Geometry – SpringBoard

2016 Quarter 1

Hunter Smith
ESUMS
New Haven Public Schools
 List of main topics covered on the Quarterly
• Naming basic geometric objects
• Points, Lines/Rays/Segments, Planes, and Angles
• Correct symbols for each
• Setting up and solving equations
• Congruent objects have equal measures
• Midpoint
• Angle Bisector
• Perpendicular Bisector
• Complementary and supplementary
• Add together two pieces to equal a known total (complementary = 90; supplementary = 180)
• Segment Addition Postulate
• Angle Addition Postulate
Vocabulary review:
Identify the figure

• Plane: 2-dimensional space

• Line: Straight line that extends forever in both directions.
• Point: A “spot” on a line
• Ray: Starts at one point & extends forever in ONE direction
• Line Segment: Part of a line that is between two points

point
•
line
ray
line segment The Plane
 Point

• A point is a location in a plane or space. It is labeled point K.

K
Definitions:
A point has no magnitude and no size.
A line has no thickness and no width and it extends
indefinitely in two directions.
A plane is a flat surface that extends infinitely.

A m
E
D

Line
• A line extends forever in both directions. A line is
labeled with two arrows on the ends and written as
AB.

B
A
Ray
• A ray has one endpoint and the other is like a line,
extending indefinitely. This means one point and one
arrow. A ray is labeled as DC.
D
C
Line Segment
• A line segment has two endpoints, making it a
definite length. It can be labeled as GH.

G
H
Definitions:
A point divides a line into two half-lines, one on each side of
the point.
A ray is a half-line including an initial point.
A line segment includes two endpoints.

E
D
G

 F
Plane
• A Plane is a flat surface of any shape that can go on
forever. Plane

Plane
Points, Lines, and Planes

A capital letter usually represents a point. A line may

named by two capital letters representing points that
lie on the line or by a single letter such as l. A plane
may be named by three capital letters representing
points that lie in the plane or by a letter of the Greek
alphabet such as  ,  , or  .

A l
 E
D
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 9-1-11
Summary:

Name Figure Symbol

Line AB or BA A B AB BA

Half-line AB A B AB
You do not need to
know these two.
Half-line BA A B BA

Ray AB A B AB

Ray BA A B BA

Segment AB or
A B AB BA
Segment BA
 Naming Rays, Lines and Segments

• Lines:
RS ST RT
• Rays:
PQ PR
• Line Segments:
MN NM
  
 Match the term with the figure
A. Ray B. Line C. Line Segment

1) 2) 3) R
P
Q
B S
A

C A B
Definitions:
An angle is the union of two rays that have a common endpoint.

A
Side
Vertex B 1
Side
C

An angle can be named using the following methods:

– with the letter marking its vertex, B
– with the number identifying the angle, 1
– with three letters, ABC.
1) the first letter names a point one side;
2) the second names the vertex;
3) the third names a point on the other side.
Naming Angles
B Vertex Angle Name
Point A BAC
A CAB
Sides A

C AB

AC
Angle - A figure formed by two rays and a
common endpoint called a vertex.
We name angles using the VERTEX and other letters
around it. The Vertex letter always goes in the center.
 Angles
Identify the vertex and name the angles
1) 2) ( This one has 3 angles!)

Vertex Angle Name Angle Name

Angle Name
Point X WXZ RST TSQ
ZXW TSR Angle Name QST
X RSQ
QSR
S
Protractor

A tool called a protractor can be used to measure

angles.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 9-1-18

 Types of Angles

Acute - Angles Obtuse - Angles that

that measure measure more than 90
less than 90. and less than 180.

Right - Angles Straight - Angles

that measure that measure
exactly 90. exactly 180.
 Types of Angles

Obtuse - Angles that

Acute - Angles that measure more than 90
measure less than 90. and less than 180.

Right - Angles that Straight - Angles that

measure exactly 180.
measure exactly 90.
Angles are measured by the amount of rotation in degrees.
Classification of an angle is based on the degree measure.

Measure Name
Between 0° and 90° Acute Angle
90° Right Angle
Greater than 90° but less
Obtuse Angle
than 180°
180° Straight Angle
Types of Angles
Identify the type of angle.

1) Straight3) Right
Angle Angle

2) 4)
Acute
Angle
Obtuse
Angle
Complementary Angles
Complementary Angles- Angles whose sum is 90

a x y
b
ma  mb  90 mx  my  90
Complementary angles may not be adjacent.

