gyk; nghUe;jpa gpuptpduhf vOr;rpAw;w JUf;fpa ,];yhkpau;fshy;

INuhg;ghtpd; nghUshjhu kj;jpa epiyakhfj; jpfo;e;j

nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJld; njhopiy
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kdpju;fisg; gpizj;J itj;jpUe;j khdpa
KiwahdJ> tPo;r;rpAw;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf INuhg;ghtpw;F xspiaj;
je;j kWkyu;;r;rp> Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wk;> ehLfhz; gazq;fs;>
kjr;rPu;jpUj;jk; vd;gd ,lk;ngw;wd. ,J INuhg;ghit kl;Lkd;wp> KO
cyifANk ghjpj;j rk;gtq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;.cyifNa khw;wq;fSf;F
cl;gLj;jpa ,r;rk;gtq;fisg;gw;wp ,t;tj;jpahaj;jpd; %ykhf cq;fs;
ftdj;ij nrYj;Jtjw;F re;ju;g;gkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

INuhg;ghtpd; kj;jpa fhykhf fp.gp 500 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J 1500 Mk; Mz;L
tiu fUjg;gLfpwJ.

khdpa Kiw

~~kd;du; njhlq;fp fPo;kl;l epy cilikahsu;

tiu vy;NyhuhYk; epy cupikf;fhf epiwNtw;w
Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fs; midj;ijAk; xd;wpizj;j
r%f mikg;Ng khdpa KiwahFk;|| -];lg;];
cU 7.1 khdpa Kiwapy;
gpuGf;fspd; epyj;jpy; xd;Wgl;L
ciof;Fk; mbikfs;

khdpa KiwahdJ ntt;NtW ehLfspy; ntt;NtW tbtq;fspy; nraw;gl;L

te;Js;sJ. Mifahy; mjw;F jpl;ltl;lkhd tiutpyf;fzk; tFg;gJ
rpukkhdjhFk;. vdpDk; vy;yh ehLfspYk; nraw;gl;l khdpa Kiwapy; rpy
nghJ mk;rq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. mjw;fika khdpaKiw vd;gJ epyj;ij
mDgtpg;gjw;fhf Nritia toq;Ftjid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murpay;>
r%f> nghUshjhu> fyhrhu mikg;GKiw xd;nwdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

111 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

khdpa Kiwapd; nghJg; gz;Gfs;.
« epy cilikahsDf;Fk; gz;iz mbikfSf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s
njhlu;Gfs;.
« jdpegu;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Ml;rp Kiw
« epyj;ij mDgtpg;gjw;fhf Nritfis toq;Fjy;
« gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l jdpg;gl;l gilg;gpuptpdu;.
« epy mbikfSf;fhf Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba Vuhskhd nghWg;Gf;fs; epy
cilikahsu;fSf;F ,Ue;jik.

khdpa Kiwapd; Muk;gk;

fpwp];JTf;Fg;gpd; xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;lstpy; Nkw;F cNuhkhdpag; Nguurpy;

gutyhd mjpfhuj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;j fNuhypQ;[pag; NguuR tPor ; r
; paile;J
nfhz;bUf;ifapy; mjd;kJ P me;epa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
tlf;fpypUe;J itfpq;FfSk; fpof;fpypUe;J `d;fSk; njw;fpypUe;J
K];ypk;fSk; ,t;thf;fpukpg;Gfis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; muru;fs;
,t;thf;fpukpg;Gf;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; msTf;Fg; gyrhypfshf ,uhikahy;>
mg;NghJ r%fj;jpd; Nky;kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j gpuGf;fspd; cjtpia vjpu;ghu;jj ; du;.
K];ypk;fspdJ gutyhYk; itfpq;Ffspd; Mf;fpukpg;GfshYk; INuhg;gh
ntspAyFld; nfhz;bUe;j tu;jj ; f eltbf;iffs; G+uzkhf ];jk;gpj;j epiy
mile;jikahy; murupd; tUkhd topfSk; tPor ; r
; paile;jd. murd; gpuGf;fsplk;
cjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf> mtu;fspd; gpujhd tUkhd khu;ff ; khd
epyj;ijg; Ngustpy; gpuGf;fSf;F toq;f Neu;ej ; J. NkYk; mg;gpuNjrq;fspy;
tho;ej
; kf;fspd; kPjhd ePjp mjpfhuq;fSk; mtu;fSf;Nf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,tw;wpw;F Nkyhf mk;kf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gk; gpuGf;fs; trNk xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ.

me;epa Mf;fpukpg;Gfspd; NghJ murpd; ghJfhg;Gf; fpl;lhikahy;

nghJkf;fSk; jkJ nrhe;j epyq;fisAk; nry;te;jg; gpuGf;fsplk; xg;gilj;Jj;
jkf;Fg; ghJfhg;igf; Nfhupdu;. ,t;thW gpuGf;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyq;fis
mDgtpg;gjw;fhf mtu;fsplNk Ntiy ghu;f;Fk; epiyf;F ,k;kf;fs;
Mshapdu;. ,tu;fisg; ghJfhg;gJ mg;gpuGf;fspd; nghWg;ghdJ murUf;Fk;>
gpuGf;fSf;Fk;> gpui[fSf;Fk; ,ilNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,f;nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy; vOj;JUtpyhd rl;lkhf ,lk;ngwtpy;iy. Fbkf;fSk; njhiytpy;
,Uf;Fk; muridtpl mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; gpuGf;fSld; neUf;fkhapdu;.
,jdhy; murDf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa njhlu;G Fd;wpaJ>
gpuGf;fSf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G tYg;ngw;wJ.

Ie;jhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J Nkw;F INuhg;ghtpd; kPJ ,df;FOf;fs;

Mf;fpukpg;ig Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ> mjid vjpu;nfhs;sf;$ba murpay;>
nghUspay; my;yJ jhgd uPjpahd mikg;Gfs; ,y;yhikahy; mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd r%f mikg;G xd;whf khdpa Kiw cUthdJ.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 112
khdpa Kiwapd; gz;Gfs;

murpay;
« r%fj;jpy; vy;yh egu;fSk; VNjh xU tpjj;jpy; mjpfhup xUtUf;Ff;
fl;Lg;gl;ltuhapUj;jy;.
cjhuzkhf murDf;Ff; fPNo gpuGf;fSk; mtu;fFf;F fPNo iel;LfSk;
iel;LfSf;Ff; fPo; Fbkf;fSk; fl;Lg;gl;L ,Uj;jy;.
« ,jdbg;gilapy; mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
« gpuGf;fSf;F kl;LNk Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gl;bUe;j mjpfhuj;jpw;F
Kd;dhy; murUk; mjpfhuk; Fiwe;j xUtuhff; fhzg;gly;.
« murUf;Fupa tUkhdk;> mtUf;Fupa epyq;fspypUe;J
fpilf;fg;ngw;w tupAld; gpuGf;fspd; md;gspg;GfSkhff;
fhzg;gl;lik.
« murhq;fj;jpw;F vd;W ,uhZtg;gil xd;W ,y;yhik.
« gpuGf;fSk; gpuNjr Ml;rpahsu;fSk; Rje;jpukhfr; nraw;gl;lik.
« ePjp mjpfhuq;fSk; gpuGf;fsplNk fhzg;gl;lik.
« gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fsplk; nrhe;j ,uhZtg;gil fhzg;gl;lik.
« jkJ gpuNjrq;fisg; ngUf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gpuGf;fspilNa
Mjpf;fg; Nghl;b epytpaik.

