Class X Unit-1.2 C.W

,ay;-1 md;id nkhopNa
jkpo; nrhy; tsk;

ciueil tpdhf;fs;
1.Gspaq;fd;W Mokhf elg;gl;Ls;sJ
,JNghy; ,sk; gaph;tifIe;jpd; ngah;fisj; njhlh;fspy; mikf;f
 vd; je;ijkhq;fd;Wel;lhh;
 vd; jhj;jhthiof;fd;Wthq;fpte;J el;lhh;
 vd; Njhl;lj;jpy; gj;J njd;dk;gps;isfs; el;Nld;
 ehd; taypy; fj;jhpehw;W el;Nld;
 ehd; gidklypiag; gs;sk; vLj;J ePh; Cw;wp el;Nld;.
2. jkpopd; nrhy;tsk; gw;wpAk; Gjpanrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhdNjitFwpj;Jk; jkpo; kd;wj;jpy;
NgRtjw;fhdciuf; Fwpg;GfisvOJf.
jkpopd; nrhy; tsk;:
Mq;fpyk; Nghd;w nkhopfspy; ,iyiaf; Fwpf;f xNu xU nrhy; kl;LNk cs;sJ. Mdhy;
jkpo;kf;fs; ,iyia mjd; td;ik> nkd;ik ,tw;iwf; nfhz;L ,iy> Njhif> Xiy vdg; ghFghL
nra;Js;sdh;. ,J kl;Lkd;wp jhtuq;fs;> kzptif> ,sk;gaph;tif> fha;fdptif> mb> fpis
nfhOe;J vd midj;J cWg;GfSf;Fk; nrhw;fisg; gFj;J itj;Js;sdh;.
G+tpd; epiyfisf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhw;fs;
mUk;G: g+tpd; Njhw;wepiy
NghJ: g+ tphpaj; njhlq;Fk; epiy
kyh;: g+tpd; kyh;e;j epiy
tP: kuk; nrbapypUe;J g+ fPNo tpOe;j epiy
nrk;ky;: g+ thbd epiy.
Gjpanrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;fhd Njit
jpUe;jpa kf;fis kw;w caphpdpd;Wk; gphpj;Jf; fhl;LtJ nkhopahjypd;> mJNt xU ehl;lhhpd;
my;yJ ,dj;jhhpd; ehfhpfj;ij mse;jwptjw;Fk; rpwe;j topahFk;. nghUisf; $h;e;J Nehf;fp
Ez;ghFghL nra;J mtw;wpw;Nfw;gg; gUg;nghUl; nrhw;fSk; Ez;nghUl; nrhw;fSk; mikj;Jf;nfhs;tJ>
rpwe;j kjpEl;gKk; gz;ghLk; cila kf;fl;Nf ,aYk;.
tphpthdk;
ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs;
1. ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fis RUf;fp vOJf.
Kd;Diu
rq;f ,yf;fpak; ek; ghl;ldhh; Njhg;G. ,ilf;fhy ,yf;fpak; ek; je;ijahh; Njhl;lk;. ,f;fhy
,yf;fpak; ek; g+q;fh. ,it midj;jpd; eaq;fisAk; xd;W Nrh;j;J ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fshff;
fhz;Nghk;.
ciueilapy; cUtfk; ,iz xg;G:

jw;nghOJ Kfepytpy; tpah;it Kj;Jfs; Jsph;j;jd vd;W cUtfkhf vOJfpwhh;fs;. fsk;Gfj;
Jbj;J epd;w cdf;F ntw;wpr;rhW fpilj;Jtpl;lJ. cz;L kfpo;e;jha;> cd; Gd;difjhd; mjw;Fr;
rhd;W. ,J mwpQh; mz;zhtpd; ciueil
vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpia ciueilapy; gad;gLj;Jifapy; ,iz xg;G vd;fpNwhk;. Ch;

