Level/dimension (s)

Outcomes Availability of needed information and makes decisions on broadening the information, seeking process beyond local resources (e.g. interlibrary, using resources at other locations, obtaining images, videos, text and sound). The feasibility of acquiring new language or skill in order to gather needed information and to understand its context. Define a realistic over-all plan ad timeline to acquire the needed information.

Activity 16
Construct an effective design or search strategy. Describe how the search system retrieves information. Search System 1. Surveys How It Retrieves Information

2. Letters

3. Interviews

4. Focus group discussions

5. Intellectual hunts

Activity 17
Define the search strategy. From the search system, classify results or kind of information that should be revised. What revised strategy is necessary? Search System 1. Surveys
A method for collecting quantitative information about items in a population. Usually, a survey consists of a number of questions that the respondent has to answer in a set format. A distinction is made between open-ended and closed-ended questions. An open-ended question asks the respondent to formulate his own answer, whereas a closed-ended question has the respondent pick an answer from a given number of options. The response options for a closed-ended question should be exhaustive and mutually exclusive. Four types of response scales for closed-ended questions are distinguished: Dichotomous, where the respondent has two options Nominal-polytomous, where the respondent has more than two unordered options Ordinal-polytomous, where the respondent has more than two ordered options

Kind if Information to Be Revised

Your results will only be as good as the questions that you asked people. If your questions were poorly worded, you are probably going to find that your data are not very useful. Two common examples of this to be aware of: The "easy" question - if a question is too softly worded or has an obvious answer, you will find that almost all respondents answered with the same response. This means your question has not effectively distinguished what it was intended to distinguish. The "confusing" question there are so many forms of confusing question, but they generally all yield similar response patterns you will see an unusually high number of "unable to rate" responses as well a larger than average

Improved Search System

Ways of developing a good survey questionnaire:

Clearly state your intentions with the research. Many people are hesitant to answer questions about themselves and their opinions. If you are developing your survey for a science fair project, people will probably be more willing to help if you clearly state your intentions. At the top of your survey, write a brief statement explaining why you are collecting the information and reassure each respondent that the information is entirely anonymous. If you need to know specifics about a person, respect their privacy by identifying them as subject1, subject2, etc...

Include instructions with your survey questionnaire

 (bounded)Continuous, where the respondent is presented with a continuous scale A respondent's answer to an open-ended question can be coded into a response scale afterwards or analyzed using more qualitative methods. Advantages As in sample study few units are to be examined detailed study of the survey can be done. As few units are to be examined the survey work requires less time. Thus in this way sample survey saves time. As few units are to be examined the survey work requires less money. Thus in this way sample survey saves lots of money. In sample survey few persons are required for the survey work so experts can be appointed for the survey. This will increase the reliability of the survey results. When the test is of destructive nature, sampling is only the way out. In such cases the population survey is not possible. A large area can be covered under survey in the available time and money. If proper method is employed under the survey the results obtained will represent the population adequately. Surveys are relatively inexpensive (especially self-administered

spread of responses in the frequency distribution. What you are seeing in this is that people just did not understand the question or that different people interpreted the question differently.

What may seem obvious to you probably is not very obvious to someone else. To ensure that you collect valid survey results, make sure you include instructions on how to answer the survey questionnaire. There should probably be a short introductory set of instructions at the top of the survey questionnaire, and additional instructions for specific questions as needed.

Don't ask for personal information unless you need it. Asking individuals to provide you with personal or demographic information (age, race, income level, etc...) may irritate some respondents and prevent them from completing your survey questionnaire. However, in many instances, this information is necessary for the research. If you need to ask for this type of information it is best to place the questions at the END of your survey questionnaire.

Keep the questions short and concise The wording for survey questions should be short and concise. Each question should be clearly stated so that there is no misunderstanding about

surveys). Surveys are useful in describing the characteristics of a large population. No other method of observation can provide this general capability. They can be administered from remote locations using mail, email or telephone. Consequently, very large samples are feasible, making the results statistically significant even when analyzing multiple variables. Many questions can be asked about a given topic giving considerable flexibility to the analysis. Sample survey make measurement more precise by enforcing uniform definitions upon the participants. Sample survey means that similar data can be collected from groups then interpreted comparatively (between-group study). Sample survey is also used to check the accuracy of the census data (population survey). Surveys are an efficient way of collecting information from a large number of respondents. Very large samplings are possible. Statistical techniques can be used to determine validity, reliability, and statistical significance. Surveys are flexible in the sense that a wide range of information can be collected. They can be

what is being asked. The best way to ensure your questions are well worded is to test them by having other people review and test your survey before you distribute it to the full sample.