nghUspay;
« tptrhaj;jpd; %yk; fpilg;gNj gpujhd tUkhdkhFk;.
« epyj;Jld; gpizf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhu Kiw
« muruplk; ngUk; msT epyj;ijg; ngw;w ngUk; gpuGf;fs; mtw;iwg;
gpupj;J rpW gpuGf;fsplk; xg;gilj;jdu;;. ,J khdpa epyk; vdg;gl;lJ.
« khdpa epyq;fs; epy mbikfs; %yk; gapuplg;gl;lik.
« khdpa epyj;ijf; $Wfshf;fp epy mbikfsplk; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;lik.
« gz;iz mbikfs; jkf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyj;jpy; rPtNdhghaj;jpy;
<Lgl;lNjhL> mjw;Fg; gpujpAgfhukhf gpuGf;fspd; epyj;jpy; ,ytrkhfr;
Nritahw;wpaik.
« gpuGf;fspd; epyj;jpy; epy mbikfs; %d;W ehl;fs; Nritapy;
<LglNtz;Lk;.
« tptrhaj;jpy; epykhw;W KiwiaAk; gapu;khw;W KiwiaAk; Nkw;nfhs;sy;;.
« rpw;wstpy; ifj;njhopy;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.
cjhuzkhf: jhdpaq;fisf; Fw;Wk; Miyfs;> gl;liwfs;> Ngf;fupfs;
(ntJg;gfq;fs;)> itd; tbrhiyfs;.
« RaNjitg; G+u;j;jpg; nghUshjhu Kiw epytpaik.
113 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
« tpahghuk; nrhw;gmstpy; gz;lkhw;W Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;ssg;gl;lik.
cjhuzkhf: thridj; jputpaq;fs;> cg;G.
« gz;iz mbikfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;l epyj;ij mtu;fs; Nritkhw;W
Kiwapy; gapupl;Lf;nfhz;ldu;.
« kpUfq;fs;> tptrha cgfuzq;fs; vd;gd FO KiwapNyNa
ifahsg;gl;ld.
« RaNjitg; G+u;j;jpg; nghUshjhuj;jhy; efuq;fs; Njhd;whik.
« kpifahd cw;gj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhik.

gapu; khw;W Kiwik epykhw;W Kiwik

xt;nthU Nghfj;jpd;NghJk; ntt;NtW epyj;ij %d;whfg; gpupj;J> mjpy; xU gFjpapy;
gapu;tiffisg; gapuply; gapu;khw;W gpujhd gapiuAk;> mLj;j gFjpapy; epyj;ij
Kiwik vdg;gLk;. tsg;gLj;Jk; gapiuAk; gapupl;Ltpl;L>
mLj;j gFjpiag; gapuplhky; tply;

r%fk;

« gpwg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l iel;Lfs; vd;Nghu;

r%f me;j];J.
« r%fj;jpy; cau;e;j> jho;e;j murDf;Fg; gilapdiu toq;fpa
tFg;gpdu; vd ,U gpuptpdu; gpuGf;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
fhzg;gl;lik. cjhuzkhf ,tu;fSf;F murd; Vuhskhd
gpuGf;fs; cau;e;jtu;fs;> epyq;fis toq;fpdhd;. iel;Lfs;
mbikfs; jho;e;jtu;fs;. Njitg;gLk;NghJ murDf;Fg;
« rhjhuz kf;fSf;F epy cupik gilfis toq;fpaNjhL> Vida
,Uf;ftpy;iy. re;ju;g;gq;fspy; jkf;Fj; Njitahd
« epyj;ij mDgtpg;gjw;F khw;whf Kiwapy; jdpg;gl;l Nritfspy;
gpuGf;fSf;F fhzpf;if nrYj;j mku;j;jpdu;. ,jdhy; murid tpl
Ntz;bapUe;jik. iel;Lfs; $ba mjpfhuj;ijf;
« jkJ FLk;gj;jpdu; grpAld; nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
,Uf;ifapYk; gpuGf;fSf;Ff;
fhzpf;if nrYj;j Ntz;bapUe;
jik.
« gpuGf;fs; RfNghf tho;f;if
tho;e;jNjhL> Fbkf;fs; miu
mbikfshf tho;e;jik.
« gpuGf;fs; jkJ epyGyd;fisg;
ngUf;fpf; nfhs;sg; Nghl;bfspy;
<Lgl;l mNj Ntis Fbkf;fs;
xw;Wikahf tho;e;jik cU 7.2 khdpaKiwf; fhyj;J fiyg;gilg;G

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 114

« mf;fhy [Nuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;j xNu mikg;G uPjpahd rka jhgdkhd
fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr;rigf;F murpay;> r%f tplaq;fspy; ngUk;
nry;thf;Ffs; fhzg;gl;ld.
« INuhg;ghtpy; murpay; uPjpahf NtWgl;l muRfs; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; mtw;iw
xw;Wikg;gLj;jp itj;jpUf;Fk; Mw;wy; fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr;rigaplk;
,Ue;jJ.
« Jwtpau; klq;fisAk; Njthyaq;fisAk; ikakhff; nfhz;L fy;tp
tsu;r;rpaile;jJ.
« rfy fiyfSk; rkaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUe;jd.

khdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp

rpYit Aj;jk;> tu;j;jf tpUj;jp> nfhs;isNeha;> kWkyu;r;rpahy; Vw;gl;l r%f

khw;wk; Mfpa fhuzpfshy; epy mbik Kiw tPo;r;rpAw;wJ. ,jdhy;
mbikfshf tho;e;jtu;fSf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jJ. ngUksTf;F tpahghu
tplaq;fspy; mDgtk; ngw;wpUe;j mtu;fs;> jkJ nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;Fr;
nry;yhJ> Gjpjhf tsu;e;J te;j tzpf efuq;fspy; FbNawpdu;. Aj;jj;jpy;
,we;j mbikfspd; epyq;fs; tpLtpf;fg;gl;lik> kw;Wk; rpy mbikfs;
Ntiy nra;J rk;ghjpj;j gzj;ijf;nfhz;L epyj;ijf; nfhs;tdT nra;jYk;
,lk;ngw;wJ. mJNghd;Nw gpuGf;fSk; rk;gsk; nfhLj;J jkJ epyq;fspy;
Ntiy thq;fTk; gofpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,jdhy; gd;dpnuz;lhk; E}w;whz;lstpy;
epy khdpa Kiwf;F mbg;gilahapUe;j gz;iz Kiw tPo;r;rpailaj;
njhlq;fpaJ.

nraw;ghL :
« khdpaKiw vd;why; vd;d vd;W mwpKfg;gLj;jp> mjd; mbg;gil
mk;rq;fis tpsf;fp fl;Liu xd;W tiuf.

rpYit Aj;jq;fSk; tu;j;jf tpUj;jpAk;

Vohk; E}w;whz;by; muhgpa K];ypk;fshy; fpwp];jtu;fspd; Gdpj efuhd

n[Uryk; ifg;gw;wg;;gl;lJ. Muk;g fhyj;jpy; fpwp];jtu;fSf;F n[UrNykpy;
tzf;f topghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s muhgpa K];ypk;fs; mDkjpj;jdu;.
Mdhy; gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,tw;iwf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;l JUf;fpa K];ypk;fsplk;
mtu;fSila Ml;rpg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fpwp];jtu;fs; Gdpjg;gazq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F tpNuhjkhd xU Nghf;Ff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Gdpj ahj;jpiu
nra;j fpwp];jtu;fSf;F njhy;iyfSk; ,ilQ;ry;fSk; tpistpj;jNjhL
kl;Lk; epy;yhJ mtu;fisf; nfhiyAk; nra;jdu;.
115 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 cU 7.3 rpYit Aj;jk; cU 7.4 nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; JiwKfk;.