$br; nrf;Fj; js;s KbAkh? vdf; Nfl;fpwhh;fs.; Ch; $bd gpwFjhd; nrf;Fj; js;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W
fhj;jpUg;gth;fspd; fhhpak; if$lhJ. GNuhfpjUf;fhf mkhthir fhj;jpUg;gjpy;iy vd;W vOj;jhsh; t.
uhkrhkp kioAk; GaYk; vd;w E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
ciueilapy; ,yf;fiz:
‘Nrhiyapy; GFNtd;;: kuq;fs; $g;gpLk; tpUe;J itf;Fk;. Myku epoypy; mkh;Ntd;: My; vd;
tpOijg; ghh;> me;j muRf;F ,..;J cz;lh? vd;Dk; muR fz;zpw;gLk;. ahd; tpOjpd;wp thDw Xq;fp
epw;fpNwd;. vd;id kf;fs; Rw;wpr; nry;fpwhh;fs;. fhz; vd;Dk; Ntk;G vd;epoy; eyQ;nra;Ak;. vd; g+tpd;
Fzq;fisr; nrhy;fpNwd; th vd;Dk;> mj;jp> ehif> tpsh> kh> tpy;tk; Kjypa kuq;fs;
tpspahkypUf;FNkh? rpe;jidapy; mitfspd; El;gq;fs; tpsq;Fk;. kiy vd;id mbf;fb miof;Fk;.
kiykPJ Xhplj;jpy; mkh;Ntd;. NkYk; fPOk; ghh;g;Ngd;. Rw;WKw;Wk; ghh;g;Ngd;. kdk; mikjp va;Jk;”
vq;fs; fhyj; jkpo;j;njd;wy; jpU.tp.fypahzRe;judhh; ,g;gb vOjpapUf;fpwhh;.
ciueilapy; vJif Nkhid

‘njd;wy; mire;JtUk; njd;jkpo; ehl;by; mike;j jpUf;Fw;whyk;. kiytsk; gilj;j
gok;gjpahFk;. mk;kiyapNy> Nfhq;Fk;> Ntq;ifAk; Xq;fp tsUk;. FutKk; Ky;iyAk; eWkzk;
fkOk;. Nfhykhkapy; Njhif tphpj;jhLk;. NjDz;l tz;Lfs; jkpo;g; ghl;birf;Fk;. ,j;jifa
kiyapdpd;W tpiue;J tope;jpwq;Fk; nts;sUtp tl;lr; RidapNy tPo;e;J nghq;Fk;nghOJ rpjWk; ePh;j;
jptiyfs; ghyhtpNghw; gue;njOe;J kQ;rpNahL Nrh;e;J nfhQ;rpf; FyhTk;.” vd;W nrhy;ypd; nry;th;
,uh.gp.Nr. jkpopd;gk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; vOjpAs;shh;.
ciueilapd; vjphpiz:
nrhy;Yk; Kiwapy; mOj;jk; nfhLg;gjw;fhf vjpUk; GjpUkhd Kuz;gLk; fUj;Jfis mikj;J
vOJNthk;. ,jid vjphpiz ,irT vd;fpNwhk;. Fbirfs; xU gf;fk; NfhGuq;fs; kWgf;fk; grpj;j
tapWfs; xUgf;fk;. Gspr;Nrg;gf;fhuh;fs; kWgf;fk;. nkype;j vYk;Gf;$Lfs; xUgf;fk;. gUj;j njhe;jpfs;
kWgf;fk;. NfLnfl;l ,e;jr; rKjhaj;jpw;F tpNkhrdk;? Njhoh;fNs> rpe;jpAq;fs; vd;W Njhoh; g.
[Pthde;jk; vOjpapUg;gJ mjw;F ey;y vLj;Jf;fhl;L.
KbTiu:
Ngrpdhy; ciuahly;.vOjpdhy; ciueil. ,d;iwa ciueilapd; tsh;r;rpNah mstw;wJ.
fl;Liu> rpWfij> Gjpdk; ,itnay;yhk; ,d;iwa ciueilapd; ,yf;fpa tbtq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
,tw;iwg; gbj;J ek; mwpit tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Nthk;.
ciueilapd; mzpeyd;fs;
xU gf;f mstpy; ciuahly; vOJf
#oy; : ntspehl;bypUe;J cq;fs; ,y;yj;jpw;F te;jpUf;Fk; cwtpdhpd; kfSf;Fj; jkpo; nkhopiag; Ngr
kl;LNk njhpAk;. Mq;fpy ,yf;fpak; gbj;j mthplk; jkpo; ciueilapd; rpwg;Gg; gw;wp ciuahLjy;.
gphpah: tzf;fk;. jhq;fs; vk; tPl;bw;F te;jJ kpf;f kfpo;r;rp