Ask only one question at a time (the double barreled question) This is a very common mistake in survey questionnaires and one that will severely impact the results of your data. When you are writing a question, you must make sure that you are only asking one question at a time.

Make sure the questions are unbiased When developing your survey questionnaire, you want to make certain that you are asking the questions in a neutral way, ie that you are not leading them toward a particular answer. This may seem simple, but when you are writing questions you will often find that the way you phrase the question may reflect your underlying opinion.

Ask questions that can be answered by your subjects Make sure that the

used to study attitudes, values, beliefs, and past behaviors. Because they are standardized, they are relatively free from several types of errors. They are relatively easy to administer. There is an economy in data collection due to the focus provided by standardized questions. Only questions of interest to the researcher are asked, recorded, codified, and analyzed. Time and money is not spent on tangential questions. Sample surveys are usually cheaper to conduct than a full census.

questions you are asking are questions that people will be able to answer. The most common mistake is to ask questions that most people simply cannot remember.

Order/group questions according to subject If you have more than six questions in your questionnaire, then you should make an effort to organize your questions so the respondents can answer them as quickly as possible. A good way to organize the questions is to group them together by subject. This way your respondents can focus their thoughts and answer a series of questions around these thoughts.

Disadvantages They depend on subjects' motivation, honesty, memory, and ability to respond. Subjects may not be aware of their reasons for any given action. They may have forgotten their reasons. They may not be motivated to give accurate answers; in fact, they may be motivated to give answers that present themselves in a favorable light. Structured surveys, particularly those with closed ended questions, may have low validity when researching affective variables. Survey question answerchoices could lead to vague data sets because at times they are relative only to a personal abstract

Present the questions in a clean and organized layout A clean layout will make it much simpler for people to respond to the questions and for you to collect the data. Make sure that your method for marking answers is well explained and that your answer boxes are consistent throughout the questionnaire.

Test the survey questionnaire Once you have developed

notion concerning "strength of choice". For instance the choice "moderately agree" may mean different things to different subjects, and to anyone interpreting the data for correlation. Even yes or no answers are problematic because subjects may for instance put "no" if the choice "only once" is not available.

your survey questionnaire, you should conduct a small test (5 -10 people) to make sure that respondents clearly understand the questions you are asking and that you are capturing the information that you need for your study.

2. Letters
A letter which contain questions that you want to be answered by a well-known personality or respondent.

Writing a Good Letter Purpose of a Business Letter A business letter (or formal letter) is a formal way of communicating between two or more parties. There are many different uses and business letters. Business letters can be informational, persuasive, motivational, or promotional. Business letters should be typed and printed out on standard 8.5" x 11" white paper. Elements of a Good Letter The most important element of writing a good letter is your ability to identify and write to your audience. If you are addressing your letter to the department of human resources, avoid using highly technical terms that only engineers would understand, even if your letter is addressed to an engineering company, chances are that the personnel in human resources does not have

an engineering background. The next element is that you make sure your present your objective in a clear and concise manner. Don't be vague about your objective, most people will not have the patience to sit there and guess at the meaning of your letter or the time to read a longwinded letter, just get to the point without going into unnecessary details. Another important element to remember is to remain professional. Even if you are writing a complaint letter, remain polite and courteous, simply state the problem(s) along with any other relevant information and be sure to avoid threats and slander.

Conducting a Good Interview Preparation for Interview Choose a setting with little distraction. Avoid loud lights or noises, ensure the interviewee is comfortable (you might ask them if they are), etc. Often, they may feel more comfortable at their own places of work or homes. Explain the purpose of the interview. Address terms of confidentiality. Note any terms of confidentiality. (Be careful here. Rarely can you absolutely promise anything. Courts may get access to

3. Interviews
An interview is a conversation between two people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee.

information, in certain circumstances.) Explain who will get access to their answers and how their answers will be analyzed. If their comments are to be used as quotes, get their written permission to do so. Explain the format of the interview. Explain the type of interview you are conducting and its nature. If you want them to ask questions, specify if they're to do so as they have them or wait until the end of the interview. Indicate how long the interview usually takes. Tell them how to get in touch with you later if they want to. Ask them if they have any questions before you both get started with the interview. Don't count on your memory to recall their answers. Ask for permission to record the interview or bring along someone to take notes.