,jd; njhlu;r;rpahff; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; efUk; JUf;fpau;fshy;

ifg;gw;wg;;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; fpwp];jtu;fSf;F Gdpj ahj;jpiu Nkw;nfhs;tJ NkYk;
rpukkhdJ. vdNt Gdpj efuhd n[U]yikj; jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;s ghg;ghz;ltu;
jiyikapy; INuhg;gpa fpwp];jtu;fs; JUf;fpau;fSld; Aj;jj;jpw;Fj;
jahuhfpdu;. Aj;jj;jpw;Fr; nrd;Nwhu; rpYitia mzpe;jpUe;jgbahy;> ,J
rpYit Aj;jk; vdg; ngau; ngw;wJ.

Njrg;glk; 7.1 nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgpspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

KjyhtJ rpYit Aj;jj;jpd; NghJ n[U]yikf; fpwp];jtu;fs;

jk;trg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l NghjpYk; mtu;fSf;fpilNa Vw;gl;l Nkhjy;fshy;
kPz;Lk; n[U]yk; JUf;fpau; trkhdJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 116

,e;epiyapy; rpYit Aj;jq;fs; vd;w ngaupy; gy Aj;jq;fs; fpwp];jtu;fSf;Fk;
K];ypq;fSf;FkpilNa Vw;gl;ld. fpwp];jtu;fspilNa Vw;gl;l mgpg;gpuha
Ngjq;fs;> Aj;j Vw;ghLfspy; fhzg;gl;l gytPdq;fs;> Aj;jj;jpw;F te;Njhu;
nfhs;isfspy; <Lgl;lik Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; JUf;fpau;fs; ,e;j
Aj;jq;fspy; ntw;wpngw;wNjhL fp.gp 1453 Mk; Mz;by; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps;
efiuAk; jkjhf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.

fpof;FNkw;F tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; gpujhd kj;jpa epiyakhdgbahy;

nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; Kf;fpaj;JtkhdjhFk;.

nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; efuk; JUf;fpau; trkhdjhy;> INuhg;gpau;fSf;F fPio

ehLfSf;F tUtjw;fhd tu;j;jfg;ghij G+uzkhfj; jilgl;Lg;NghdJ.

khdpa Kiwf; fhyj;jpy; RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpg; nghUshjhuj;jpw;Fg; gof;fg;gl;bUe;j

INuhg;gpau; rpYit Aj;jf; fhyj;jpy; te;j K];ypk; tpahghupfspd; %yk;
jq;fk;> nts;sp> Kj;J> khzpf;fk;> thridj; jputpaq;fs;> gyruf;Ffs;>
Milazpfs; Mfpa Mrpag;nghUl;fSf;Fg; gof;fg;gl;ldu;. [Nuhg;gpa
tu;j;jfu;fs; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps;; Nghd;w tu;j;jf efuq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W
K];ypk; tpahghupfsplk; Mrpag; nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;J> INuhg;gh
KOJk; tpw;gid nra;jdu;.

rpYit Aj;jq;fshy; [Nuhg;gpa tu;j;jfj;jpw;Fg; Gj;njhsp fpilj;jJ vd;gJ

njspthFk;. mjdhy; khdpa Kiwik tPo;r;rpaile;j NghJ> mJtiu
epytpa mjpfhug; gutyhf;fy; Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf kPsTk; ika mjpfhuj;ijf;
nfhz;l Kbahl;rpKiw Njhd;w Muk;gpj;jJ. Kbahl;rp Kiwapd; fPo;
INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Njrpa tu;j;jff; nfhs;if> Njrpa tupf; nfhs;if vd;gd
nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. tpahghupfspd; tu;j;jfj;jpw;Ff; nfhs;isau;fshy; Vw;gLk;
,lu;;fisg; Nghf;Ftjw;Fk; ghijfis rPu;jpUj;Jtjw;Fk; rl;ljpl;lq;fs;
gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;Lg; ghJfhg;G toq;fg;gl;lJ.

,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; [Nuhg;ghtpd; Gjpa KbauRfspd; kd;du;fs;> tpahghuj;jpD}

lhfg; ngUk; ,yhgj;ij <l;l KbAk; vd;gij mwpe;J mjw;F cjt Kd;
te;jdu;. kd;du;fs; khdpa Kiwf;fhyk; Nghy gpuGf;fSld; my;yhJ Gjpjhf
tsu;e;JtUk; tu;j;jf tFg;ghsUld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;.
,J tu;j;jf tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ngUe;J}z;LNfhyhapUe;jJ.

tu;j;jfj;ij tpUj;jpailar; nra;tjw;F mur cjtp Neubahff; fpilj;jJ.

kd;du;fs; Ra Gfo;r;rpf;Fk; mjpfhuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gzj;ij
rk;ghjpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; xU topKiwahfTk;> ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;Fk; tu;j;jf
eltbf;iffSf;Fk; cjt Kd;te;jdu;.
117 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 cU 7.5 ehzaq;fs; cU 7.6 ,j;jhypapd; cU 7.7 INuhg;gpa jhs;
KjyhtJ tq;fp ehzaq;fs;.

tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpaile;J nry;tk; Ftpe;jikahy;> tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis

,yFthf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf nryhtzp%yk; xd;wpd; Njit Njhd;wpaJ.
mjw;fhf ehzaq;fs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. mNj Nghy gzj;ijf; ifahs;tjw;F
tq;fp Kiwik Njhd;wpaJ. ,d;DnkhU Kf;fpakhd epjpKiwahf nryhtzp
cz;bay;fs; ifahsg;gl;ld.

tu;j;jff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis ntspehLfSld; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ>

ngUk; fhRg;nghjpfisf; nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ. nryhtzp
cz;bay;fs;> tq;fp Kiwikfs; vd;gtw;why; ngUe;njhiff; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fis kpf ,yFthf Nkw;nfhs;sf; $bajhapUe;jJ.

nryhtzp cz;bay;fs;> tq;fpKiwik vd;gtw;why; Mgj;Jf;fs;

jtpu;f;fg;gl;ljhy; tpahghuKk; ehLfhz; gazq;fSk; tpUj;jpailtjw;F
topNaw;wg;gl;ld.

jdpahu; tu;j;jf Kaw;rpfs; ,lu;ghLfSld; $bagbahy; xd;wpize;j tu;j;jf

Kaw;rpfs; Njhd;wpd.

cjhuzkhf
« 1600 Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdp.
« 1602 lr;R fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdp.
fhyg; Nghf;fpy; ,t;thwhd xd;wpize;j tu;j;jff; fk;gdpfs; gyTk;
cUthapd.

nraw;ghL :

« rpYit Aj;jq;fSld; tu;j;jfk; tpUj;jpaile;j tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 118

 kWkyu;r;rp

kWkyu;r;rp vd;gJ kPz;Lk; kyu;jyhFk;. INuhg;ghtpd; fyhrhuk;> murpay;>

r%fk;> nghUshjhu> tpQ;Qhdk; Mfpa rfy JiwfspYk; Vw;gl;l Gj;Jzu;r;rpAk;
tsu;r;rpANk kWkyu;r;rp my;yJ kPz;Lk; kyu;jy; vdg;gLk;.

kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gLtjw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf fp.gp 1453 Mk; Mz;by; xl;Nlhkd;

JUf;fpau;fs; fpof;FNuhkg; Nguurpd; jiyefuhd nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps;
efiuf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;likiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. kj;jpa fhyj;Jg; Guhjd
cNuhk - fpNuf;f ,yf;fpa> jj;Jt E}y;fs; ghJfhj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ
nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; efupyhFk;.
,e;efu; JUf;fpau; trkhdgbahy;>
fpwp];jt mwpQu;fs; me;E}
y;fis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L
Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehLfSf;Fj;
jg;gpNahbdu;. mjidj;
njhlu;e;J INuhg;gh KOtjpYk;
,e;j fpNuf;f - cNuhk
Mf;fq;fs; ngUkstpf;;Fg;
guprPypf;fg;gl;likahy;> fpNuf;f cU 7.8. kj;jpa fhy rpj;jpunkhd;W; rka
vz;zf;fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk;> Rarupijf;Fk; Kd;Dupik
- cNuhk ehfupfj;jpy; kPsTk; toq;fYk; ,jd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. fiyQu;fspd;
vOr;rp xd;W cUthdJ. xd;Wgl;l nraw;ghL fhuzkhf ,f;fiyg;gilg;gpy;
fiyQu;fspd; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

,tw;Wld; kWkyu;r;rpf;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j ,d;Dk; gy fhuzpfs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; gpujhdkhd
fhuzpfSs; xd;whf> gd;dpnuz;lhk; E}w;whz;lstpy; INuhg;ghtpy;
tpahghuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mgptpUj;jpiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. tu;j;jfk; fhuzkhf
,j;jhypapd; efuq;fspy; gzf;fhu tFg;nghd;W cUthdJ. mtu;fSf;Ff;
fiyj;Jiwfspy; ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jtjw;F Xa;T fpl;baJld; mtw;wpw;F
cjTtjw;Fj; Njitahd nry;tKk; ,Ue;jJ.

cjhuzkhf: kpyhdpy; ];Ng]h> GNshud;]py; nkbrp> G+uhtpy; v];Nl>

khz;Lthtpy; nfhd;]hfh Nghd;w gzf;fhuf; FLk;gj;jpdu;fs; ,jw;F cjtp
toq;fpaik> kdpjhgpkhd ghg;guruhff; fUjg;gLk; V Mk; epf;fy]; mtu;fs;
tj;jpf;fhdpy; E}y;epiyak; xd;iw epWTtjw;F Mjutspj;jik> ,tNuhL
V1Mk; mnyf;]hz;lu;> II Mk; [{ypa];> X Mk; ypNah Mfpa ghg;gurufSk;>
,j;jhypia fiyfspd; efukhf;Ftjw;F Gfo;ngw;w fiyQu;fSf;F MjuT
toq;fpaik Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

119 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

,j;jhypapy; gd;dpnuz;lhk; E}w;whz;lstpy; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
Njhd;wpapUe;jd. mg;gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> fiyfspd; etPdj;Jtj;jpw;Fj;
Njitahd mwpTG+u;tkhd R+oiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fj; Njitahd Rje;jpur;
rpe;jidf;F topNfhypd.

kWkyu;r;rpapd; gpujhd gz;Gfs;

kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; rkaj;jd;ikAld; $ba fiyfSk; ,yf;fpaKk; kWkyu;r;rpf;

fhyj;jpy; cyfpay; jd;ikiag; ngwj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; rkag;
gbg;gpidfs; G+uzkhf xJf;fg;glhj mNjNtis> ,ilQ;ryhd rkaj;
jiyaPLfSf;F ,lkpUf;fTkpy;iy. cyfpay;
jd;ik ngUksTf;Ff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
fiyj;Jiwapy; cyfpay; Rfq;fisAk;
nry;tq;fisAk; kjpj;J> cyfpay; uridia
vjpu;ghu;j;j jdte;ju;fs; kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyf;
fiyQu;fSf;F MjuT toq;f Kd;te;jdu;.
,jdhy; Mw;wy;kpF fiyQu;fSf;Fj; jkJ
jdpj;Jtk; kpspUk; tz;zk; Mf;fq;fisg;
cU 7.9 kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyk;.
gilf;fTk; re;ju;g;gk; fpl;baJ. fyhuridf;Fk; jdp egu; thjj;jpw;Fk;
,aw;ifj; jd;ikf;Fk; Kjyplk;
jdpegu;fSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;jy; ,f; toq;FtJ njhlu;ghdJ.
fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l ,d;DnkhU Kf;fpa
gz;ghFk;. ,jdhy; Nghl;b Kiwapy; jdpegu; Mw;wiyf; fhz;gpj;J> Ra
tpUg;gq;fis epiyehl;bf;nfhs;tjw;F Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;
kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; epytpa $l;Lj;jd;ik ,y;yhkw; NghdJ.

khdplthjj;jpd; Njhw;wk;

khdpl thjk; vd;gJ vy;yhtw;iwAk;tpl

kdpjd; Kf;fpakhdtd; vDk; nfhs;if
ahFk;. khdpa Kiwapd; Kbtpy;
khdplthjf; nfhs;if kpfTk; tYg;ngw;wJ.
,f;fhyj;jpy; kdpjd; mwpT> tpthjk;>
,urid vd;gtw;wpw;F Kjyplkspj;J fiy>
tuyhW> rl;lk;> thdpay; tpQ;Qhdk; vDk;
tplaq;fisf; fw;fj; J}z;lg;gl;lhd;;.

cU 7.10 nja;tcUtq;fs;

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 120

fpNuf;f> ,yj;jPd; nkhopfs; Gj;Japu; ngw;wd. kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; [Nuhg;gpa
ehLfspy; ,df;FOf;fspd; nkhopNa ifahsg;gl;L te;jNjhL rkatplaq;fs;>
rl;;lk; Mfpa fw;iffspd; NghJ ,yj;jPd; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jJ. ,jdhy;
fpNuf;f nkhoptof;fpoe;J fhzg;gl;lJ. kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,k;nkhopfs;
,uz;bw;Fk; Gjpa capu;g;Gf; fpilj;jNjhL ,k;nkhopfspyhd E}y;fisAk;
gbf;fj; njhlq;fpdu;. ,jdhy; tpNrlkhf fpNuf;f ehlfq;fs;> ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
Gj;njOr;rp Vw;gl;lJ. mj;NjhL fpNuf;f nkhopiaf; fw;gJ Gjpa Nghf;fhff;
fhzg;gl;likahy; gpuNjrnkhopfs; nraypoe;J Nghapd. fpNuf;f> ,yj;jPd;
nkhopfs; fw;fg;gl;likahy; nkhop ,yf;fpaq;fspy; Gj;Jzu;r;rp gpwe;jJ.
,f;fhy ,j;jhypapy; tho;ej
; Kf;fpakhd vOj;jhsu;fshf jhe;Nj> nghf;fh\pNah>
ngl;uhf; vd;Nghiuf; Fwp;g;gplyhk;. ,Nj Nghd;W ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhk]; %u;>
gpuhd;rp]; Ngfd;> tpy;ypak; N\f;];gpau; vd;NghUk; xy;yhe;jpy; ,uh];kRk;
Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngw;wdu;.

