GRADE 7- MATHEMATICS • A ray is a part of a line that begins at an endpoint

3rd Quarter and extends endlessly in one direction. It is named

by its endpoint and any other point on it.
I. UNDEFINED TERMS IN GEOMETRY A B
POINT LINE PLANE
endpoint
• Shows exact • A set of points • A flat surface
location. extending extending ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ this ray cannot be called
The given ray is called 𝐴𝐵
• No length, no toward two toward all ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ .
𝐵𝐴
width, and opposite directions • Opposite rays are two collinear rays with the
no thickness. directions without end. same endpoint.
without end. • Slanted four- A B C
• Straight line sided figure.
c c
with two • Infinite
arrows. length and Rays BA and BC are opposite rays.
• Infinite length, width, and
no width, and no thickness. Intersecting, Parallel, Concurrent, and Skew
no thickness. Lines.
• Intersecting lines are coplanar lines that have a
common point.
P B
B P
A
Name: point P l
A C
• Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not
Name: line AB, Name: plane P intersect.
line BA or plane ABC
or line l

Collinear Points and Coplanar Points and Lines • Concurrent lines are three or more lines that
have a common point.
• Points that lie on a line are collinear.

• Points and lines that lie on the same plane are

coplanar.
• Skew lines are straight lines that do not intersect
and are not on the same plane.

Subsets of a Line
• A line segment or segment is a part of a line
consisting of two distinct points called endpoints,
and all the points between them.
• Parallel planes are planes that do not intersect.
A line segment B

endpoints
NAME: segment AB or segment BA
̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 𝑜𝑟 ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐴
Congruent segments are segments with the same II. ANGLES
length or measure.
An angle is a figure formed by two non-collinear rays
with a common endpoint.
A B C
J
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅
The midpoint of a line segment is a point on the
segment that divides it into two congruent 1
segments. O
Y
The two rays are called sides of the angle.
A B C ̅̅̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ̅̅̅̅
(𝑂𝐽 𝑂𝑌)
The common endpoint is called the vertex.
Point B is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐶 (O)
Naming an Angle Angle Bisector
Using 3 points: ∠𝐽𝑂𝑌 𝑜𝑟 ∠𝑌𝑂𝐽 Bisect means to divide (a line, angle, shape, etc.) into
Using its vertex: ∠𝑂 two equal parts.
Using the number or letter: ∠1 An angle bisector is a ray in the
interior region of an angle that
Angle Measurement divides it into two congruent
• The measurement of an angle is the smallest angles.
amount of rotation about the vertex from one ray to • If O𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is the angle bisector of
the other.
ROE, then ROS  SOE
• Degree (°) is the unit of measure of an angle and the
• If O𝑆
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is in the interior of
tool used to measure a given angle is PROTRACTOR.
ROE and ROS  SOE,
J The measure of ∠JOY is 45 then 𝑂𝑆 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is the the angle
bisector of ROE
O 45° It can be written as: Notice that if O𝑆 an angle bisector of ROE, the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
m∠JOY= 45 or ∠JOY = 45° following are true:
Y
• mROE = 2(mROS) This principle
To measure an angle or to find the number of degrees • mROE = 2(mSOE) is called Angle
in an angle, we must follow these steps: 1
• mROS = 2(mROE) Bisector
• mSOE = (mROE)
1 Theorem.
Step 1: Place the center of the protractor at the vertex 2
of the angle.
Step 2: Place the straight edge of the protractor along Kinds of Angles
one side of the angle. • Acute Angle - Greater than 0° but less than 90°
Step 3: The other side of the angle needs to cross the • Right Angle - Exactly 90°
numbered part of the protractor. • Obtuse Angle - Greater than 90° but less than 180°
Step 4: The size of the angle can be read off the scale.

III. ANGLE PAIRS

The relationship that exists between any two angles
can be made as the basis in classifying angles. There
are different kinds of angles in this manner, and they
are called angle pairs.
• Adjacent Angles - Are two angles with a common
vertex, a common side, but no common interior
points.

Angle Addition Postulate

Adjacent angles NOT Adjacent angles

• Complementary Angles - Two angles are called

complementary if their sum is 90°.

60° 60°
𝟐 𝟐
Consider NEV, notice that N on EN ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ appears at the 30°
𝟏
30° 𝟏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ appears at the end.
beginning of its name and V on EV
Hence, we call EN as an initial side and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ EV as a Complementary Complementary
⃗⃗⃗⃗
terminal side. Notice also that EL is in the interior and Adjacent but NOT Adjacent
region of NEV. Angles Angles
∠1 + ∠2 = 90°
30° + 60° = 90°

• Supplementary Angles - Two angles are called

supplementary if their sum is 180°.