Conducting Interview Occasionally verify the tape recorder (if used) is working. Ask one question at a time. Attempt to remain as neutral as possible. That is, don't show strong emotional reactions to their responses. Patton suggests to act as if

4. Focus discussions

group

"you've heard it all before." Encourage responses with occasional nods of the head, "uh huh"s, etc. Be careful about the appearance when note taking. That is, if you jump to take a note, it may appear as if you're surprised or very pleased about an answer, which may influence answers to future questions. Provide transition between major topics, e.g., "we've been talking about (some topic) and now I'd like to move on to (another topic)." Don't lose control of the interview. This can occur when respondents stray to another topic, take so long to answer a question that times begins to run out, or even begin asking questions to the interviewer.

A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging. Questions are asked in an interactive group setting where participants are free to talk with other group members. Variants of focus groups include: Two-way focus group one focus group watches another focus group and

Focus Group The purpose of focus group discussions is to gain knowledge about a particular topic or need by interviewing a group of people directly affected by the issue. Focus group data can be used to collect information for many purposes, such as conducting a needs assessment or

discusses the observed interactions and conclusion Dual moderator focus group - one moderator ensures the session progresses smoothly, while another ensures that all the topics are covered Dueling moderator focus group - two moderators deliberately take opposite sides on the issue under discussion Respondent moderator focus group - one and only one of the respondents are asked to act as the moderator temporarily Client participant focus groups - one or more client representatives participate in the discussion, either covertly or overtly Mini focus groups - groups are composed of four or five members rather than 6 to 12 Teleconference focus groups - telephone network is used Online focus groups computers connected via the internet are used.

evaluating a program. Below are brief pointers regarding the why and how of focus groups. When Are Focus Groups Appropriate? Focus Groups are appropriate when you want to: Explore the depth and nuances of opinions regarding an issue Understand differences in perspectives Understand what factors influence opinions or behavior Test materials or products Test reactions to actual or proposed services Design a large study or understand its results Capture opinions and perspectives of a programs target audience Learn about participants by observing their interactions Focus Groups are not appropriate when you: Need to ask participants sensitive information Need statistical information about an entire population Are working with emotionally

or politically charged groups Cant ensure confidentiality

5. Intellectual hunts
Intellectual hunts is one of many different types of games which can have one or more players who try to find hidden articles, locations or places by using a series of clues. This is a fictional activity; treasure can also be a real life activity. Treasure hunt games may be an indoor or outdoor activity. Outdoors they can be played in a garden or the treasure could be located anywhere around the world.

Want people to come to a consensus Do not have the skills to analyze the data

Metacognitive Strategies It is a relatively new field, and theorists have not yet settled on conventional terminology. For example, good readers automatically (unconsciously) employ metacognitive strategies to focus their attention to derive meaning, and to make adjustments when something goes wrong. They do not think about labeling these skills while performing them; but if we ask them what they were doing, their metacognitive processes accurately.

Activity 21
Many content in school subjects involve concepts like numbers, democracy, philosophy and others. The common way for teachers to represent these is to illustrate them in everyday events. How do you describe the following words in your everyday observation or events? The mother of democracy

The curriculum scripted

The lifelong learning

The learning how to learn

Activity 26
Observe classroom spaces for a note and message board and others. what do teachers usually write? Whats newly posted? Observe worksheets. an elementary classroom and make your classroom

What do I learn today from my observations?

Activity 27
Teaching across the curriculum reflecting on classroom reading. A. What classroom activities naturally are incorporated in reading?

B. What do I know to enhance learners reading?

C. Link classroom experiences with the required reading activities.

activity 28

student writing options

Write puzzles, riddles, folklores, or suggests endings of a story compared to the original literature. You may also search any of the writing options above and paste it on this page.

Activity 29

breakout

For you to make a difference in the community, observe a community project and identify the skill that you may address.

The cut across all disciplines may include interviewing, note taking, analysis, goal setting and any performance technique. Still on breakout task, identify partnerships, resource and allies already present in the school.