kWkyu;r;rpf; fhy fiyg; gilg;Gfspy; rpj;jpuj;jpw;Fk; tpNrl ,lnkhd;W

cupj;jhdJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy; Vida vy;yh tplaq;fisg; NghyNt rpj;jpuj;jpw;Fk;
kj;jpa epiyakhf ,j;jhypapd; GNshud;]; efuk; jpfo;e;jJ. nk]f;rpNah
nghl;b n\y;yp> ypahdhNlh lhtpd;]p> ughay;> ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh Nghd;w
gilg;ghspfs; ,e;j Afj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;FupNahuhapUe;jdu;.

cU 7.11 nkhdhyp]h cU 7.12 ,Wjp ,uhg;Nghrdk;

,tu;fSs; ypahdhNlh lhtpd;rp rpj;jpuf;fiyapy; kl;Lkpd;wp rfy fiyfspYk;

ty;Yduhff; fhzg;gl;lhu;. ftpQuhf> ,irf;fiyQuhf> gpuNahfg;
nghwpapayhsuhf kl;Lkd;wp tpQ;QhdpahfTk; jpfo;e;jhu;. mtUila
nkhdhyp]h> filrp ,uhg;Nghrdk; vDk; rpj;jpuq;fs; ,d;Wk; $l rpwg;ghd
gilg;Gf;fshf kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Gfo;ngw;Wj; jpfo;fpd;wd.

cNuhkhGupapd; rp];ild; Myaj;jpd; ghTifapy; ikf;fy; MQ;rNyhthy;

tiuag;gl;Ls;s rpj;jpuq;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;FupadthFk;.
121 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 cU 7.13 gpnal;lh rpiy cU 7.14 cNuhkpd; rp];ild; Myag; ghTifapy;
ikf;fy; MQ;rNyhthy; tiuag;gl;l rpj;jpuq;fs;

cU 7.17 ikf;fy; MQ;rNyhthy;

epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l G+q;fhtdk;

kWkyu;r;rpf;fhyf; fiyg; gilg;Gfspy;

rpw;gq;fSk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;Jf;Fupad
thFk;. cd;djkhd rpw;gf; fiyQdhd
ikf;fy; MQ;rNyhtpd; rpw;gq;fSs;
nts;isg; gspq;fpy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;s cU: 7.15 Nfhjpf; kuG cau; $upa Edpf;
NfhGuq;fSldhd Myaq;fs;
Nltpl;bd; rpiyAk; gpnal;lh rpiyAk;
gpujhdkhditfshFk;.

kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; fl;llf; fiyapy;

Nfhjpf; fiy kuNg ifahsg;gl;L
te;jJ. Nuhkhdpa fl;ll epu;khzj;jpw;F
,iathf> $u;Edpf; NfhGuq;fSld;
$ba rupthd $iufSldhd ngupa
fl;llq;fis kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; cU 7.16 NuhkhGupapd; nrd; gPl;lu; Njthyak;

ep;u;khzpj;jdu;. ,tw;Ws; Njthyaq;fs; gpujhdkhditfshFk;. ,e;jf;

fl;llk; fp.gp 1506 Mk; Mz;by; 2 Mk; [_ypa]; ghg;gurupd; mDruizAld;
ughay;> ikf;fy; MQ;rNyh vDk; rpwe;j fiyQu;fspd; iftz;zj;jpy;
cUthd rpw;gq;fshYk; rp;j;jpuq;fshYk; myq;fupf;fg;gl;ld.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 122

tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp

« Nghye;J ehl;ltuhd epf;fy]; nfhgu;;epf];mtu;fs;> cyfk; Nfhs

tbtpdJ vd;Wk; vy;yhf; Nfhs;fSk; #upaidr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd vd;Wk;
fz;lwpe;jhu;. ,jdhy; ,tu; ~~thdpaypd; je;ij|| vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;.

« ,j;jhypauhd fyPypNah fyPyp

njhiyNehf;fpiaf; fz;lwpe;jhu;.
,jdhy; tpz;ntspiag; guPrpyid nra;J>
tpahod; fpufj;jpd; cg fpufq;fisg;
gw;wpa jfty;fs; fz;lwpag;gl;ld.
,tu; elj;jpf; fhl;ba Ma;TfSf;fhf
~~nra;Kiw tpQ;Qhdj;jpd; je;ij|| vdg;
cU 7:8 fyPypNah fyPypAk; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;.
mtuJ njhiyNehf;fpAk;

« n[h`d;]; nfg;yu; mtu;fs;> Nfhs;fs;

#upaidr; Rw;wp ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy; Rw;wp
tUtjhff; fz;lwpe;jhu;.

« Nru;. I]hf; epA+l;ld; '<u;g;G tpiriaf;"

fz;lwpe;jhu;.
cU 7.18 ePs;tl;lg; ghij
« ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; itj;jpa tpQ;Qhdj;jpYk;
GJAfk; xd;W Njhd;wpaJ. Mq;fpNyauhd tpy;ypak; `hh;Nt kdpj
clypy; FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; ,lk; ngWk; Kiwiaf; fz;lwpe;jhu;.

« Rtpw;;ryhe;ijr; Nru;e;j itj;jpauhd ngury;r]; mtu;fs;> Neha;fs;

Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; mtw;iw Rfg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
topKiwfs; njhlu;ghfTk; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mtu; etPd
kUe;Jfs; njhlu;ghfTk; rpfpr;ir KiwfspYk; ngUQ; nry;thf;iff;
nfhz;bUe;jhu;.

« itj;jpau; ikf;fy; ru;nl];> FUjp ,jaj;jpd; ,lJ gf;f miwapypUe;J

ntspNawp Rthrg; igia mile;J mq;F Rj;jpfupf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk;
,jaj;ij mile;J cly; KOJk; Xbr; nry;tJ njhlu;ghd
jfty;fis Kd;itj;jhu;.

123 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

« rPdu;fsplk; ,Ue;J INuhg;ghTf;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;yg;gl;l mr;rpLk;
Kiwia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L fp.gp 1447 Mk; Mz;by; N[u;kdpauhd
N[h`d;d]; $ld;gu;f; mtu;fshy; mr;rpae;jpuk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ.

kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,k;Kd;Ndw;wq;

fSk; mwpnthspAk; fpNuf;f cNuhk ehfupfq;fspd;
gz;Gfis kPsTk; capu;g;gpj;jJld; vl;lhk;
E}w;whz;bypUe;J cUthfpte;j Mrpa> muhgpa
ehfupfq;fspypUe;J Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fs;
gytw;wpd; nry;thf;fpw;Fk; cl;gl;Ls;sJ.
tpNrlkhf ml;ru fzpjk;> Nfj;jpu fzpjk;> epy
msitapay;> thdpay;> itj;jparhiy Kiwfs; cU 7.20 mr;R ,ae;jpuk;
Nghd;w Vuhskhd tplaq;fis INuhg;gpau;fs;
muhgpauplkpUe;Nj ngw;Wf;nfhz;ldu;.

nraw;ghL :

« kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; fiy> fl;ll epu;khzk;> tpQ;Qhdk;

vd;gtw;wpy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlu;ghf gj;jpupiff;Ff; fl;Liu
xd;W vOJf.

