DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

5. Economic
LESSON 1
-The impact on the poor could be loosing access to
HAZARD - is a situation or an occurrence with capacity some basic services, reversals of in accumulation of
to bring damages to lives, properties and the physical and human capital, and perhaps increase in
environment. child labor, prostitution and criminal activities.
Direct and Indirect Costs:
-is a dangerous phenomenon or a human activity or
1.Direct Costs – physical damage and social
condition that may also cause loss of livelihoods and
infrastructure
services, as well as economic disruption.
2.Indirect Costs – disruptions to the flow of goods and
TYPES of HAZARD: services, lower outputs, loss of earnings

1.Natural Hazard - Natural phenomena that pose 6. Environmental Degradation

threats or cause negative impacts to people and -Global warming affects energy, agriculture, health,
property. water and marine resources.
-Extreme changes in the weather cause habitat
2. Human-Made - Human-made hazards include civil degradation and species loss, epidemics and diseases,
conflict, displacement due to development projects, kill corals, shell and bone formation is difficult.
environmental degradation, industrial technological
hazards like leakage of toxic waste, oil spill, fish kills, 7. Political Impacts of Disasters
nuclear, gaseous, chemical contamination, famine, -Increasing the number of citizen demands while
drought, fires and flood. simultaneously reducing government’s response
capabilities.
3. Combination or Socionatural Hazards
- Flooding and drought can fall under this category if AFFECTED COMPONENTS
these are due to deforestation. -the effects of disasters can be complex and
widespread, depending on the damage done on those
DISASTER that are affected, namely, the people, the buildings and
- hits any place at any period of any year. infrastructure, the economy, and the environment.
- It sees no color, knows no culture, and recognizes no
geographical boundaries. PERSPECTIVES ON DISASTERS

DISASTER RISK 1. Physical Perspective includes the visible or tangible

- is the chance or livelihood of suffering harm and loss materials, whether natural or man-made, which have
as a result of hazardous event. been affected by a disaster.
- defined as the probability of harmful consequences or
expected losses (death, injuries, property, livelihoods,
2. Psychological Perspective refers to the people’s
economic activity disrupted or environmental damaged.
emotional, cognitive or interpersonal reaction to
difficulties. Catastrophic events can cause shock, terror,
EFFECTS OF DISASTERS anxiety, disbelief, nightmares, trauma, social
withdrawal or alienation, or depression to victims.
1.Human/ Biological
-During and after disasters, high incidence of diseases in 3. Sociocultural Perspective centers on the response of
the community happens. the people, whether victims or not, to emergency
-Infectious diseases are the most common form of situations and to the kind of assistance they receive.
epidemic diseases because of congested evacuation
areas 4. Economic Perspective focuses on the disruption of
economic activities in the community. Disasters,
2. Social Affects of Disasters whether small or large-scale, brings about serious
-Some survivors will likely suffer permanent physical economic consequences.
disabilities and psychological conditions that may result
5. Political Perspective deals with how government
from being unproductive as they where before. services are used to reduce loss or damage by preparing
for and preventing disasters.

3. Physical / Material
6. Biological Perspective takes into consideration the
-After disaster, poor people become poorer and
potential for infectious or communicable diseases after
vulnerable because they have little or no savings, less
a disaster takes place. In the aftermath of a disaster,
income or productions and limited resources.
humans and animals that have been injured become
susceptible to infections.
4. Psychological
-During the first weeks and month after disaster,
Risk Factors Underlying Disasters
survivors are lost and disoriented. Victims suffer from
1. Housing and building development. In the
anxiety, despair, grief, severe sleep disturbances, and pursuit of addressing the modern-day needs
and wants of people, the environment is put at
nightmares. risk.
 2. Presence of physical structures prone to 2. Social / Organizational Vulnerability
disaster risks. Some disasters take place - Weakness in social and organizational areas may
without anyone knowing them because the cause disasters.
sites of disaster are void of any structure or
community. 3. Attitudinal / Motivational Vulnerability
-People who have low confidence in their ability to