120° 120°
60° 𝟐 60° 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏

Supplementary Supplementary but

and Adjacent NOT Adjacent
Angles ∠1 + ∠2 = 180° Angles
60° + 120° = 180°
• Linear Pair - Two angles form a linear pair when ANGLES FORMED BY A TRANSVERSAL
they are adjacent and supplementary.
Interior angles
   and 
Exterior angles
1, 2, 7 and 8
• Congruent Angles - Two angles are congruent if
their measures are equal. Corresponding angles
 and  and 
 and   and 
Alternate Interior
angles
 and   and 
∠ADB and ∠BDC are congruent angles. Alternate Exterior
Same-side Interior angles
m∠ADB = m∠BDC
∠ADB  ∠BDC angles  and   and 
 and 
 and Linear Pair
• Vertical Angles - Vertical angles are formed when  and   and 
two straight lines intersect each other. Their sides Same-side Exterior
 and   and 
form two pairs of opposite rays and their angles are angles
nonadjacent.  and   and 
 and 
 and   and 
 and
∠1 and ∠3 are vertical angles.
Vertical angles
∠2 and ∠4 are vertical angles.  and   and 
 and   and 
m∠1 = 115 then m∠3 = 115
Vertical angles are congruent. • Interior Angles - Angles that lie between two
coplanar lines
If m∠1 = 115 then m ∠2 = 65
• Exterior Angles - Angles that do not lie
∠1 and ∠2, ∠2 and ∠3, ∠3 and ∠4, and ∠1 and ∠4 between two coplanar lines.
are supplementary angles. • Corresponding Angles - Pair of nonadjacent
angles, one exterior and one interior both on
ANGLE PAIR RELATIONSHIP the same side of the transversal line.
1. Vertical angles are congruent. • Alternate Interior Angles - Two nonadjacent
2. If two angles form a linear pair, then they are interior angles on opposite side of the
supplementary transversal line.
3. The sum of complementary angles is 90°. • Alternate Exterior Angles - Two nonadjacent
4. The sum of supplementary angles is 180°. exterior angles on opposite side of the
transversal line.
• Same-Side Interior Angles - Two interior
IV. ANGLES FORMED BY PARALLEL LINES CUT BY angles on the same side of the transversal line.
A TRANSVERSAL • Same-Side Exterior Angles - Two exterior
• Parallel lines are coplanar lines that do not angles on the same side of the transversal line.
intersect.
ANGLE PAIR RELATIONSHIP FORMED BY
PARALLEL LINES CUT BY A TRANSVERSAL
The arrow symbol
on the line suggests
that two lines are
parallel.
line a ∥ line b line AB ∥ line CD
“line AB is parallel
to line CD”

• A transversal is a line intersecting two coplanar

lines at different points.

line c is the
transversal because it
intersects line a and
line b
• Corresponding Angles Postulate PARTS OF A POLYGON
The pairs of corresponding angles are congruent.
Name of Polygon
     F Pentagon ABCDE
D  H C  G
• Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
The pairs of alternate interior angles are
congruent.
D  F C  E
• Alternate Exterior Angles Theorem
The pairs of alternate exterior angles are
congruent.
A  G B  H
• Same-side Interior Angles Theorem
The pairs of same-side interior angles are
supplementary.
• Same-side Exterior Angles Theorem
The pairs of same-side Exterior angles are
supplementary.

V. POLYGONS

CONVEX OR CONCAVE POLYGON

• A polygon is convex if no line that contains a side

POLYGONS NOT POLYGONS of the polygon contains a point in the interior of
the polygon.
• POLYGONS
➢ A closed plane figure formed by three or more
segments that are joined at their endpoints.
Convex Concave
➢ Each side intersects exactly two other sides,
once at each endpoint.
➢ No two sides with a common endpoint are
collinear.
not a polygon • A polygon is convex if no diagonal is in the exterior
of the polygon.

➢ Each line segment is called the side of the

polygon and each endpoint where the sides
meet is called the vertex of the polygon.
➢ Diagonals are line segments joining
nonconsecutive vertices of a polygon. Convex Concave
➢ Angles that located inside a polygon is called
Interior angles while those located outside REGULAR POLYGON
are called Exterior angles. • A polygon is equilateral if all sides have equal
length.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLYGONS • A polygon is equiangular if all the angles have
equal measures.
No. of sides Name of polygon • A REGULAR POLYGON is both equilateral and
3 Triangle equiangular.
4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon Some regular polygons have special names:
11 Undecagon ➢ A four - sided regular polygon – SQUARE
12 Dodecagon ➢ A three - sided regular polygon – EQUILATERAL
n n – gon TRIANGLE
 VII. EXTERIOR ANGLES
NUMBER OF DIAGONALS IN A POLYGON
• Exterior angles of a polygon are the angles formed
when the side of the polygon is extended.