Example: The
complement would be
90 – 40 =50
 Find the complement of the angle measures below.

1) 30 60

2) 49 41

3) 80 10

4) 100 Has no complement

Angles can’t be negative.Think about it!
Supplementary Angles - Angles whose sum is 180 .

k b
c
t

mk  mt  180 mb  mc  180

Supplementary angles may not be adjacent.

Supplementary angles
need to add up to 180
because that is the
definition.
Example: To find the
supplement, 180-110 = 70
Find the supplement of the following...

1) 18 162

2) 104 76

3) 158 22

4) 75 105
Self Quiz

1. Name two lines in the figure.

Possible answer: AD and BE

2. Name a right angle in the figure.

Possible answer: AGF

3. Name a pair of complementary angles.

Possible answer: 1 and 2
Definitions:
Parallel lines lie in the same plane and never meet.

Two distinct intersecting lines meet at a point.

Skew lines do not lie in the same plane and do not meet.

Parallel Intersecting Skew

NOT NEEDED FOR Q1 DISTRICT ASSESSMENT
Definitions:
Parallel planes never meet.
Two distinct intersecting planes meet and form a straight line.

Parallel Intersecting
When two lines intersect to form right
angles they are called perpendicular.

Vertical angles are formed when two lines intersect.

D A

B
E C
ABC and DBE are one pair of vertical angles.
DBA and EBC are the other pair of vertical angles.
Vertical angles have equal measures.
 Vertical Angles
 

D A

B
E C
• 
Example: Find the measure of each marked angle below.

(3x + 10)° (5x – 10)°

Vertical angles are equal.

3x + 10 = 5x – 10
2x = 20
x = 10

Each angle is 3(10) + 10 = 40°.

 Complementary Angles and Supplementary Angles
If the sum of the measures of two acute angles is 90°, the
angles are said to be complementary.
Each is called the complement of the other.
Example: 50° and 40° are complementary angles.

If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180°, the angles

are said to be supplementary.
Each is called the supplement of the other.
Example: 50° and 130° are supplementary angles
Complementary and Supplementary Angles

If the sum of the measures of two acute angles is

90°, the angles are said to be complementary, and
each is called the complement of the other. For
example, 50° and 40° are complementary angles
If the sum of the measures of two angles is 180°,
the angles are said to be supplementary, and each
is called the supplement of the other. For example,
50° and 130° are supplementary angles
• 
Example: Finding Angle Measure
Find the measure of each marked angle below.

(2x + 45)° (x – 15)°

Solution
2x + 45 + x – 15 = 180 Supplementary angles.
3x + 30 = 180
3x = 150
x = 50
Evaluating each expression we find that the
angles are 35° and 145° .
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 9-1-37
Find the measure of each marked angle below.
(2x + 45)° (x – 15)°

Supplementary angles.
2x + 45 + x – 15 = 180
3x + 30 = 180
3x = 150
x = 50

2(50) + 45 = 145
50 – 15 = 35

35° + 145° = 180

 1 2
Parallel Lines cut by a Transversal 3 4
line create 8 angles 5 6
7 8

Alternate interior angles

5 4 Angle measures are equal.

(also 3 and 6)

1
Alternate exterior angles
Angle measures are equal.

8 (also 2 and 7)
 1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8

4 Same Side Interior angles

6 Angle measures add to 180°.

(also 3 and 5)

2
Corresponding angles
6 Angle measures are equal.

(also 1 and 5, 3 and 7, 4 and 8)

Find the measure of each marked angle below.

(3x – 80)°
(x + 70)°

Alternate interior angles.

x + 70 = 3x – 80 x + 70 =
2x = 150 75 + 70 =
x = 75 145°
Find the measure of each marked angle below.

(4x – 45)°
(2x – 21)°

Same Side Interior angles.

4x – 45 + 2x – 21 = 180 4(41) – 45 2(41) – 21
6x – 66 = 180 164 – 45 82 – 21
6x = 246 119° 61°
x = 41
180 – 119 = 61°
Intersecting Lines
When two lines intersect to form right
angles they are called perpendicular.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 9-1-43

Angles Formed When Parallel Lines are
Crossed by a Transversal

The 8 angles formed will be discussed on the next

few slides.