affect change or who have “lost heart” and feel

3. Institutional framework and system for risk
reduction and preventions. Some disasters may
not be predicted; they may only be recognized defeated by events they cannot control, are harder
when they happen. Thus, standards on building
codes, infrastructure planning and financing,
emergency policies, and other protocols change hit by disasters than those who have sense of their
drastically based on experiences from a serious
disaster.
ability to bring the changes they desire.
LESSON 2
FACTORS of VULNERABILITY:
EXPOSURE
- The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, 1.Proximity to a hazard event.
production capacities and other tangible human assets An area frequented by a certain hazard predisposes it to
located in hazard-prone areas. high vulnerability.
- The fact of experiencing something or being affected
by it because of being in a particular situation or place 2. Population density near a hazard event. Population
differs from population density.
VULNERABILITY  Population refers to the number of individuals
- The inability to resist a hazard or to respond when a inhabiting a particular space at the same time.
disaster has occurred  population density refers to the number of
- allows up to open up about how we feel and in turn individuals living in an area in relation to the
helps us feel less alone or isolated size of that area.

What is the relationship of hazards, exposure, 3.Capacity and efficiency to reduce disaster risk. The
vulnerabilities to disaster risk? * Disaster risk is capacity of a community to reduce disaster risk includes
considered as the combination of the severity and the accessibility and the availability of services and
frequency of a hazard, the numbers of people and facilities that help in preparing for or during disasters.
assets exposed to the hazard, and their vulnerability to
damage. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA)
Who are the so-called MOST Vulnerable Sectors?
-The community members whose capacities are low and 4.Building codes and disaster policies. Buildings and
not sufficient to withstand and overcome the damaging other structures may increase disaster risk. When they
and adverse effects of disasters. fall or collapse due to a hazard such as an earthquake,
-They are composed of farmers, urban poor, laborers, they can cause injury and even loss of lives.
indigenous people, persons with disabilities (PWD),
women and children.
The concept of exposure and vulnerability are distinct. A
Who are the so-called LESS Vulnerable Sectors? community can be exposed but is not necessarily
- Community members that whose capacities start from vulnerable.
their own ability to acquire material resources; skills
and trainings; and position in society. Elements Exposed to Hazards
- Composed of professionals, small entrepreneurship,
and others similar to those who belong to the higher 1.Physical Elements.
levels of society.
-These are the elements that are tangible or can be
visually seen.
Who are the so-called NOT Vulnerable Sectors?
-Sectors in the society having high position in the
community 2. Socioeconomic Elements.
-These comprise the institutional and government
CATEGORIES OF VULNERABILITIES systems that dictate the kind of well-being and lifestyles
of communities. All these can be altered, enhanced, or
1.Physical/Material Vulnerability even questioned when exposed to hazards.
Example: poor people who have physical and material
3. Environmental Elements.
-These include the ecosystems and the natural
resources usually suffer more from disasters than rich
processes that are exposed to the hazard events.
Organisms (example; humans, animals and plants)
people. depend on the environment for survival.
  The frequency of the hazard to occur in an area
WHAT is CAPACITY? is important because it tells its proneness to
- all the strength, attributes, and resources available that hazard
within a community, organization, or society that can be
used to achieve an agreed goal DURATION OF IMPACT
 The impact of hazards varies in duration.
What is Capacity Development?  The assessment of the duration is either short
- defines capacity development as “ the process through or long.
which individuals, organizations, and societies obtain
strength, and maintain capabilities to set and achieve CAUSALITY OF EVENTS
their own development objectives over time”.  The impact of hazards can also be assessed
based on the causality of events, that is
What is Coping Capacity? Is the ability of people, whether the exposed elements receive the
organization and system, using available skills and likely disaster directly or indirectly.
resources.
HAZARD-PRONE AREA
-A hazard-prone area is a location where a natural
hazard is likely to happen if preventive measures are
not implemented.
FEATURES OF VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY

1.Physical / Material Vulnerability and Capacity It is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area
- This refers to the most visible area of vulnerability. It surrounding the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many
includes land, climate, environment, health, skills and volcanoes have formed.
labor, infrastructure, housing, finance and technologies.
Another reason the Philippines is considered prone to
2. Social / Organizational Vulnerability and Capacity - disasters is its major tectonic feature, the Philippine
Poor societies that are well organized and cohesive can Fault Zone (PFZ).
withstand or recover from disasters better than those
where there is little of no organization and communities fault is a crack or break in Earth’s crust along which
are divided. rocks have moved.