Exterior Angles
∠𝑨 , ∠𝑩 , ∠𝑪, ∠𝐃, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ∠𝑬

Polygon No. of No. of Total no. The interior and

sides diagonals of exterior angles of a
from one diagonals. polygon form a linear
vertex pair, they are
Quadrilateral 4 1 2 supplementary.
Pentagon 5 2 5
Hexagon 6 3 9
n-gon n n-3 𝒏(𝒏 − 𝟑) SUM OF THE ANGLE MEASURES
𝟐

VI. INTERIOR ANGLES

• Interior angles of a polygon are the angles formed
by two consecutive sides of a polygon.

Interior Angles ∠𝑨 + ∠𝑩 + 𝑪 + 𝐃 + ∠𝑬 = 360 °

∠𝟏 , ∠𝟐 , ∠𝟑, ∠𝟒, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 ∠𝟓
• Polygon Exterior Angle Theorem
➢ The sum of all the exterior angles of a
RELATIONS OF ANGLES IN A CONVEX POLYGON polygon is ALWAYS 360 °.

No. of Sum of the If you have a regular polygon, you can find the
No. of measure of each exterior angle by the equation:
Polygon Triangles Angle
Sides
Formed Measures 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
Quadrilateral 4 2 (2*180) =360° 𝒏
Pentagon 5 3 (3*180) =540°
Hexagon 6 4 (4*180) =720°
Heptagon 7 5 (5*180) =900°
n-gon n n-2 (n-2)180° VIII. PROBLEM SOLVING INVOLVING SIDES
AND ANGLES OF A POLYGON

EXAMPLE NO. 1
Determine the sum of interior angles of a
decagon.

Measure of Solution:
each angle of a The sum of interior angles of a convex polygon
Polygon
regular with n sides is (n-2)180°. Since decagon has 10
polygon sides, you get
Quadrilateral 90°
Pentagon 108° (n-2)180° = (10-2)180° = (8)180° = 1440°
Hexagon 120°
Heptagon 128.6° EXAMPLE NO. 2
n-gon (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎° What is the measure of each interior angle of
𝒏 a regular 20-sided polygon?

Solution:
The measure of each interior angle of a regular
90° 90°
n-sided polygon is (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎°.
𝒏
90° 90° (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎° (𝟐𝟎 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎°
= = 𝟏𝟔𝟐°
𝒏 𝟐𝟎
EXAMPLE NO. 3 EXAMPLE NO. 7
What is the angle measure of each exterior Solve for the value of x in the given figure.
angle of a regular hexagon? B C
Solution:
The measure of each exterior angle of a regular
n polygon is 𝟑𝟔𝟎°. A
𝒏 D
𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝒏 = = 𝟔𝟎°
𝟔 E
Solution:
Pentagon has 5 sides; sum of interior angles of
EXAMPLE NO. 4 hexagon is 540°.
How many sides does a polygon have if each
of its exterior angle measures 40°.
4x+(2x+7) + (3x -11) + 112+90 = 540
Solution: 9x+198 = 540
The measure of each exterior angle of a regular 9x = 540 - 198
n polygon is 𝟑𝟔𝟎° .
𝒏 9x = 342
𝟑𝟔𝟎
= 𝟒𝟎 𝟗𝒙 𝟑𝟒𝟐
𝒏 =
𝟗 𝟗
𝟑𝟔𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎𝒏
x = 38
𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝒏
=
𝟒𝟎 𝟒𝟎
𝟗=𝐧 ∠𝑨= 4x ∠𝑩= 2x+7 ∠𝑫= 3x-11
∠𝑨= 4(38) ∠𝑩= 2(38)+7 ∠𝑫= 3(38)-11

EXAMPLE NO. 5 ∠𝑨= 152° ∠𝑩= 83° ∠𝑫= 103°

Find the measure of the unknown angle.

No. of Sum of Measure Measure

sides interior of each of each
angles interior exterior
angle (if angle (if
regular) regular)

Solution: (𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟑𝟔𝟎°

Hexagon has 6 sides; sum of interior angles of n (n-2)180 𝒏 𝒏
hexagon is 720°.

x+102+140+93+147+90 = 720
x+572 = 720 3 180° 60° 120°

x = 720 -572

x = 148° 6 720° 120° 60°

EXAMPLE NO. 6
8 1080° 135° 45°
If the sum of interior angles of a polygon is
7,380°, determine the name of the polygon.