ckh: vq;fSf;F tpLKiw mspj;jjhy; cd;NdhL xU rpy ehl;fs; jq;fp tpl;Lg; Nghfyhk; vd;W
te;Njd;
gphpah: ckh ‚ cq;fs;; ngw;Nwhh; ed;whf ,Uf;fpwhh;fsh?
ckh: ed;whf ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; gphpah. ehd; Mq;fpy ,yf;fpak; Kbj;Js;Nsd;. mtw;wpy; vj;jid
tUzidfs; > ctikfs; ‚ mt;tsT tpag;ghf cs;sJ.
gphpah: rhp Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpNwd; . Mdhy; jkpo; nkhopapYk; ,j;jifa rpwg;Gfs; cs;sd.
ckh: jkpopYk; cz;lh?
gphpah: Mk;. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; jkpopy; ciueil E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd. N\f;];gpah; >
[hd;fPl;]; Nghd;w vOj;jhsh;fisg; Nghd;W jkpopYk; gy vOj;jhsh;fs; Njhd;wpdh;.Mjyhy;
njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyk; njhl;Nl ciueil gw;wpa Fwpg;G ,Ug;gij mwpa KbfpwJ.
‘njhd;ik jhNd “
ciuNahL czh;e;j ahg;gpd; Nkw;Nw” ,jid ciuapilg; ngw;w ghl;Lilr; nra;As; vd;W toq;fpdh;.
ckh: mg;NghNj ciueilf;F Nkw;Nfhs; ifahz;Ls;sduh?
gphpah:Mk;.mr;R ,ae;jpuk; ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j gpwF gpw;fhyj;jpy; jkpopy; ciueil E}y;fs; gy
vOk;gpd.
ckh:mg;gbah?
gphpah: Mk;. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs;> mw ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Guhzq;fs;> ,jpfhrq;fs;> ,yf;fz E}y;fs;>
fhg;gpaq;fs; ,g;gb vz;zw;w ,yf;fpaq;fs; cs;sd.
ckh: tpag;ghf cs;sNj
gphpah: Mk;. jkpio %j;j nkhop vd;fpNwhk;. Mdhy;> jkpo;nkhop gpwnkhopf; fyg;gpd;wp jdpj;J
,aq;Fk; Mw;wy; cs;sJ.
ckh:jkpopy; ,j;jid rpwg;Gfs; cz;L vd;gij ,g;nghOJjhd; ehd; mwpe;J nfhz;Nld;. jkpo;
,yf;fpaj;jpd; kfj;Jtj;ij mwpe;J nfhz;l ehd; vd;dhy; Kbe;j msT jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;ij vLj;Jg;
gbg;Ngd;. jkpNo nrk;nkhop vd;W ep&gpj;j cdf;F vd; ed;wpiaj; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
,ay;-2 ciueilcyfk;
rpWtpdh
1.capuhf ehd;> gy ngah;fspy; ehd;> ehd;F jpirapYk; ehd;> ,yf;fpaq;fspy; ehd;> Ke;ePh; ehtha;
Xl;bahf ehd; - Kjypa jiyg;Gfspy; fhw;W jd;idg; gw;wpg; NgRfpwJ. ,t;thW ePh; jd;idg; gw;wpg;
Ngrpdhy; - cq;fSila fw;gidapd; jiyg;Gfis vOJf.
ehdpd;wpmikahJcyF:
‘ePh; ,d;wpmikahJ cyF” vd;WjpUts;Sth; njspthfg; gjpT nra;Js;shh;. ePNu kdpj tho;tpd;
mbj;jsk; gaph;f;$l;lKk;> caph;f;$l;lKk; kfpo;r;rpahf tho JizGhptJ ePNu MFk;.
gy;NtWNjhw;wq;fspy; ehd;:
ePiuj; jz;zPh; vdTk; $Wth;. ePh; kioePh;> Mw;WePh;> Cw;WePH;> FbePh; vd gy ngah;fshy;
miof;fg;gLfpd;Nwd;.
gy;yhw;whDk; gad; jUgtd; ehd;:
gy gFjpfshYk; ehd; mUtp> MW>Vhp> fly;> ciwf;fpzW> Mopf;fpzW> fl;Lf;fpzW> Cw;W vd