1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 9-1-44

Angles Formed When Parallel Lines are
Crossed by a Transversal
Name
Angle
Alternate measures are
5 4
interior equal.
angles (also 3 and 6)

1
Alternate Angle
exterior measures are
angles equal.
8 (also 2 and 7)
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 9-1-45
Angles Formed When Parallel Lines are
Crossed by a Transversal
Name
Interior Angle
4 measures
angles on 6
same side of add to 180°.
(also 3 and 5)
transversal

2
Corresponding Angle
angles 6 measures are
equal.
(also 1 and 5, 3
and 7, 4 and 8)
© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 9-1-46
Example: Finding Angle Measure
Find the measure of each marked angle below.

(3x – 80)°
(x + 70)°

Solution
x + 70 = 3x – 80 Alternating interior angles.
2x = 150
x = 75
Evaluating we find that the angles are 145°.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 9-1-47

 Midpoint
• Before you start:
• Know that the midpoint on a
segment is a special point that
divides the segment into two
congruent parts.
• Congruent objects have equal
measures.
 

 
Midpoint Formula
• Midpoint formula—used to find the midpoint of a
line segment. (It will always be in the form of a
point (x, y).)

 x1  x2 y1  y 2 
M  , 
 2 2 
• x1 and x2 are the x-coordinates of the points
• y1 and y2 are the y-coordinates of the points
Example

• Find the midpoint between A(4,8) and B(1,12)

A (4, 8) B (1, 12)

 x2  x1 y2  y1 
midpoint   , 
 2 2 
 1  4 12  8 
midpoint   , 
 2 2 
midpoint   5 ,10 
 
2 
YOU TRY!!
• Used to find the center of a line segment
• Center means that the midpoint divides the segment into
two congruent segments (the measure of each is equal)
• Find the midpoint between:
• A) (2, 7) and (14, 9)

midpoint =  8,8 
• B) (-5, 8) and (2, - 4)
 -3 
midpoint =  , 2 
2 
Midpoint Formula
• Find the midpoint of the segment given the
endpoints (5, 7) and (13, 1).

• What is the midpoint of the line segment

with endpoints (–3, –3) and (7, 3)?

• Line segment CD has a midpoint at (1, 2). If

endpoint C is located at (–5, 3), find the
ordered pair represented the other endpoint D.
Pythagorean Theorem
• Pythagorean Theorem—In a right triangle, the
sum of the squares of the two legs equals the
hypotenuse squared.

• a2 + b2 = c2
a and b are legs
c is the hypotenuse
Pythagorean Theorem

hypotenuse
leg

leg
The hypotenuse is always the longest side of a right
triangle and is always opposite the right angle.
Pythagorean Theorem
• What is the value of the missing side?

12
Pythagorean Theorem
• What is the value of the missing side?

9 15
Distance Formula
• Distance formula—used to measure the distance
between between two endpoints of a line segment
(on a graph).

d  ( x1  x2 )  ( y1  y2 )
2 2

• x1 and y1 are the coordinates of the first point

• x2 and y2 are the coordinates of the second point
Distance Formula
• Find the distance between the points (1, 2) and (–
2, –2).

• Suppose your video game uses a coordinate

grid system for location. There is an enemy
ship at (7, –3). You are at (–8, –3). If one
grid unit equals 10 miles, how far away is
the enemy ship?
And some assorted others.
• Perpendicular bisectors
• Bisector
Little for now, more for Q2
• Two-Column Proofs
• Given (usually first or as needed)
• Prove (last)
• Definitions
• Postulates and Theorems
• Triangle Sum Theorem (The total of the three interior angles in a
triangle add up to 180 degrees)
Intersecting Lines
When two lines intersect to form right
angles they are called perpendicular.

© 2008 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 9-1-60

Parallel Lines and Transversals

What would you call two lines which do not intersect?

Parallel
B
Exterior A solid arrow placed
A on two lines of a
Interior
diagram indicate the
D lines are parallel.
C
Exterior
The symbol || is used to
indicate parallel lines.
AB || CD
Parallel Lines and Transversals
A slash through the parallel symbol || indicates the
lines are not parallel.

B AB || CD
A
D

C
Transversal
A line, ray, or segment that intersects 2 or more
COPLANAR lines, rays, or segments.

Exterior
Exterior
Parallel
lines
Interior Non-Parallel Interior
lines

Exterior Exterior
transversal transversal
Parallel Lines and Transversals

Transversal -
A transversal is a line which intersects two or
more lines in a plane. The intersected lines do
not have to be parallel.