3. Motivational / attitudinal vulnerability and capacity Earthquake- This sudden shaking of the ground
- Includes how people in society view themselves and
their ability to affect their environment. typhoon belt- the part of the world that is most
often visited by typhoons.
LESSON 3
Hazard IMPACT of HAZARD
-A source of danger • The impacts of hazards are the likely outcome
- Are events that pose threat, danger, or risk to any of disaster.
element exposed to them • The exposed elements will initially receive all
the negative impacts.
TYPES of HAZARDS: • In some cases, however, not all impacts of
1. Natural hazard hazards are adverse.
- caused by physical and biological elements in the • Some natural hazards result in changes that
environment. may be beneficial or supportive of the other
- are natural events that may not be controlled by existing elements.
human such as earthquakes, floods, landslides,
tornadoes, tsunamis, typhoons and wildfires. 1. Physical Elements.
- are inevitable o People, buildings, roads, poles, bridges and all other
2.Man-made Hazards material objects may be ruined by hazards.
- also known as technological hazards, are those o Volcanic eruptions, explosions, fire, or lightning may
caused by the factors that are generally traced to instantly burn or incinerate objects that it comes in
human errors, intent or negligence, or glitches in contact with.
technology
- includes bomb explosions, chemical spills, nuclear 2. Socioeconomic Elements.
plant blasts, radioactive emissions, and wars. o The positive impacts of hazards on the
socioeconomic elements may be in the form of
Profiling hazards is important in predicting the possible introducing new habits, practices, systems or values
disasters that a certain hazard can bring. that may be geared toward the values of resiliency
and recovery.
MAGNITUDE OR STRENGTH OF THE EVENT
 The magnitude of the hazard can be assessed 3. Environmental Elements.
by the measurements obtained from scientific o Just like other exposed elements, perhaps the initial
instruments. impact of hazard to the ecosystems and other
organisms in them may be disastrous.
FREQUENCY
LESSON 4
 The energy in the magma that goes out are in the form of
EARTHQUAKE lava, ash, and gas.
-happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip
past one another Volcanic hazards are observable facts that are arising
-a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by due to volcanic activity such as eruption.
the sudden movement of rocks or rock materials below
the earth’s surface (PHIVOLCS) POTENTIAL VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS

Tectonic earthquakes- are produced by sudden LAHAR

movement along faults and plate boundaries - is a hot or cold mixture of water, pyroclastic materials,

Volcanic earthquakes- Earthquakes induced by rising and rock fragments flowing down a volcano or river
lava or magma beneath active volcanoes
valley.

COMMON EARTHQUAKE HAZARD

Negative effects:
- When lahar flows from a volcano, it is highly
Ground shaking destructive to anything in its path. Lahar is powerful
- is basically the up-down and sideways motion felt enough to remove or carry away trees, boulders, and
during an earthquake
logs.

Ground rupture
-is the visible displacement or deformation on the ASH FALL or Tephra fall
ground brought about by the movement of a fault. - a "hard rain" of abrasive particles
- consists of tiny jagged particles of rock and natural
Liquefaction glass blasted into the air by a volcano.
-happens when a body of solid sediments starts to
behave like liquid due to extremely intense shaking. Negative effects: Endanger life and property; kills
organisms both on land and in water; causes respiratory
tract problem to human beings; ruins machines in the
industries and aircrafts; can damage also roofing at
Earthquake-induced Landslide
home, in addition to it break power and communication
- is when the rocks and loose thin soil covering on the
lines, ash, and very hot gases.
slopes of steep mountains are shaken during an
earthquake, mass migration of these materials, termed as
landslide, occurs. PYROCLASTIC FLOW
- This refers to the fast-moving fluidized mass of rock
Tsunami fragments and gases. When pyroclastic flow travels
-is a term used for series of waves that are generated by down a volcano, it maintains a very high temperature,
a sudden displacement on the ocean floor caused by burning everything in its path.
large-scale undersea landslides or earthquake, submarine
volcanic eruption, or even a large meteor crash at sea. Negative effects:
Pyroclastic flows can destroy anything on its path by
Earthquake-induced ground subsidence direct impact. It burns sites with hot rocks debris. It
- subsidence is the lowering of land due to various burns forest, farmlands, destroy crops and buildings.
causes, one of which is the earthquake on a fault line.
BALLISTIC PROJECTILE
Hazard maps -This is a rock fragment that is ejected from the volcano
-are useful for the purposes of designing safe during its explosive eruption. It is like a cannonball that
infrastructures, planning appropriate land usage, and travels fast in the air.
preparing emergency mitigation and response.
Block- If the projectile or rock fragment is solid when
Map Title – indicates what the map is all about; ejected.