Solution: 14 2160° 154.3° 25.7°

(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝟕, 𝟑𝟖𝟎°
(𝒏 − 𝟐)𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟕𝟑𝟖𝟎°
= 30 5040° 168° 12°
𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
(𝒏 − 𝟐) = 𝟒𝟏
𝒏 = 𝟒𝟏 + 𝟐 60 10440° 174° 6°
𝒏 = 𝟒𝟑 𝟒𝟑 − 𝒈𝒐𝒏
 IX. CIRCLE ANGLES OF A CIRCLE
• A central angle is an
angle whose vertex is the
A circle is the set of all points
in a plane at a given distance center of the circle.
(radius) from a given point The arc that lies in
(center) in the plane. It is the interior of an
named by its center. inscribed angle and
It can be name as: ⨀A or circle A has endpoints on
the circle is called
intercepted arc.
CIRCLE AND ITS PARTS
NOTE: The measure of a
✓The intercepted central angle is equal to the
• A radius of a circle is a line
arc of ∠SNM is measure of its intercepted
segment from the center to
⏜.
SM arc.
any point of the circle.
Radii: ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑻 and ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑹 ∠SNM = 50° m 𝑆𝑀 ⏜ = 50

• A chord of a circle is a line • An inscribed angle is

segment whose endpoints an angle whose vertex is
lie on the circle. on the circle and whose
̅̅̅̅ and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑺𝑹 𝑻𝑹 sides contain chords of
the circle.
Dimeter= 2(radius)
• A diameter of a circle is a
Radius = diameter chord containing the NOTE: The measure of an
2 center. inscribed angle equals one
̅̅̅̅
𝑻𝑹 half the measure of its
intercepted arc (or the
measure of the intercepted
Example arc is twice the measure of
Name the following: inscribed angle.
1. Name the circle ∠ISL = 30° m IL⏜ = 60
⨀N
2. Identify all
diameters. Example
𝑬𝑴 and ̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑺𝑰
3. Identify all radii. ⏜ = 70
1. m 𝑀𝑂
̅̅̅̅, 𝑵𝑴
𝑵𝑺 ̅̅̅̅̅, 𝑵𝑰
̅̅̅̅, and 𝑵𝑬
̅̅̅̅
4. Identify all chords. ⏜ = 60
2. m 𝑂𝐿
𝑬𝑴, ̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅ 𝑺𝑰, and ̅𝑺𝑳 ̅̅̅
⏜ = 130
3. m 𝑀𝐿
ARCS OF A CIRCLE
⏜ = 180
4. m 𝑆𝑀𝐿
An arc of a circle is two points on the circle and
the continuous part of the circle between the two ⏜ = 240
5. m 𝑆𝑂𝐼
points. The two points are called the endpoints of the
arc.
• A semicircle is an arc of SECANT AND TANGENT OF A CIRCLE
a circle whose endpoints
are the points of the • A secant of a circle is a
diameter. line that intersects the
⏜ ⏜
𝑆𝑀𝐿 𝑆𝐼𝐿 ⏜
𝑆𝐸𝐿 circle in two points
Secant: ⃡⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑴𝑳
• A minor arc is an arc of a
circle that is smaller than • A tangent of a circle is a
a semicircle. line lying on the same
⏜
𝑆𝑀 ⏜
𝑀𝐼 ⏜
𝐼𝐿 plane that intersects the
circle in exactly one point.
• A major arc is an arc of a
circle that is larger than a Tangent: line l
semicircle. Point of tangency: E
⏜ 𝑆𝐸𝐼
𝑆𝑀𝐸 ⏜ ⏜
𝐼𝐿𝑆
 CONGRUENT AND CONCENTRIC CIRCLES 2. Perpendicular lines

• Congruent circles are two or more circles ➢ Perpendicular lines are intersecting
having the equal radius. lines that form right angles.
Point P on a given line

• Concentric circles are two or more coplanar

circles sharing the same center.

Point P to a given line

X. BASIC CONSTRUCTION IN GEOMETRY

The procedure of constructing geometric figures
such as angle bisectors, perpendicular bisectors,
parallel, and perpendicular lines, and many more
using only a compass and a straightedge is called
geometric construction.
• A straightedge is a ruler with no markings on
it.
• A compass is a geometric tool used to draw
circles and parts of circles are called arcs.
3. Perpendicular bisector
➢ The perpendicular bisector of a
segment is asegment, a line, a ray, or a
plane that is perpindular to the
segment at its midpoint.

1. Angle bisector
➢ An angle bisector is a ray in the
interior region of an angle that divides
it into two congruent angles.

4. Parallel lines cut by a transversal

𝐐𝐅 is the angle bisector of PQR.

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
 XI. CONSTRUCTION OF POLYGONS
1. Equilateral triangle “Manampalataya, magtiwala, at magsumikap
maaabot mo rin ang iyong mga pangarap. May
panahon para sa lahat. PADAYON nak!”
- Ma’am JOY.

2. Square

3. Regular pentagon

4. Regular hexagon