Lines j, k, and m are

j k m intersected by line t.
Therefore, line t is a
t transversal of lines
j, k, and m.
INTERIOR –The space INSIDE the 2 lines

interior

EXTERIOR -The space OUTSIDE the 2 lines

exterior

exterior
Special Angle Relationships
Interior Angles
<3 & <6 are Alternate Interior angles
Exterior
1 2 <4 & <5 are Alternate Interior angles
3 4 <3 & <5 are Same Side Interior angles
Interior <4 & <6 are Same Side Interior angles
5 6
7 8
Exterior
Exterior Angles
<1 & <8 are Alternate Exterior angles
<2 & <7 are Alternate Exterior angles
<1 & <7 are Same Side Exterior angles
<2 & <8 are Same Side Exterior angles
 Special Angle Relationships
WHEN THE LINES ARE
PARALLEL

♥Alternate Interior Angles

Exterior
1 2 are CONGRUENT
3 4
Interior ♥Alternate Exterior Angles are
5 6
CONGRUENT
7 8
Exterior ♥Same Side Interior Angles are
If the lines are not SUPPLEMENTARY
parallel, these angle
relationships DO ♥Same Side Exterior Angles are
NOT EXIST. SUPPLEMENTARY
Corresponding Angles & Consecutive Angles

Corresponding Angles: Two angles that occupy

corresponding positions.
 2   6,  1   5,  3   7,  4   8

Exterior
1 2
3 4
Interior
5 6
7 8 Exterior
 Corresponding Angles
When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, pairs of
corresponding angles are formed.
L Line L
G ÐGPB = ÐPQE
Line M
A P B ÐGPA = ÐPQD

Line N
ÐBPQ = ÐEQF
D Q E
F
ÐAPQ = ÐDQF

Four pairs of corresponding angles are formed.

Corresponding pairs of angles are congruent.

Same Side
Interior/Exterior Angles
Same Side Interior Angles: Two angles that lie between parallel
lines on the same sides of the transversal.
m3 +m5 = 180º, m4 +m6 = 180º

Same Side Exterior Angles: Two angles that lie outside parallel
lines on the same sides of the transversal.
Exterior
1 2
m1 +m7 = 180º, m2 +m8 =
180º 3 4
Interior
5 6
7 8 Exterior
 Interior Angles
The angles that lie in the area between the two parallel lines
that are cut by a transversal, are called interior angles.

L Line L
G Exterior
Line M ÐBPQ + ÐEQP = 1800
A 1200 P 600 B
Interior
60 0 1200
Line N ÐAPQ + ÐDQP = 1800
D Q E
Exterior
F

AThe
pairmeasures
of interiorofangles
interior
lieangles
on the in eachside
same pairofadd
theup to 1800.
transversal.
Alternate Interior/Exterior Angles

• Alternate Interior Angles: Two angles that lie between parallel

lines on opposite sides of the transversal (but not a linear pair).
Alternate Exterior Angles: Two angles thatlie3 outside
  6, parallel
45
lines on opposite sides of the transversal.

 2   7,  1   8
1 2 Exterior

3 4
Interior
5 6
7 8 Exterior
 Alternate Interior Angles
Alternate angles are formed on opposite sides of the
transversal and at different intersecting points.

L Line L
G

A P
B
Line M ÐBPQ = ÐDQP
ÐAPQ = ÐEQP
Line N
D Q E
F
Two pairs of alternate angles are formed.
Pairs of alternate angles are congruent.
Let’s Practice
m<1=120°
120°1 2 60° Find all the remaining angle
measures.
60°3 4 120°

120° 5 6 60°

7 8 120°
60°
Another practice problem
40°
60°
180-(40+60)= 80° Find all the missing
angle measures,
80° 60°
40° and name the
postulate or
theorem that gives
100° 80° 120° us permission to
60° make our
80° 100° 120° 60° statements.
Name the pairs of the following angles formed by a
transversal.