Legend – indicates details and meaning of the symbols Bomb - if it is launched in a partially molten or molten
used; and state.
Scale – helps determine distances.
Negative effects:
The high kinetic and thermal energy of ballistics can
Foreshocks – series of light shaking that occur before
puncture, dent, melt, burn and knock down structures
the main earthquake.
and their associated systems, such as power supply and
Aftershocks – are tremors following the main shocks. telecommunication masts; crater roads; and crush and
potentially ignite crops.
LESSON 5
VOLCANIC GASES
Volcanoes - This consists of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide,
- Are rent or rupture in the earth's layer over which which are poisonous and hazardous to organisms.
liquefied rock from under the earth’s exterior erupts.
- are openings in Earth’s crust that allows the energy
Negative effects:
from the interior of the Earth to escape to the surface.
- These gases are all potentially hazardous to all living
things as well as to agriculture and property.
 •Bridge the gap between the time of the accidents and
LAVA FLOW the arrival of the physician
-Lava flows are streams of molten rocks that are poured
or oozed from an erupting vent.
-Lava flows rarely threaten human life because it moves
•Ends when medical assistance begin
slowly.

Negative effects:
- It damages the properties, agricultural lands, and even •Doesn’t intend to compete with or take place of the
human lives by burying, burning everything in their physician
path.

Debris Avalanche or Volcanic landslide CONDITIONS REQUIRING FIRST AID

- massive collapse of a volcano, usually triggered by an
earthquake or volcanic eruption
Fainting - occurs when your brain temporarily doesn't
receive enough blood supply, causing you to lose
Negative effects: When a huge portion of the side of a
consciousness.
volcano collapses due to slope failure, this results to
massive destruction
Signs and Symptoms: Sweating, dizziness , nausea,
weakness, paleness, ringing in the ears, blurred vision.

Tsunami
First Aid (Fainting)
– sea waves or wave trains that are generated by sudden
•Lay the person flat on the ground. Elevate the legs to
displacement of water (could be generated during
coax more blood in to your brain.
undersea eruptions or debris avalanches)
•If the person is on chair, push his head down between
Negative effects: his knees.
- An eruption that occurs near a body of water may •Loosen tight clothing
generate tsunamis if the pyroclastic materials enter the
•Avoid crowding the patient
body of water and cause it to be disturbed and displaced
forming huge waves. •Call a doctor if necessary.

Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruptions

1.Occurrence of tremors or increase on the frequency of Nose Bleed - Occurs when small blood vessel in the
small earthquakes. lining of the nose bursts.
2.Deformation in the ground manifested by changes in
ground elevation (tilting) and formation of cracks or
FIRST AID (Nosebleed)
openings (ground fissuring). All these observations can
•Sit down and lean forward slightly
support the speculation that rocks are being pushed
upward and out of the crater of the volcano. •Pinch the lower part of the nostrils just below the bony
3. Increase in the amount of volcanic gases and in part of the nose for 10 minutes while breathing through
temperature, which may indicate that the magma has mouth.
gone closer to the surface.
4. Glow of volcanic crater due to the presence of •Release nostrils slowly, repeat procedure if bleeding
magma. continue
5. Increase in steam emission coming from volcanic •Do not touch or blow the nose for 24hrs. Do not pact
openings, fissures, or hot springs. the affected nostrils with cotton
6. Thermal changes within the surroundings of the
•Bring patient to hospital; if necessary.
volcano.
7. Change in the color of nearby vegetation and lakes.
8. Landslides and rockfall not due to heavy rains.
9. Drying up of springs and freshwater sources around
the volcano.