INuhg;ghtpy; Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;wk;.

khdpaKiwf; fhyj;jpy; gpuhe;jpa Ml;rpahsu;fspilNa mjpfhuk;

gutyhf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jdhy; ehk; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpd; my;yJ efuj;jpd;
gpui[fshfj; jk;ikf; fUjpdhu;fNsad;wp> xNu Njrj;jtu;fs; vd;w czu;T
cUthftpy;iy. vd;whYk; khdpaKiw mopTw;W etPd Afk; Muk;gkhifapy;
12 Mk; E}w;whz;by; gy;NtW JiwfspYk; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSf;Nfw;g ~~Njrpa
muR" my;yJ ~~Gjpa Kbahl;rp Kiw|| cUthfpaJ. ,jw;fika Kd;G
fhzg;gl;l gpuhe;jpa muRfs; midj;ijAk; xd;wpizg;gjw;fhf Aj;jq;fs;>
jpUkz rk;ge;jq;fs;> ghuk;gupaq;fs; Mfpa gy;NtW Kiwfisf; ifahz;L
xNu Ml;rpahsdpd; fPo; If;fpag;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghL INuhg;ghtpy; Njhd;w
Muk;gpj;jJ.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l vy;iyfSf;Fs; tho;e;j xNu nkhopiag; NgRfpd;w> XNu

fyhrhuj;ijf; nfhz;l kf;fs; FOf;fs;> murd; xUtdpd; jiyikapd; fPo;
If;fpag;gLj;jypd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;lNj ~~Njrpa muR||fshFk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 124

Njrpa muRfspd; gz;Gfs;

« muriu ikakhff; nfhz;L rfy mjpfhuq;fisAk; jdJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd;

fPo; nfhz;l Ml;rp Kiw.
« murupd; MNyhrfu;fs;> mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; vd;Nghupy; Vw;gl;l
mjpfupg;G.
« muru;fs; jkJ MNyhrfu;fisAk; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fisAk; nry;thf;Fkpf;f
gpuGf;fspilNa ,Ue;J njupT nra;ahJ Gjpjhf tsu;r;rpaile;J te;j
kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdupilNa njupT nra;jdu;. ,tu;fspypUe;Nj Gjpa
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; tu;f;fk; xd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;W tsu;r;rpAwj; njhlq;fpaJ.
« mur Copau;fSf;F rk;gsk; nfhLf;Fk; Kiwapdhy;> khdpaKiwf;fhy
MNyhrfu;fSf;Fg; Nghd;W flikg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;ba epiyik
muru;fSf;F ,y;yhkw; NghdJ.
« Gjpa r%f tpUg;Gfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.
« murUf;F epue;jukhd ,uhZtg;gil xd;W ,Ue;jJ.
« fpwp];jt jpUr;rigapd; Mjpf;fk; tPo;r;rpaile;jik.
« INuhg;ghtpy; fpwp];jt rkak; gpsTz;L Gul;l];jhe;J rkak; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ. rpy muRfs; ,k;kjg;gpupit Mjupj;jd.
« Njrpa muRfspd; epu;thf> tu;j;jf eltbf;iffis ,yFthf
Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F ehL KOtjw;Fk; xNu rl;lKk; tupKiwAk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lik.
« tzpfthjk; vDk; nghUshjhuj; jj;Jtk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lik.~~nghd;
,Ug;G|| tu;j;jf epYit> nghUshjhuj;jpy; mur jiyaPLk; epu;thfKk;
Ra Njitg; G+u;j;jp miljy; vd;gd tzpfthjj;jpd; gz;GfshFk;.
nghd; ,Ug;G vd;gJ xU ehl;by; xd;W NrUk; nrhj;J my;yJ nghd;>
nts;spapy; ,Ug;G vd;gtw;iw msT fUtpahff; nfhz;L nry;tj;ijf;
fzf;fplyhFk;. ,jw;fika xt;nthU ehLk; gzk;> nghd;> nts;sp
vd;gtw;iwg; ngUf;fpf;nfhs;s Kad;wd.
« RaNjitg; G+u;;j;jpia cUthf;Fjy;.
ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ijg; gyg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;fhf INuhg;ghTf;F
ntspNa re;ijfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhff; FbNaw;wq;fisj;
Njhw;Wtpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
« gutyhfp ,Ue;j mjpfhuq;fis xd;Wjpul;b gyk; tha;e;j Kbahl;rpiaf;
fl;bnaOg;Gjy;. ,tw;wpw;F Vw;g INuhg;ghtpy; ,q;fpyhe;J> ];ghdpah>
gpuhd;]; Mfpa ehLfspy; ,t;thwhd gz;Gfisf;nfhz;l Kbahl;rpfs;
cUthfpd.

125 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

 nraw;ghL :

« Njrpa muR vd;why; vd;d vd;W tpsf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;L> mjd;

gz;Gfisj; jUf.

ehLfhz; gazq;fs;:

fp.gp 1453 Mk; Mz;by; fpof;F - Nkw;F tu;j;jfj;jpd; kj;jpa epiyakhd

nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; efuk; JUf;fpa K];ypk;fspd; iftrkhdikahy;>
mtu;fs; tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyia mjpfupj;jdu;.
jPu;itfis mjpfupj;jy;> cupa fhyj;jpy; nghUl;fis toq;fhik
Nghd;w ,ilA+Wfis tpistpj;jdu;. tu;j;jfj;jhy; jk;ikg; gyg;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;bUe;jikahy; K];ypk;fSf;F INuhg;gpa fpwp];jt jhgdq;fisj;
Njhw;fbf;Fk; ty;yik fpl;baJ. ,tw;iw tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l INuhg;gpau;>
jhNk Mrpag; gpuNjrq;fspy; tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;sTk; mjd; thapyhf
K];ypk;fspd; tu;j;jfj;ijj; jfh;f;fTk; MrpahTf;Fs; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhd Gjpa
fly; topfisj; NjLtjw;F Kaw;rpj;jdu;.

,f;fhyj;jpy;> ng];lu; N[hd; vDk; muru; xUtu; gpukhz;lkhd fpwp];jt

muR xd;iwf; fPioj;Njrj;jpy; mikj;jpUg;gjhf fpwp];jtu;fspilNa
tha;nkhopf; fijfs; thapyhd ek;gpf;if xd;W epytp te;jJ. me;jf;
fpwp];jt ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; fz;lwptJk;> fpwp];jt rkaj;ijg; gug;GtJk;>
,];yhkpau;fspd; gutiyj;jLj;J epWj;JtJk; INuhg;gpau;fs; fPio ehLfSf;F
tUif Gupe;jjw;fhd gpujhd fhuzq;fshFk;.

ehLfhz; gazq;fSf;fhd nghUj;jkhd #o;epiyfs; INuhg;ghtpy;

fhzg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; rpy tUkhW
« njhykpapd; cyfg; glj;jpd; %yk; cyfk; gw;wpa mwpitg;
ngw;wpUe;jik
« kWkyu;r;rpapd; NghJ cyfk; NfhstbtpdJ vdf; fz;lwpag;gl;lik
« flw; gazq;fisg; ghJfhg;ghf Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f jpirawp fUtp>
tl el;rj;jpukhzp vd;git gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik.
jdpg;gl;l Kaw;rpahz;ikahsu;fs; Mgj;Jld; $ba epr;rakw;w tplaq;fspy;
KjyPLfisr; nra;a Kd;tuhjNghJ> ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; cUthd Njrpa
muRfs; ,t;tplaq;fSf;F cjt Kd;te;jd.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 126

 Njrg;glk; 7.2 ehLfhz; gazq;fisf; fhl;Lk; cyf tiuglk;.

