pakistan are not supplied
by gas
✓ Pakistan has a large amount of fish catch on the coasts of Karachi. The
people involved in inland and costal fishing increase the number of people
working in primary sector occupation
✓ Most of industries are agro-based, thus when the profits trickle down to the
farmer he has more incentive to cultivate new land. This requires increased
amount of labour thus increasing the number of people working in this sector
Why the rate is decreasing of working people?
✓ The repeated division of land in the families after death of father means
that the next generation has farms which are very small in size and thus
can’t provide a permanent or reliable source of income as income is too small
✓ Waterlogging and salinity has meant that much of the fertile land has been
lost and is uncultivatable, thus people have been forced to move into the
cities in hope of better employment
✓ Also with rise in rural education many people want a better paying job (which
utilizes their skills) and thus move to the cities in search of it
✓ Increased mechanization has meant that now less hands are required on the
field as a machine can do the work of several persons in less amount of time,
with less effort
✓ Consolidation of holdings has occurred to increase efficiency so some people
have sold their lands and now need an alternative source of income
✓ Some tenants face problems with the landlords, thus they are forced to
leave rural areas and move towards the cities

✓ Industries have also started developing outside of cities (to reduce

congestion), thus these industries are now located near the rural areas, thus
more rural folks can work in them
SECONDARY OCCUPATION
✓ It includes occupation which process and manufacture the primary products.
e.g. steel making, shipping or furniture making and assembly industries.
TERTIARY OCCUPATION
✓ It comprises of all those occupation which provide services such as
transport, banking, trade, insurance, administration, health, education.
Why the rate is increasing of working people?
✓ People who work in the service sector of an economy usually earn higher and
so priority is given to jobs in this sector
✓ With an increase in literacy rate people manage to attain the level of
education required to take up jobs in this sector.
✓ Working conditions in this sector are often better than in primary and
secondary sectors When the country experiences an overall rise in the
standard of living, there is an increase in greater demand for services. To
fulfil these demands, there are greater work opportunities in this sector
(banking, telecommunications etc)
✓ Growth of tourism has meant that more people are required to in hotels etc
✓ Higher investments by government in the education sector have increased
the standard of education and so more and more teaching staff is required
to run an increased number of schools
✓ Similarly investments in medicinal facilities requires more doctors and nurses
✓ Only a limited number of people make things for their own use by themselves
and hence the need for retail outlets has expanded
✓ Increase in population and rise of standard of living has meant more car
drivers are required
✓ Increased industrialization has facilitated growth of banking, insurance etc
which has led to increased number of jobs
✓ Growth of telecommunications (internet and cellular companies) also has led
to more people seeking employment in this sector


EMPLOY
✓ A job to do for payment.
✓ To use the services of (a person) in return for payment.
EMPLOYEE
✓ A person employed for wages.
✓ A person who is paid to work.
EMPLOYER
✓ A person or company that pays people to work for them.
EMPLOYMENT
✓ Work, especially when it is done to earn money.
SELF EMPLOYED
✓ Working independently and not for an employer.
✓ Working for your self and not employed by a company.
UNDER EMPLOYED
✓ Not having enough work to do.
✓ Not having work that makes full use of your skills and abilities.
✓ Not fully employed.

UNEMPLOYMENT
✓ Unemployment occurs when people who have the ability and the will to earn,
can’t find a job.
Causes
✓ Lack of investments in Pakistan due to political instability hence, foreign

businesses don’t exist and no extra jobs are created
✓ High rate of population growth is another important factor as there are
limited jobs available
✓ There is a mismatch in the demand and supply of labour in form of skills,
gender, age etc required by the employer.
✓ Some of the people migrating from rural to urban areas in hope of
employment may remain unemployed due to illiteracy etc
✓ With improvements in technology and capital intensive (machinery based)
means of production fewer labour is needed and workers are laid off to
reduce costs
✓ With mechanized farming becoming popular such as tractors etc few people
are required on the farm
Solutions
✓ Provide technical education, training and skill facilities

✓ Establishment of heavy industries and invite foreign investors
✓ Establishment of cottage industries in rural areas
✓ Computer education
✓ Establishment of technical institution
✓ Establishment of industrial estates
✓ Establishment of export processing zones
✓ Establishment of dry ports
✓ Establishment of other seasonal industries.
✓ Government schemes (Khushal Pakistan Programmes)
✓ Explore more overseas employment opportunities