FIRST AID, BANDAGING, and CPR

Rescue
-responsive operations that usually involve the saving of
life, or the urgent treatment of injuries after an accident
or a dangerous situation.

First Aid
- The immediate care given to a person / victim who has
suddenly become ill or has been injured

Role of first Aider

 Tongue depressor
Gauge pads
Gloves
Bandage (triangular) elastic roller bandage
Penlight
Safety pins

First aid is as easy as ABC – airway, breathing and CPR

(cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

Reducing the risk of infected wounds during first aid

-Open wounds are prone to infection. Suggestions to
reduce the risk of infection include:
•Wash your hands if possible before managing the
wound. You could also use an antibacterial hand
sanitizer.
•Put on the disposable gloves provided in your first aid
kit.
•Try to avoid breathing or coughing over the wound.
•Cleaning of the wound depends on the type and severity
of the wound, including the severity of the bleeding.
You may just clean around the wound.
•Cover the wound with a sterile dressing. Try not to
touch the dressing’s surface before applying it to the
wound.
•Seek medical advice

DRSABCD Action Plan

Danger - always check the danger to you, any bystanders

and then the injured or ill person
Response - is the person conscious?
Send for help - call triple zero (000). Don’t forget to
answer the questions asked by the operator.
Airway - Is the person’s airway clear? Is the person
breathing?
Breathing – check for breathing by looking for chest
movements (up and down).
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
Defibrillator – for unconscious adults who are not
breathing, apply an automated external defibrillator
(AED) if one is available.

Making an arm sling

•Arrange the person’s arm in a ‘V’ so that it is held in

front of their body and bent at the elbow, with the hand
resting in the hollow where the collarbone meets the
shoulder.
•Open a triangular bandage and place it on top of the
injured arm. The longest edge needs to be lengthwise
First Aid Kit along the person’s body and the point of the bandage
Rubbing alcohol should be towards the person’s elbow on their injured
Forceps side. You only need enough material to tie a knot at the
Providone iodine fingertip end.
Scissors
Hydrogen peroxide •Create a cradle (hammock) around the injured arm by
Tweezers folding the upper half of the long edge under the injured
Cotton arm.
Medical tape •Gently gather the material together at the elbow and
Cotton swab pull it tight without pulling the bandage off the injured
Splints arm. Twist the material into a long spiral.
Band aid
•Bring the long spiral around and then up the person’s
back. •Same procedure as arm sling except that the lower end
•Tie the two ends together firmly at the person’s of the base is tucked under the injured arm
fingertips. •Secure end base with a square knot the center indention
at the back

CHEST BANDAGE

•Apex at the shoulder of injured part

•Pull back folded base and secure with square knot at
the center indention of the back
•Knot / tie longer end with apex

ARM SLING

-Place folded base vertically over

•One arm, with pointed directly under the elbow of
injured arm
•Lower ends of base at the side of the neck using a
square knot

•Make several twist with apex and tie a knot

•Hide the knot

UNDERARM SLING
 Here's advice from the American Heart Association:

•Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR or worried

about giving rescue breaths, then provide hands-only
CPR. That means uninterrupted chest compressions of
100 to 120 a minute until paramedics arrive. You don't
need to try rescue breathing.

•Trained and ready to go. If you're well-trained and

confident in your ability, check to see if there is a pulse
and breathing. If there is no pulse or breathing within 10
seconds, begin chest compressions. Start CPR with 30
chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths.

•Trained but rusty. If you've previously received CPR

training but you're not confident in your abilities, then
just do chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 a
minute

Before you begin

Before starting CPR, check: -Is the environment safe for
the person?
-Is the person conscious or unconscious?
- If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or
her shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK?"
- If the person doesn't respond and you're with another
person who can help, have one person call 911 or the
local emergency number and get the AED, if one is
available. Have the other person begin CPR.
- If you are alone and have immediate access to a
telephone, call 911 or your local emergency number
before beginning CPR. Get the AED if one is available.
As soon as an AED is available, deliver one shock if
instructed by the device, then begin CPR.