Line
Line LL
Line L
GG
G

Line
Line
Line MM M
AA P P
50 0 BBB

1300
Line
Line
Line NNN
D
DD Q
Q
Q EEE

FFF
TRY IT OUT

2 1
3 4
6 5
7 8

The m < 1 is 60 degrees. 120 degrees

What is the m<2 ?
TRY IT OUT

2 1
3 4
6 5
7 8

The m < 1 is 60 degrees. 60 degrees

What is the m<5 ?
TRY IT OUT

2 1
3 4
6 5
7 8

The m < 1 is 60 degrees. 60 degrees

What is the m<3 ?
TRY IT OUT

120 60
60 120
120 60
60 120
TRY IT OUT

2x + 20 x + 10

What do you know about the angles? SUPPLEMENTARY

Write the equation.
2x + 20 + x + 10 = 180
Solve for x.
3x + 30 = 180
3x = 150
x = 30
TRY IT OUT

3x - 120
2x - 60

What do you know about the angles? ALTERNATE INTERIOR

Write the equation.
3x - 120 = 2x - 60
Solve for x.
x = 60
Subtract 2x from both sides
Add 120 to both sides
 Parallel Lines and Transversals

You will learn to identify the relationships among pairs of

interior and exterior angles formed by two parallel lines
and a transversal.
 Parallel Lines and Transversals
In geometry, a line, line segment, or ray that intersects two or
more lines at different points is called a __________
transversal
A

1 2 l
4 3

5 6 m
8 7

AB is an example of a transversal.
It intercepts lines l and m.

Note all of the different angles formed at the points of intersection.

 Parallel Lines and Transversals
Definition of In a plane, a line is a transversal if it intersects two or more
Transversal lines, each at a different point.

The lines cut by a transversal may or may not be parallel.

Parallel Lines Nonparallel Lines

b
1 2 l 1 2
4 3 4 3

5 6 m 5 6 c
8 7 8 7
lm t b || c r

t is a transversal for l and m. r is a transversal for b and c.

 Parallel Lines and Transversals
Two lines divide the plane into three regions.
The region between the lines is referred to as the interior.
The two regions not between the lines is referred to as the exterior.

Exterior

Interior

Exterior
 Parallel Lines and Transversals
When a transversal intersects two lines, _____
eight angles are formed.
These angles are given special names.
1 2 l
4 3

5 6 m
8 7
t
Alternate angles lie on opposite Same Side angles lie on the same
sides of the transversal side of the transversal
Interior angles lie between the Exterior angles lie outside the
two lines. two lines.
Alternate Interior angles are on the Alternate Exterior angles are
opposite sides of the transversal, on the opposite sides of the
between the lines. transversal, outside the lines.
Same Side Interior angles are on Same Side Exterior angles are on
the same side of the transversal, the same side of the transversal ,
between the lines. outside the lines.
 Parallel Lines w/a transversal AND
Angle Pair Relationships

Types of angle pairs formed when

a transversal cuts two parallel lines.
Concept Congruent Supplementary
Summary
alternate interior angles- AIA same side interior angles- SSI

alternate exterior angles- AEA same side exterior angles- SSE

corresponding angles - CA linear pair of angles- LP

vertical angles- VA
Vertical Angles = opposite angles formed by
intersecting lines
Vertical angles are ALWAYS equal, whether
you have parallel lines or not.

Vertical angles are congruent.

 Angles forming a Linear Pair
Linear Pair of Angles = Adjacent Supplementary Angles
measures are supplementary

If two angles form a linear pair, they are supplementary.

Example: If line AB is parallel to line CD and s is parallel to t, find
the measure of all the angles when m< 1 = 100°. Justify your answers.

A 1 2 10 B
9
4 3 12 11

C 5 6 13 14 D
8 7 16 15

m<2=80° m<3=100° m<4=80° s t

m<5=100° m<6=80° m<7=100° m<8=80°

m<9=100° m<10=80° m<11=100° m<12=80°

m<13=100° m<14=80° m<15=100° m<16=80°

Lesson 2-4: Angles and Parallel Lines 91

Example: If line AB is parallel to line CD and s is parallel to t, find:

1. the value of x, if m<3 = 4x + 6 and the m<11 = 126.

2. the value of x, if m<1 = 100 and m<8 = 2x + 10.

3. the value of y, if m<11 = 3y – 5 and m<16 = 2y + 20.

ANSWERS: A 1 2 B
9 10
4 3 12 11
1. 30
C 5 6 13 14 D
7 16 15
2. 35 8

s t
3. 33

Lesson 2-4: Angles and Parallel Lines 92

LOGIC: Conditional Statement

Definition: A conditional statement is a statement that

can be written in if-then form.
“If _____________, then ______________.”

Example: If your feet smell and your nose runs, then

you're built upside down.

Continued……

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 93

Conditional Statement - continued

Conditional Statements have two parts:

The hypothesis is the part of a conditional statement that

follows “if” (when written in if-then form.)
The hypothesis is the given information, or the condition.