gy ePh;epiyfspd; %yk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpNwd;.
gok;ngUk; gDty;fspy; ehd;:

jpUf;FwspYk; czntdg;gLtJ epyj;njhL ePNu vd;Dk; rq;f ghlypYk;> GwehD}w;wpYk;
ePUf;Nf Kjyplk; jug;gLfpwJ.
fyk; nrYj;Jk; flyhfehd;:
jkpoh;fs; fly; tzpfj;jpd; %yk; fliyAk; jk; MSifapy; gy E}w;whz;Lfshf
itj;jpUe;jdh;. ,th;fspd; tzpf gazq;fspy; ehd; gythW gad;gl;Nld;.
2. Nrhiyg; (g+q;fh) fhw;Wk;> kpd;tprpwpf; fhw;Wk; Ngrpf; nfhs;tJNghy Xh; ciuahly; mikf;f.
Nrhiyf;fhw;W : vd;idg; Nghy ,jkhd fhw;iw cd;dhy; juKbAkh?
kpd;tprpwpf;fhw;W : Vd; juKbahJ? nkJthfTk; tPRNtd;;; NtfkhfTk; tPRNtd;.
Nrhiyf;fhw;W : Vd;!ehDk; nkJthfTk; tPRNtd;;; NtfkhfTk; tPRNtd;.
kpd;tprpwpf;fhw;W : vd;dhy; ahUf;Fk; ve;jtpj jPqF
; k; Vw;glhJ.
Nrhiyf;fhw;W : ehd; mg;gbxd;Wk; kdpjh;fSf;Fj; jPqF ; nra;a epidg;gjpy;iy. vspNahh;f;F ehd; jhd;
vspjhf fpilf;fpNwd;.
kpd;tprpwpf;fhw;W :tPLfl;b> trjpahf tho;gth;fSf;F ehd; jhd; tPl;il mzpnra;fpNwd;.
Nrhiyf;fhw;W :MdhYk; ehk; ,UtUNk kdpjh;fSf;F Kf;fpak;.
kpd;tprpwpf;fhw;W: Mk;. ehk; ,ize;J kdpjh;fSf;F ,jkspg;Nghk;.
,ay;-2 ftpijg;Ngio
Ky;iyg;ghl;L
1. Ky;iyg;ghl;bYs;sfhh;fhyr; nra;jpfis tpthpj;JvOJf.
ehl;by; Ky;iyg; g+f;fs; kyh;e;Js;sikAk;> kyhpd; Njd; Efuahopd; Xiriag; Nghytz;bd;
$l;lk; KuSfpd;wd vd eilKiw rpwg;ghf ghlypy; cs;sJ. fhh; fhykhdJ tpidapd; fhuzkhfg;
gphpe;J nrd;Ws;s jiykfDf;Fk;> tPl;bYs;s jiytpf;Fk; jdpikj; Jahpid Vw;gLj;Jk; fhyk; kiog;
nghopAk; kiofhykhd fhh;fhy khiyg;nghOjpy; caph;fs; jk; JizNahL ,Uf;f tpUk;GtJ
,aw;if. ,ijnahl;bNa Nkar; nrd;wjha; gRf;fs; clNd jpUk;Gk; eP Jd;Gw Ntz;lhk; vd fd;Wf;F
Makfsph; nrhy;tJ NghyTk;> mjid Nfl;l KJFbg; ngz;bh; jiytpaplk; tphpr;rpNfl;Nlhk;
vd;gjhfg; ghly; mike;J Ky;iyj;jpizapy; ,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk; fhh;fhy tUzidAld;
czh;j;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
2.kioepd;wTld; Gyg;gLk; fhl;rpia tUzpj;J vOJf.
(Fwpg;G: ,iyfspy; nrhl;Lk; ePh; - clypy; XLk; nky;ypaFsph; - Njq;fpa Fl;ilapy; ‘rsg; jsg;” vd;W
Fjpf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; - XLk; ePhpy; fhfpjf; fg;gy;
 kioePhpy; Fspj;Jtpl;Lj; njd;de;Njhg;gpy; jiy cyh;j;jtUk; njd;wy; fhw;W

 mzpy;fspd; rLFL tpisahl;lhy; kuq;fspd; ,iyfspy; nrhl;Lk; ePh; Mh;Nkhdpak;
,y;yhkNyNa RUjpNahL ghLk; Fapy; koiy khwhj ejpNahir> jho;thuq;fspy; nrhl;Lk; ePh;
NghLk; jhsk;.
 clypy; cuRk; nky;ypa Fsph; fhw;W njUf;fspy; Njq;fpa Fl;ilfspy; rsg;jsg;
vd Fjpj;J tpisahLk; Foe;ijfs;.
 tz;L ,irf;Fk; re;jj;Jld; fhfpj fg;gy; tpl;LkfpOk; rpWth;fspd; $r;ry; vd ,aw;ifg+kp
vd;Dk; NgNul;ilvOjpAs;sJ.
,ay;-2 tphpthdk;-GaypNy xU Njhzp

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Class X Unit-1.2 C.W

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,ay;-1 md;id nkhopNa

jkpo; nrhy; tsk;

ciueilapy; cUtfk; ,iz xg;G:

vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpia ciueilapy; gad;gLj;Jifapy; ,iz xg;G vd;fpNwhk;. Ch;

ciueilapy; vJif Nkhid

gy gFjpfshYk; ehd; mUtp> MW>Vhp> fly;> ciwf;fpzW> Mopf;fpzW> fl;Lf;fpzW> Cw;W vd

gok;ngUk; gDty;fspy; ehd;:

 kioePhpy; Fspj;Jtpl;Lj; njd;de;Njhg;gpy; jiy cyh;j;jtUk; njd;wy; fhw;W

,ay;-2 tphpthdk;-GaypNy xU Njhzp

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