C: compressions
A: airway
B: breathing Compressions: Restore blood flow

Compressions means you'll use your hands to push down

hard and fast in a specific way on the person's chest.
Compressions are the most important step in CPR.
Shoulder Armpit Cravat Follow these steps for performing CPR compressions:

•Start at the armpit •Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.
•Cross-over at injured shoulder •Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
•Tie at the opposite armpit (side of front) •Place the lower palm (heel) of your hand over the center
of the person's chest, between the nipples.
•Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep
Infection control when performing CPR your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly
To avoid contact with potentially infectious bodily fluids above your hands.
such as blood or saliva, everyone with training in •Push straight down on (compress) the chest at least 2
resuscitation is advised to carry a resuscitation mask in inches (5 centimeters) but no more than 2.4 inches (6
their purse, wallet or first aid kit. centimeters). Use your entire body weight (not just your
arms) when doing compressions.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) •Push hard at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a
-is a lifesaving technique that's useful in many minute. The American Heart Association suggests
emergencies, such as a heart attack or near drowning, in performing compressions to the beat of the song "Stayin'
which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. Alive."
-The American Heart Association recommends starting •Allow the chest to spring back (recoil) after each push.
CPR with hard and fast chest compressions. •If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest
-This hands only CPR recommendation applies to both compressions until there are signs of movement or until
untrained bystanders and first responders. (If you're emergency medical personnel take over. If you have
afraid to do CPR or unsure how to perform CPR been trained in CPR, go on to opening the airway and
correctly, know that it's always better to try than to do rescue breathing.
nothing at all. )
Airway: Open the airway
•If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest •After 30 compressions, gently tip the head back by
compressions, open the person's airway using the head- lifting the chin with one hand and pushing down on the
tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's forehead with the other hand.
forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the Breathing: Breathe for the baby
other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the
airway. •Cover the baby's mouth and nose with your mouth.
•Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Use the strength of
your cheeks to deliver gentle puffs of air (instead of deep
Breathing: Breathe for the person breaths from your lungs) to slowly breathe into the
•Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or baby's mouth one time, taking one second for the breath.
mouth-to-nose breathing if the mouth is seriously injured Watch to see if the baby's chest rises. If it does, give a
or can't be opened. Current recommendations suggest second rescue breath. If the chest does not rise, repeat
performing rescue breathing using a bag-mask device the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give the second
with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. breath.
•After opening the airway (using the head-tilt, chin-lift
maneuver), pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth •If the baby's chest still doesn't rise, continue chest
breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, compressions.
making a seal. •Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions. If
•Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue two people are performing CPR, give one to two breaths
breath — lasting one second — and watch to see if the after every 15 chest compressions.
chest rises. •Continue CPR until you see signs of life or until
medical personnel arrive.
•If the chest rises, give a second breath. •If the baby's chest still doesn't rise, continue chest
•If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift compressions.
maneuver and then give a second breath. Thirty chest
compressions followed by two rescue breaths is •Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions. If
considered one cycle. Be careful not to provide too many two people are performing CPR, give one to two breaths
breaths or to breathe with too much force. after every 15 chest compressions.
•Resume chest compressions to restore blood flow. As •Continue CPR until you see signs of life or until
soon as an automated external defibrillator (AED) is medical personnel arrive.
available, apply it and follow the prompts. Give one
shock, then resume chest compressions for two more
minutes before giving a second shock.
•If you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 operator or
another emergency medical operator may be able to give
you instructions. Continue CPR until there are signs of
movement or emergency medical personnel take over.

To perform CPR on a child

The procedure for giving CPR to a child age 1 through
puberty is essentially the same as that for an adult —
follow the C-A-B steps. The American Heart
Association says you should not delay CPR and offers
this advice on how to perform CPR on a child:
Use pediatric pads for children older than 4 weeks old
and up to age 8.

Airway: Open the airway

If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest
compressions
Breathing: Breathe for the child give one to two
breaths every 15 compressions.

Compressions: Restore blood flow

•Place the baby on his or her back on a firm, flat surface,
such as a table or floor.
•Imagine a horizontal line drawn between the baby's
nipples. Place two fingers of one hand just below this
line, in the center of the chest.
•Gently compress the chest about 1.5 inches (about 4
centimeters).
•Count aloud as you push in a fairly rapid rhythm. You
should push at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a
minute, just as you would when giving an adult CPR.

Airway: Open the airway