The conclusion is the part of an if-then statement that follows

“then” (when written in if-then form.)
The conclusion is the result of the given information.

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 94

 Writing Conditional Statements
Conditional statements can be written in “if-then” form to
emphasize which part is the hypothesis and which is the
conclusion.
Hint: Turn the subject into the hypothesis.

Example 1: Vertical angles are congruent. can be written as...

Conditional
Statement: If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.

Example 2: Seals swim. can be written as...

Conditional
Statement: If an animal is a seal, then it swims.
Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 95
 If …Then vs. Implies

Another way of writing an if-then statement is using

the word implies.

If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.

Two angles are vertical implies they are congruent.

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 96

 Conditional Statements can be true or false:

• A conditional statement is false only when the hypothesis is true,

but the conclusion is false.

A counterexample is an example used to show that a

statement is not always true and therefore false.

Statement: If you live in Virginia, then you live in Richmond.

Is there a counterexample? Yes !!!

Counterexample: I live in Virginia, BUT I live in Glen Allen.

Therefore () the statement is false.
Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 97
Symbolic Logic
• Symbols can be used to modify or connect statements.

• Symbols for Hypothesis and Conclusion:

Hypothesis is represented by “p”.

Conclusion is represented by “q”.

if p, then q
or
Continued…..
p implies q
Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 98
 Symbolic Logic - continued

if p, then q
pq is used to represent or
p implies q

Example: p: a number is prime

q: a number has exactly two divisors

pq: If a number is prime, then it has exactly two divisors.

Continued…..

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 99

 Symbolic Logic - continued

~ is used to represent the word “not”

Example 1: p: the angle is obtuse
~p: The angle is not obtuse
Note: ~p means that the angle could be acute, right, or
straight.
Example 2: p: I am not happy
~p:
I am happy
~p took the “not” out- it would have been a double negative (not not)

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 100

 Symbolic Logic - continued

 is used to represent the word “therefore”

Example: Therefore, the statement is false.

 the statement is false

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 101

Forms of Conditional Statements

Converse: Switch the hypothesis and conclusion (q  p)

pq If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.

qp If two angles are congruent, then they are vertical.

Continued…..

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 102

Forms of Conditional Statements

Inverse: State the opposite of both the hypothesis and conclusion.

(~p~q)

pq : If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.

~p~q: If two angles are not vertical, then they are not
congruent.

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 103

 Forms of Conditional Statements

Contrapositive: Switch the hypothesis and conclusion and

state their opposites. (~q~p)

pq : If two angles are vertical, then they are congruent.

~q~p: If two angles are not congruent, then they are not
vertical.

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 104

 Forms of Conditional Statements

• Contrapositives are logically equivalent to the

original conditional statement.

• If pq is true, then qp is true.

• If pq is false, then qp is false.

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 105

Biconditional
• When a conditional statement and its converse are both true,
the two statements may be combined.

• Use the phrase if and only if (sometimes abbreviated: iff)

Statement: If an angle is right then it has a measure of 90.

Converse: If an angle measures 90, then it is a right angle.

Biconditional: An angle is right if and only if it measures 90.

Lesson 2-1 Conditional Statements 106
 Geometric Proof
When writing a proof, it is important to justify each logical
step with a reason. You can use symbols and
abbreviations, but they must be clear enough so that
anyone who reads your proof will understand them.

• Definitions
Hypothesis • Postulates Conclusion
• Properties
• Theorems
Determine whether each statement is true or
false. If false, give a counterexample.

1. It two angles are complementary, then they are

not congruent.false; 45° and 45°

2. If two angles are congruent to the same angle,

then they are congruent to each other. true

3. Supplementary angles are congruent.

false; 60° and 120°
 Example 1: Writing Justifications

Write a justification for

each step, given that A
and B are supplementary
and mA = 45°.

1. A and B are supplementary. Given information

mA = 45°
2. mA + mB = 180° Def. of supp s

3. 45° + mB = 180° Subst. Prop of =

Steps 1, 2
4. mB = 135° Subtr. Prop of =
 Example
Write a justification
for each step, given
that B is the midpoint
of AC and AB  EF.