cU 7.21 flNyhbn`d;wp cU 7.22 t];nfhl fhkh

cU 7.23 fpwp];Nlhgu; nfhyk;g];

Nghu;j;Jf;fy; ehL fp.gp 1453 Mk; Mz;Lf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj ehLfhz;

gazq;fspy; <Lgl Muk;gpj;jpUe;;jJ. ,ilj;jufu;fshd tpahghupfsplk;
,Ue;J nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak; NghJ mtw;wpw;F mjpf tpiy
nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. vdNt ,g;nghUl;fis Neubahf MrpahtpypUe;Nj
nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhfg; Gjpa fly; topfs; fz;lwpag;gl Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
Nghu;j;Jf;fypd; n`d;wp murd; (fp.gp 1394 -1460) nghUshjhu>
tpQ;Qhd cz;ikfisj; njupe;J nfhs;Sk; Mir> Mu;tk;> rkak;> Njrpa
czu;Tfs; vd;gtw;why; ce;jg;gl;L ehw;gJ Mz;Lfshff; fg;gNyhl;Lk;
Jiwia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; ghLgl;Ls;shd;;. Mifahy; mtd; ~~flNyhb
127 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
n`d;wp|| vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhd;. mtd; ngUe;njhifg; gzj;ijr; nrytpl;L
thdpay; gupNrhjidf; $lk; xd;iw elj;jp te;Js;shd;. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;fs;>
Mgpupf;fhtpd; Nkw;Ff;fiu topNa njd;jpir Nehf;fpg; gazpj;jdu;.

];ghdpahtpYk; flNyhLk; Jiwf;F murp ,]ngyhTk; murd; Ngu;bdd;Lk;

MjuT ey;fpdu;. ,jdhy; fpwp];Njhgu; nfhyk;g]; Nkw;F ,e;jpaj; jPTfisAk;>
mnkupf;Nfh nt];G\p mnkupf;fhitAk; fz;lwp;e;jik Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jjhFk;.

ghu;j;jNyhkpa]; la]pd; jiyikapy; Mgpupf;fhtpd; njd;Kidf;F te;j

fg;gy; Gaypy; rpf;fpagbahy;> mt;tplj;jpw;F ~Gay;Kid| vdg; ngaupl;L mtd;
jpUk;gp ehl;il te;jile;jhd;. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,jw;F ed;dk;gp;f;if Kid
vdg; ngaupl;ldu;. fp.gp 1498 ,y; t];nfhlfhkh ,jd; topahf ,e;jpahtpd;
fs;spf;Nfhl;il efiu te;jile;jhd;. mJ INuhg;gpau;fs; MrpahTf;F
tUtjw;fhff; fz;lwpag;gl;l KjyhtJ fly;topahFk;.

ehLfhz; gazpfSk; mile;j ,lq;fSk;

ghu;j;jNyhkpa]; la]; - Gay;Kid
fpwp];Njhgu; nfhyk;g]; - ];ghdpNahyh
mnkupf;Nfh nt\;G\p - mnkupf;fh
t];nfhlfhkh - ,e;jpah
Ngu;bdd; kfyd; - gpypg;;igd;];

,jw;fika Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ];ghdpah> ,q;fpyhe;J> xy;yhe;J> gpuhd;]; vDk;

ehLfs; ehLfhz; gazq;fspy; <Lgl;ld.

ehLfhz; gazq;fspd; tpisTfs;

« Mrpa> Mgpupf;f mnkupf;f fz;lq;fspy; INuhg;gpaupd; Mjpf;fk; gutpaik.

« ehLfisf; ifg;gw;wYk; FbNaw;wthjk; Njhw;wk; ngwYk;.
« rkag;gpurhu eltbf;iffs; gutyile;jik.
« tu;;j;jfk; tpUj;jpaile;jik.
« ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wik.
« INuhg;gpa ehfupfk; gutyile;jik.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 128

 nraw;ghL :

« ehLfhz; gazpfs; fz;lwpe;j ehLfs;> ,lq;fs; njhlu;ghd

ml;ltiz xd;iwj; jahupf;f

kjr;rPu;jpUj;jk;
kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; rkakhdJ kdpjdJ vy;yhtplaq;fspYk; nry;thf;Fg;
ngw;wpUe;jJ. jpUkzg; gjpT> gpwg;G - ,wg;Gg; gjpTfs; vd;gtw;why; r%fj;jpy;
mikg;G uPjpahd khw;wk; xd;W Vw;gl;lNjhL xOf;ftiuaiwfSk; rkaj;jhy;
cUthapd. fy;tpiaf; fw;gpj;jYk; fj;Njhypf;f rigapd; flikahapd.
vt;thnwdpDk; mJtiu epytpte;j Kiw kWkyu;r;rpahy; Vw;gl;l
rpe;jidg;Gul;rpahy; tpQ;Qhd Kd;Ndw;wk;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; vd;gtw;why;
khw;wq;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLj;jJ. jk;ikr; #oTs;stw;iw ju;f;f uPjpahf
Nehf;Ftjw;F kf;fs; gofpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,jw;fpiaa kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; rkaf;
fw;iffisAk; jhgdq;fisAk; ju;f;f uPjpahf Nehf;FNthu; cUthfpdu;.

rkar; rPu;jpUj;jj;jhy; cUthd Gul;l];jhe;J ,af;fj;jpw;F rkak;>

nghUshjhuk;> murpay; vd;w gy;NtW tplaq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sd.

kj;jpa fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fl;lj;jpy; fj;Njhypf;fj; jpUr;rig XusTf;F

cyfpay; thjj;jpd;ghy; jpUk;gpapUe;jJ. Nguuru;fSk; muru;fSk; jkJ
murpay; mjpfhuq;fisAk; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf rkaj;
jiyikj;Jtj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik ,jw;F fhuzkhaike;jJ. ,t;thW
rka jiyikj;Jtj;ij ngw;w mjpfkhd jiytu;fs; $ba ftdj;ij
nrYj;jpaJ Md;kPf tsu;r;rpiatpl jkJ cyfpay; nry;tq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;tjpyhFk;.

,jidj; jtpu vOr;rpAw;W te;j Njrpa muRfspd; Ml;rpahsu;fs; jkJ murpay;

gyj;jpw;F Nkyhf rka FUkhu;fspd; Mjpf;fk; NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jikiaf;
fz;L fpwp];jt rigapd; gyj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij
vjpu;ghu;j;jpUe;jdu;. fpwp];jt jpUr;rigaplk; fhzg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fis kPsg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F muru;fsplKk; vOr;rpAw;W te;j kj;jpa tFg;ghuplKk;
fhzg;gl;l vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; rka rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhapd.