Question 1 N2017/P2/Q5/B(i-ii)





Question 6 N2010/P2/Q3/A,D




LITERACY
✓ The ability to read and write is called literacy.
LEVEL OF EDUCATION

REASONS FOR HIGH ILLITERACY

✓ Lack of investment on the government’s part in educational projects
✓ Child labour results in children leaving education for work
✓ Lack of priority given to education in rural areas
✓ There is also a lack of schools and colleges in rural areas
✓ Poverty results in deprivation of children of education as parents fail to pay
for the fee
✓ Private schools are very expensive
✓ Lack of teaching staff and lecturers in Pakistan
✓ Large section of the population are located in the rural areas
✓ Education is not provided in remote areas
✓ Large number of remote areas exist
REASONS FOR HIGHER FEMALE ILLITERACY

✓ Lack of public institutions for girls
✓ Parents maybe not be in favour of a co-educational school and may not send
their girls to get educated
✓ Poverty results in people choosing to educate boys in preference over girls
✓ Traditional attitudes influence people in rural areas such as the role of a
women is to stay home and that it results in a male dominated society so
fewer girls are given schooling
IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION
✓ Education is required to read instructions (on back of a fertilizer bag etc).
This gives a farmer the ability to apply the right amount of
pesticides/fertilizers and at the right time leading to better yields
✓ The farmer could read and write (signing bank loans etc)
✓ Education is necessary for operating big and complex machines like
harvesters etc
✓ Education is also important in fields of extraction of minerals. This is a
major hurdle in achieving self-sufficiency in these minerals. Skilled workers
are needed to make operate computers and machines etc
✓ Leadership qualities and organizational skills are required to run large
companies successfully in increasingly competitive local as well as foreign
markets
✓ Increased literacy will result in more doctors; thus helping improve health
conditions in Pakistan along with nutritional requirements. This will help

increase the span of time during which people will be able to serve the state
and contribute to its development

✓ Family planning services will be improved thus providing a better future for
rural Pakistanis who would now have more resources per person. This will
reduce rural-urban migration
✓ With the increase in use of telecommunications (internet) to research and
learn techniques, make deals etc, the value of education cannot be ignored







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ANSWER KEY

Practice Questions 1.1

Question 3 J2016/P2/Q1/C-D


Question 4 J2015/P2/Q5/A,C-D


Question 5 N2014/P2/Q4/D-E



Question 8 N2012/P2/Q5/A-B


Question 9 J2010/P2/Q5/B-C

Question 10 N2009/P2/Q5/B-C



Question 1 N2017/P2/Q1/A-B(i),D




















Question 6 N2005/P2/Q5/A,C


Question 1 N2017/P2/Q5/B(i-ii)





Question 6 N2010/P2/Q3/A,D






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Structure and Growth

Distribution and Density of Population

• distinguish between distribution of population and density of population

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

• define the terms primary, secondary and tertiary in relation to occupations

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

REASONS FOR HIGH BIRTH RATE

MEASURES TO CONTROL HIGH BIRTH RATE

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

REASONS FOR HIGH DEATH RATE

MEASURES TO CONTROL HIGH DEATH RATE

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

✓ 15-59 Years is known as economically active (working force)

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

IF MORE 0-14 YEARS PEOPLE

✓ Support to farmers on farm

✓ No free education, health facilities possible for children by government

IF LESS 0-14 YEARS PEOPLE

✓ Free education, health facilities possible for children by government

✓ Less support for farmers on farm

IF MORE 15-59 YEARS PEOPLE

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

✓ More taxes paid

✓ Fewer job opportunities

IF LESS 15-59 YEARS PEOPLE

✓ More job opportunities

IF MORE 60 ABOVE YEARS PEOPLE

✓ Old give good advice

✓ Old cannot work

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

IF LESS 60 ABOVE YEARS PEOPLE

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

✓ Energetic people at work

✓ Less good advice

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

degrading health services

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

PRACTICE QUESTIONS 1.1

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

MUHAMMAD YOUSUF MEMON

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION

OLEVEL PAK STUDIES I 2059/02 I POPULATION