1. B is the midpoint of AC. Given information

2. AB  BC Def. of mdpt.
3. AB  EF Given information

4. BC  EF Trans. Prop. of 
A theorem is any statement that you can
prove. Once you have proven a theorem, you
can use it as a reason in later proofs.
Theorems
Theorems
Writing a Proof
A geometric proof begins with Given and Prove statements, which
restate the hypothesis and conclusion of the conjecture. In a two-
column proof, you list the steps of the proof in the left column. You
write the matching reason for each step in the right column.
Before you start writing a proof, you should plan out your logic.
Sometimes you will be given a plan for a more challenging proof. This
plan will detail the major steps of the proof for you.
 Example: Completing a Two-Column Proof

Fill in the blanks to complete the two-column

proof.
Given: XY
Prove: XY  XY

Statements Reasons
1. XY 1. Given
2. XY = XY 2.Reflex.
. Prop. of =
3. XY
.  XY 3. Def. of  segs.
 Example
Fill in the blanks to complete a two-column proof of one
case of the Congruent Supplements Theorem.
Given: 1 and 2 are supplementary, and
2 and 3 are supplementary.
Prove: 1  3
Proof:

a. 1 and 2 are supp., and

2 and 3 are supp.
b. m1 + m2 = m2 + m3

c. Subtr. Prop. of =

d. 1  3
 Example: Writing a Two-Column Proof from a Plan

Use the given plan to write a two-column proof.

Given: 1 and 2 are supplementary, and
1  3
Prove: 3 and 2 are supplementary.

Plan: Use the definitions of supplementary and congruent angles

and substitution to show that m3 + m2 = 180°. By the
definition of supplementary angles, 3 and 2 are supplementary.
 Example Continued

Statements Reasons
1. 1 and 2 are supplementary. 1. Given
1  3
2. m1 + m2 = 180° 2. Def.
. of supp. s

3. m1
. = m3 3. Def. of  s

4. m3 + m2 = 180° 4. Subst.

5. 3 and 2 are supplementary 5. Def. of supp. s

 Check It Out! Example

Use the given plan to write a two-column proof if one

case of Congruent Complements Theorem.

Given: 1 and 2 are complementary, and

2 and 3 are complementary.
Prove: 1  3

Plan: The measures of complementary angles add to 90° by

definition. Use substitution to show that the sums of both pairs
are equal. Use the Subtraction Property and the definition of
congruent angles to conclude that 1  3.
 Check It Out! Example Continued
Statements Reasons
1. 1 and 2 are complementary. 1. Given
2 and 3 are complementary.
2. m1 + m2 = 90° 2. Def.
. of comp. s
m2 + m3 = 90°
3. m1
. + m2 = m2 + m3 3. Subst.

4. m2 = m2 4. Reflex. Prop. of =

5. m1 = m3 5. Subtr. Prop. of =

6. 1  3 6. Def. of  s
Tips
Helpful Hint
If a diagram for a proof is not provided, draw
your own and mark the given information on
it. But do not mark the information in the
Prove statement on it.
Practice
Write the letter of the correct justification next to each step. (Use one
of them twice)
B
A
B
C
Proof

Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given

2. 2.

3. 3. Substitution Prop. of =

4. 4.
Proof
Mark the diagram and answer the questions about the proof on the following slide.

Statements Reasons
Proof Questions
1. What was the given information?

2. What should be marked in the diagram?

3. What was the conjecture to be proved?

4. What titles should be put above the two

columns?
Video or Step-by-step explanation for Proofs
Copy the link below and paste it into the address bar to visit the
website. Watch the video explanations for the sample proof problems.

Link to Holt textbook video lessons:

http://my.hrw.com/math06_07/nsmedia/homework_help/geo/geo_ch02_06_homeworkhelp.html
 Self Quiz: Part I

Write a justification for each step, given

that mABC = 90° and m1 = 4m2.

1. mABC = 90° and m1 = 4m2 Given

2. m1 + m2 = mABC
 Add. Post.
3. 4m2 + m2 = 90°
Subst.
4. 5m2 = 90°
Simplify
5. m2 = 18°
Div. Prop. of =.
 Self Quiz: Part II
2. Use the given plan to write a two-column
proof.
Given: 1, 2 , 3, 4
Prove: m1 + m2 = m1 + m4
Plan: Use the linear Pair Theorem to show that the
angle pairs are supplementary. Then use the
definition of supplementary and substitution.
1. 1 and 2 are supp. 1. Linear Pair Thm.
1 and 4 are supp.
2. m1 + m2 = 180°, 2. Def. of supp. s
m1 + m4 = 180°

3. m1 + m2 = m1 + m4 3. Subst.