,e;epiyapy; Kjyhtjhff; fpwp];jt jpUr;rigia tpku;rdj;jpw;F

cl;gLj;jpatu; tpl;ld; Ngu;f; gy;fiyf;fof Nguhrpupauhd khl;bd; Yhjuhthu;.
khl;bd; Yhju;;> xf];bd; rigiar; Nru;e;j FUthdtuhthu;. cz;ikapy;
fpwp];jt rigapypUe;J tpyfp Gjpa rkag; gpupnthd;iw cUthf;FtJ

129 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

mtuJ Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy> khwhf mg;NghJ
epytp te;j FiwghLfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;b mtw;iw
fistNj mtuJ Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mtu;
jdJ vjpu;g;igj; njuptpj;jJ 'ghtkd;dpg;Gg; gj;jpu'
tpw;gidf;fhFk;. khl;bd; Yhju; jpUr;rigapy; epytpa
Fiwfs; njhz;Zhw;W Ie;ijg; gl;baypl;L fp.gp 1517
etk;gu; 1Mk; jpfjp tpw;wd; Ngu;f; Myaf; fjtpy; cU 7.24 iggpis thrpj;jy;
xl;b tpl;lhu;. ,t;tplaq;fs; fpwp];jt rkaj;jpy;
rPu;jpUj;jk; Nfhupa rpyupd; MjuTf;F topNfhypaJ. ,e;j epge;jidfsp;y;
jtwhd rpytw;iw jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F ghg;gurupd; fl;lis xd;W
fpilf;fg;ngw;w NghjpYk; mjw;F mtu; ,zq;ftpy;iy. ,jd; gpujpgydhf
khl;bd; Yhjiu jpUr;rigapypUe;J ntspNaw;w Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ. mJ Gjpa
jpUr;rig Njhd;Wtjw;F topaikj;jNjhL ghg;guriu Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l
gioa jpUr;rig 'fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rig" vdTk; mwpKfkhdJ.

khl;bd; Yhjupd; gpd;du; Gjpa rigia Njhw;Wtpg;gjpy; Kd;dplk;

tfpj;Njhu; gpuhd;]pauhd fy;tpDk; Rtpq;sp vd;NghUkhtu;. ,tu;fs; ,UtUk;
fpwp];jt FUkhuhtu;. ,t;tpUtuJk; rPu;j;jpUj;j ,af;fj;jpd; jiyikg; gPlk;
Rtpw;;ru;yhe;jpy; mike;jpUe;jJ. fpwp];jt jpUr;rigapd; Fw;wq;Fiwfis
Rl;bf;fhl;b vOjpatu;fSs; N[hd; itf;spg;> nrf; ,dj;jtuhd N[hd; `];>
xy;yhe;juhd ,uh];k]; vd;NghUk; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wdu;. iggpis
Kjd;Kiwahf N[hd; itf;fpspg; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; khl;bd; Yhju;; N[u;kd;
nkhopapYk; nkhopngau;j;jdu;.

,r;rPu;j;jpUj;jthjpfs; Gdpj ghg;gurupd; mjpfhuj;ij epuhfupj;jNjhL

jkJ nfhs;iffisg; ngUksTf;F iggpis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl
cUthf;fpf; nfhz;ldu;.

gjpdhwhk; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpd; NghJ Gdpj cNuhkg; NguuR

ghg;gurupd; epu;thfj;jpypUe;J tpyfp Rje;jpukhd munrhd;whf cUthtjw;fhd
Njitnahd;W Vw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. khl;bd; Yhju;; vLj;j Kaw;rpf;F
tpNrlkhf N[u;kdpa rpw;wuru;fspd; MjuT fpl;baJ.

khl;bd; Yhju;;> N[hd; fy;tpd;> cy;upr; Rtpq;sp vd;NghuJ rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fs;

Gul;l];jhe;J ,af;fk; vdg;gl;lJ. ,g;Gul;l];jhe;J ,af;fk; ntw;wp ngWtjw;Ff;
fhuzkhaike;jJ N[u;kdpapy; rpw;wuru;fspdJk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; muru;fspdJk;
MjuthFk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 130

 rka rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;

« INuhg;ghtpd; rka xUikg;ghL Fiye;J Gjpa rkaf; nfhs;iffs;

Njhd;wpaik.
« fpwp];jt jpUr;rig gpsTgl;lik.
« Gdpj cNuhkg; Nguurpd; nry;thf;F Fd;wpaik.
« gpuhe;jpa rpw;wuru;fspd; gyk; mjpfupj;jik.
« kp\dup (kiw gug;ghsu;) ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik.

nraw;ghL :
« rka rPu;jpUj;jk; ,lk;ngw;w tpjk;gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

rhuhk;rk;

« INuhg;ghtpd; kj;jpa fhyk; Mz;lhd; mbikr; r%fkhf

cUthfpapUe;jJ. ,f;fhyj;jpy;; gpuGf;fs; gykile;jpUe;jNjhL>
murupd; gyk; Fiwe;jpUe;jJ. Fbfs; mbikfshapUe;jdu;.
« kj;jpa fhyj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; kPJ fpwp];jt jpUr;rig ngUk;
nry;thf;iff; nfhz;bUe;jJ.
« RaNjitg; G+u;j;jpg; nghUshjhu Kiw ,f;fhyj;jpy;
fhzg;gl;lNjhL mjpfhuk; gutyhf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
« rpYit Aj;jq;fs; khdpaKiw tPo;r;rpailtjw;F fhuzkh
apUe;jJ.
« JUf;fpau;fs; nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgpisf; ifg;gw;wpajdhy; Vw;gl;l
tpisthy; INuhg;ghtpy; etAfk; xd;W Njhd;wpaJ.
« fiyfspd; vOr;rp> rka rPu;jpUj;jk;;> tpQ;Qhd Kd;Ndw;wk;>ehLfhz;
gazq;fs;> tzpf tpUj;jp Nghd;w INuhg;ghit xspkag;gLj;jpa
epfo;r;rpfs; gyTk; kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wd.

131 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

 gapw;rp :

1. tpilaspf;f.

1. INuhg;ghtpy; kj;jpa fhyk; vdf; fUjg;gLtJ vf;fhyfl;lj;ijahFk;.

2. khdpa Kiwapd; gz;;Gfs; %d;wpidf; Fwpg;gpLf
3. rpYit Aj;jk; vd;why; vd;d?
4. nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgpis JUf;fpau; vg;NghJ ifg;gw;wpdu;?
5. tu;j;jfu;fs; xd;wpize;J nraw;glj; njhlq;fpaikf;fhdfhuzj;ijj;
jUf
6. kWkyu;r;rp vd;why; vd;d?
7. kWkyu;r;rpapd; %d;W gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
8. kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyj;J fiyQu;fs; %tupd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
9. Njrpa muRfs; vd;why; vd;d?
10. Njrpa muRfspd; gz;Gfs; %d;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
11. ehLfhz; gazpfs; %tupd; ngau;fisf;; Fwpg;gpLf.
12. Muk;gf;fhy kjr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %d;iw vOJf.
13. rka rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Njhd;wpa fpwp];jt rigfs; vit?

2. fPwpl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf.

1. khdpa Kiwapy; muriu tpl.................... gyk; nghUe;jpatu;

fshapUe;jdu;.
2. khdpa Kiwapy; ........................ nghUshjhuKiw epytpaJ.
3. fpwp];jtu;fspd; Gdpj G+kp ...................... MFk;.
4. kj;jpa fhyk; ....................... thjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk;
kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyk; ............................. thjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk;
,Ue;jJ.
5. njhiy Nehf;fp ........................... vd;gtuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.
6. tpy;ypak; `hNt kdpjdpd; ......................... gw;wpa jfty;fisj;
njspTgLj;jpdhu;.
7. Njrpa muRfspd; cr;r mjpfhuk; .................... fhzg;gl;lJ.
8. nfhd;];jhe;jpNehgps; ...................... tu;j;jfg; ghijapy;
mike;jpUe;jikahy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w efuhapUe;jJ.
9. ghu;j;jNyhkpa]; la]pd; flw;gazk; Kbtile;j ,lk; ......................
MFk;.
10. fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigf;F vjpuhf cUthd ,af;fk; ......................
vdg;gl;lJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 132